1、A GLOSSARY OF CORROSION USED IN SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY Mark S. VukasovichA Glossary of Corrosion-Related Terms Used in Science and Industry Mark S. Vukasovich Editor Published by: Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc. 400 Commonwealth Drive Warrendale, PA 15096-0001 U.S.A. Phone: (412) 776-4841 Fax: (
2、412) 776-5760 Copyright 1995 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc. eISBN: 978-0-7680-6079-9Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A Glossary of corrosion-related terms used in science and industry / Mark S. Vukasovich, editor. p. cm. ISBN 1-56091-590-0 1. Corrosion and anti-corrosivesDic
3、tionaries. I. Vukasovich, Mark S. TA418.74.G58 1995 620.11223dc20 94-43488 CIP Copyright 1995 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc. ISBN 1-56091-590-0 All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Permission to photocopy for internal or personal use, or the internal or personal use o
4、f specific clients, is granted by SAE for libraries and other users registered with the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC), provided that the base fee of $.50 per page is paid directly to CCC, 222 Rosewood Dr., Danvers, MA 01923. Special requests should be addressed to the SAE Publications Group. 1-56
5、091-590-0 /95 $.50. SAE Order No. R-152Preface A Glossary of Corrosion-Related Terms Used in Science and Industry was compiled to provide those studying or confronting corrosion with definitions and descriptions of the terms they might utilize or encounter in their work. It is intended to be a desk
6、reference for students, scientists, engineers, and laymen needing ready access to these idioms. The glossary is comprehensive. More than 4000 terms cover scientific and empirical expressions, trade words, and lesser-known jargon unique to various industries and materials subject to corrosion. The gl
7、ossary also includes terms from various engineer- ing disciplines, chemistry, electrochemistry, physics, metallurgy, biology, and earth sciences which are used in discussing corrosion, its processes, appearances, causes, controls, testing, evaluation, and environmental impact. Synonyms, acronyms, an
8、d abbreviations in the corrosion literature are also covered. Proprietary names are restricted to a few in long-term or widespread usage. This glossary began years ago as a personal compilation collected as I came upon them in a wide range of dictionaries, encyclopedias, word lists, books, journal a
9、rticles, trade publications, and in government and industry documents relating to methods, standards and specifications. I undertook the compilation to use in my own industrial research and teaching careers since no such comprehen- sive glossary was then printed. Believing that others might benefit
10、from the collection, I decided sub- sequently to expand the effort and put together this glossary for publication. Except for its fundamen- tal scientific expressions, the definitions and descriptions reflect my best interpretation of a consensus of their published phraseology, specificity, and expa
11、nsiveness so as to be useful to a wide audience. While believed accurate, the terms are not represented as standards or as their only correct pro- nouncement by either me or the publisher. Both SAE and I welcome suggestions for improvement of this work. Mark S. Vukasovich August 1994 iiiA AAabbrevia
12、tion for the Aluminum Association. AARabbreviation for the Association of American Railroads. AASabbreviation for atomic absorption spectroscopy; an analytical technique in which a sample is vaporized and the nonexcited atoms absorb electromagnetic radiation at char- acterizing wavelengths. abatemen
13、treduction in degree or intensity of pollution. ablative antifouling coatingantifouling coating that slowly dissolves in seawater to ex- pose new layers of the coating. abrasionprocess of wearing down or rubbing away by means of friction. See also wear. abrasion corrosionconjoint action involving ab
14、rasion and corrosion. abrasion resistanceability of a material to resist being worn away and to maintain its original appearance and structure when subjected to rubbing, scraping, or impingement. abrasivematerial used in abrasive blast cleaning, e.g., sand, grit, glass beads, steel shot, etc. abrasi
15、ve blast cleaningprocess for cleaning or finishing a surface by which an abrasive material is directed at high velocity against the workpiece. abrasive wearmechanical degradation of a surface of a material due to its relative motion against another surface or from contact with solid particles. ABSab
16、breviation for an alkyl benzene sulfonate basis detergent. See alkyl benzene sul- fonate. ABS plasticabbreviation for any of a class of plastics based on acrylonitrile-butadiene- styrene copolymers. absolute electrode potentialhypothetical electrode potential value expressed with respect to a zero-p
17、otential reference electrode. Such a reference electrode does not exist, hence it is hypothetical. absolute humiditymass of water vapor present in a unit volume of air. Also known as specific humidity. 1absolute temperature scale absolute temperature scaleprimary temperature standard based on the te
18、mperature at which water, ice, and water vapor coexist in thermal equilibrium (the triple point of water) and which condition exists only at a pressure of 4.58 torr. The corresponding temperature is arbitrarily defined to be 273.16 kelvin. The magnitude of the kelvin unit is the same as the Celsius
19、degree (C). absolute zerolower limit to the temperature scale. Defined as zero on the kelvin scale (0 K) and is equal to 273.15 C or 459.67 F. It is the temperature at which a gas would show no pressure if the general law for gases (ideal gas) would hold for all tem- peratures. absorbatematerial ret
20、ained by the process of absorption. absorbentmaterial in which absorption occurs. absorptiontake-up of a gas by a solid or liquid or the take-up of a liquid by a solid with- out chemical reaction and the process in which the absorbed substance permeates the bulk of the absorbing substance. Compare w
21、ith adsorption. absorption refrigerationrefrigeration system that mainly uses water as the refrigerant and lithium bromide as the absorbent or, for low-temperature service, water and ammo- nia, respectively. See also refrigeration. absorption testterm used in concrete technology. One of several poss
22、ible specified test methods for determining absorption by concrete. AC (a.c.)abbreviation for alternating current. AC impedance (electrochemical impedance technique)electrochemical technique ap- plicable to corroding systems for corrosion prediction, control, and mechanism studies. AC impedance meas
23、urements allow for separation and independent analysis of the re- sistive and capacitive elements of the electrochemical corrosion reaction. accelerated agingdeterioration of a material faster than normal because of being sub- jected to artificial conditions emphasizing one or more of the aspects of
24、 normal aging and which aspects are specified by a test method. accelerated corrosion testmethod designed to simulate, in a shorter time, the deteriorat- ing effect of normal, longer-term service. accelerated life testmethod designed to estimate a service life for a material in a shorter time frame
25、than its normal usage would be by subjecting it to an artificial exaggeration of one or more of the deteriorating effects of its normal, long-term service conditions. 2acid anhydride accelerated weatheringtest method designed to simulate, in shorter time, the deteriorat- ing action of natural outdoo
26、r weathering on coatings by intensifying certain exposure parameters. acceleration periodrelates to cavitation and liquid impingement erosion. It is the stage following the incubation period during which the erosion rate increases from near zero to a maximum value. acceleratorsubstance that increase
27、s the rate of a chemical reaction or cure. Often used in- terchangeably with the terms promoter and catalyst. acceptance testingtesting by the purchaser of received products to determine whether the quality of the manufactured products meets specific requirements. accuracyindication of the reliabili
28、ty of a measurement or observation. See also under sta- tistical terms. acetalclass of organic compounds that results when an aldehyde combines with two molecules of alcohol. The general formula for an acetal is RCH(OR )2. acetal resinslinear polymers of an aldehyde, commonly formaldehyde or butyral
29、dehyde, in which an oxygen atom joins the repeating units in an ether rather than ester-type link. acetalsorganic compounds formed by addition of aldehyde molecules to alcohol mole- cules. If one molecule of aldehyde reacts with one molecule of alcohol, a hemiacetal is formed (RCH(OH)OR ). Further r
30、eaction with a second alcohol molecule produces a full acetal (RCH(OR )2). acetic acid salt spray (fog) testaccelerated corrosion test method applicable to ferrous and nonferrous metals with inorganic and organic coatings. See ASTM B 287 for de- tails. ACGIHabbreviation for the American Conference o
31、f Governmental Industrial Hygien- ists. ACI abbreviation for the American Concrete Institute. acid (1) compound that yields hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water (Arrhenius theory). (2) compound or ion that is a proton donor (Lowery-Bronsted theory). (3) compound or atom that can accept a pair
32、of electrons (Lewis theory). Contrast with base. acid anhydridenonmetal oxide compound that reacts with water to form an acid, e.g., carbon dioxide (CO2), to form carbonic acid (H2CO3). 3acid-base indicator acid-base indicatordye that changes color in response to the pH of a solution. acid brickbric
33、k made from fireclay that is a heat-resistant clay having a higher silica con- tent than ordinary firebrick. Used to line vessels to impart corrosion resistance against hot acid or erosion-corrosion attack. acid cleaningprocess for removing hardness scales and metallic oxide corrosion products from
34、heat exchangers by contacting with aqueous solutions of such mineral acids as hy- drochloric, sulfuric, sulfamic, phosphoric, or nitric, or with their acid salts, or with or- ganic acids such as citric, hydroxyacetic, or formic. Also process using a solution of a mineral acid, organic acid, or acid
35、salt in combination with a wetting agent and deter- gent to remove oxide, shop soil, oil, grease, and other contaminants from metal sur- faces, with or without the application of heat, before plating, painting, or storage. Dif- fers from acid pickling in matter of degree. acid embrittlementhydrogen
36、embrittlement when induced by acid cleaning treatment. See also hydrogen embrittlement. acid etchto clean or alter a surface by treatment with a suitable acid. acid feedcooling water treatment using acid, usually sulfuric acid, for the control of cal- cium carbonate fouling. Also the addition of an
37、acid to obtain the most effective use of chlorine for disinfection. acid foamingprocedure to clean heat exchangers (removed from service) by employing a foam generator to produce a highly acidic foam that is pumped through the heat-ex- changer tubes. acid fume resistance testlaboratory test for coat
38、ed metal panels wherein they are placed in a closed chamber containing humidified acid fumes, at room temperature, for a specified time. Hydrochloric, sulfuric, sulfurous, or acetic acids are most frequently used for the corrosive fumes. acid groupsfunctional groups having the properties of acids an
39、d most commonly applied to carboxyl groups ( COOH). acidicterm most commonly used to describe a compound or solution having an excess of hydrogen ions. acidified synthetic sea water testsee ASTM G 85 for details. acid inhibitorscorrosion inhibitors for systems in which acids are likely to attack met
40、al, e.g., when using acids to remove scale resulting from hot fabrication and for descaling water pipes. The inhibitors are mainly organic molecules containing nitrogen and sulfur in polar groups that adsorb on the bare metal surface to shield it from further acid at- 4acrylic latex tack. Common aci
41、d inhibitors include unsubstituted and substituted quinolines and thioureas. acidityquantitative capacity of aqueous media to react with hydroxyl ions. acidity, free mineralsee free mineral acidity. acid mine watersacidic waters present in some underground coal mines as a result of the aerial and mi
42、crobial oxidation of pyritic sulfur present in the coal seams or related strata. Their extreme corrosivity results primarily from their free acidity and presence of high concentrations of ferric and sulfate ions. acid number (acid value)numerical index of free acid in an oil, resin, varnish, or fat.
43、 It is equal to the number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide needed to neutralize one gram of the material. acid rainrain having a pH less than 5.6; usually the result of the reaction of atmospheric moisture with sulfur oxide gases from industrial emissions and with nitrogen oxide gases from car
44、exhausts. acid resistanceability of a material to resist attack by acids, usually mineral acids. acid saltsalt of a polybasic acid in which one or more of its hydrogen atoms has not been replaced by other cations. acid sluggingflushing a vessel or conduit with an acidic solution for the purpose of d
45、is- solving scale while the vessel or conduit is still on-stream. acid waterwater having a pH value below 4.4 to 4.6, which is the end point of the methyl orange titration. Acid water is said to have a free mineral acidity. acoustic emission testing (AE)method for determining the structural integrit
46、y of a metal by analyzing the elastic waves generated by it when stressed. It is a nondestructive test- ing technique used for detecting leaks, cavitation, corrosion fatigue, pitting, and stress- corrosion cracking in vessels and lines. acroleinthe organic compound CH2=CHCHO. Also the name given to
47、a gaseous class of low molecular weight organic compounds called alpha-, beta-unsaturated aldehydes. Used as microbiocides in cooling waters. acrylateester or salt formed from acrylic acid (CH2=CHCOOH). acrylic latexaqueous dispersions of either thermoplastic or thermosetting polymers or co- polymer
48、s of acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, esters of these acids, or from acrylonitrile. 5acrylic resin acrylic resinfamily of synthetic resins, either thermoplastic or thermosetting, made by polymerizing esters or other derivatives of acrylic or methacrylic acid. acrylonitrileraw material of the formula
49、CH2=CHCN used for the manufacture of syn- thetic resins and rubbers. ACSabbreviation for the American Chemical Society. actinic radiationelectromagnetic radiation that is capable of initiating a chemical reac- tion. actinide serieselements of atomic numbers 89 to 103 and analogous to the lanthanide se- ries of the so-called rare earths. activateto put into a state of increased chemical activity. activated aluminaaluminum oxide, made by heating hydrated aluminum hydroxide, hav- ing a variable porosity, particle size
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