1、SAE DICTIONARY Of AEROSPACE ENGINEERING 2nd Edition Joan L. TomsicSAE Dictionary of Aerospace Engineering 2nd EditionOther SAE dictionaries Dictionary of Automotive Engineering by Don Goodsell (Order No. R-159) Dictionary of Mechanical Engineering by Gordon Nayler (Order No. R-156) For more informat
2、ion or to order this book, contact SAE at 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001; (724)776-4970; fax (724)776-0790; e-mail: publicationssae.org; web site: www.sae.org/bookstore.SAE Dictionary of Aerospace Engineering 2nd Edition Joan L. Tomsic Editor with contributions by Charles N. Eastl
3、ake Professor of Aerospace Engineering Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Published by: Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc. 400 Commonwealth Drive Warrendale, PA 15096-0001 Copyright 1998 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc. eISBN: 978-0-7680-6377-6Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication
4、Data SAE dictionary of aerospace engineering / Joal L. Tomsic, editor; with contributions by Charles N. Eastlake.2nd ed. p. cm. “SAE order no. R-211“T.p. verso ISBN 0-7680-0245-1 1. Aerospace engineeringDictionaries. 2. Aeronautics Dictionaries. 3. AstronauticsDictionaries. I. Tomsic, Joan L. II. Ea
5、stlake, Charles N. III. Society of Automotive Engineers. TL509.S24 1998 629.103dc21 98-28541 CIP Copyright 1998 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 92-64101 ISBN 0-7680-0245-1 All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Permission to photoc
6、opy for internal or personal use, or the internal or personal use of specific clients is granted by SAE for libraries and other users registered with the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC), provided that the base fee of $.50 per page is paid directly to CCC, 27 Congress St., Salem, MA 01970. Special r
7、equests should be addressed to the SAE Publications Group. 0-7680-0245-1/98 SAE Order No. R-211PREFACE TO THE 2ND EDITION Although this dictionary is concerned primarily with the terminology of con- temporary aerospace technology, words that are used in other scientific fields, such as computing, as
8、tronomy, and geophysics, have also been included. This dictionary should thus prove useful to students and teachers of aerospace engi- neering, scientists, technologists, and technicians in research and industry. In such a fast-moving technology as aerospace engineering, new terms are created and ot
9、hers become redundant almost weekly. We have made every effort to give more space to the emerging technologies and to delete the more obsolete terms. While this dictionary contains over 20,000 terms and definitions, size alone is a poor criterion of merit. A work of reference must stand or fall by i
10、ts accuracy and authority. The authority and accuracy of this work rests on the decades of experience of SAE engineers who created the SAE standards and the generous contributions from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Joan L. Tomsic Editor vPREFACE TO THE 1ST EDITION The SAE
11、 DICTIONARY OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING is a technical pub- lication edited for the aerospace engineers who design, test, and manufacture aerospace vehicles, components, and parts. Every term and definition has been extensively reviewed by experts, and will be continuously reviewed in the future to inc
12、orporate changes as they occur. This completely new dictionary is, remarkably, the first such dictionary created for engineers who must communicate clearly and accurately in an increasingly more complex technology. This volume has the quality and comprehensiveness that aerospace engineers have come
13、to expect from SAE publications. The engi- neering terms and definitions are compiled from the following sources: 5,188 terms from SAE AEROSPACE STANDARDS and REPORTS. peer reviewed information from these technical publications. 4,038 terms from the NASA THESAURUS.a publication reviewed and updated
14、repeatedly since the 1970s. 9,541 general engineering and computer terms from ENGINEERING RESOURCES, INCa leading developer of engineering terms and defi- nitions that are germane to all engineering disciplines. In sum, here are nearly 20,000 terms and definitions contained in the first dic- tionary
15、 for aerospace experts who actually design and build aircraft and their related components rather than the aerospace “buff.“ Obviously, aerospace engineers and those technicians and clerical people who support them, will have a primary interest in the new dictionary. Aerospace engineering students a
16、nd writers will also welcome this first technical dictionary in aerospace technology. William H. Cubberly Editor of the 1st Edition viiHOW TO USE THIS DICTIONARY Basic format The format for a defined entry provides the term in boldface type; if the term has a commonly used abbreviation or acronym, t
17、his follows the term in parentheses, also in boldface type. The definitions appear in regular (light) typeface. A term may have more than one definition, in which case the definition is preceded by a number. Some terms contain a “See“ cross reference rather than a definition. In such cases, the cros
18、s-referenced term provides the definition and/or explanatory information. Some terms contain a “See also“ cross reference in addition to a definition. In such cases, the cross-referenced term provides additional or related information. In general, SAE Aerospace Standards and Reports definitions appe
19、ar first. The standard or report in which the term and definition originally appeared is refer- enced and shown in brackets, such as ARP1201. Please note that in this edi- tion, original definitions have in some cases been copyedited to a consistent style and to improve readability. Thus, if an exac
20、t original definition is required, the referenced standard should be consulted. Abbreviations and acronyms related to aerospace are shown as normally used as well as spelled out, except in those cases where the abbreviation or acronym is so well known as to preclude the need for a spelled-out entry.
21、 Alphabetization The terms are alphabetized on a letter-by-letter basis. Superscripted and subscripted letters are considered in the sequencing of terms; however, word ixspacing, hyphens, apostrophes, commas, and slashes are ignored. Arabic and Roman numerals, Greek letters, and other miscellaneous
22、symbols are also ignored. To aid the user in finding words or abbreviations, the first word in the left-hand column and the last word in the right-hand column of each page are shown in boldface type at the top of the appropriate page. When using this aid, however, the user should be aware that the t
23、erms in this dictionary are not uniformly listed in either singular or plural form, thus both the singular and plural forms should be checked when looking for a particular word. Further, certain terms are not listed in normal word order, thus alternate word orders should be checked; for example, for
24、 “residual stress,“ one might also check “stress, residual.“ xA a 1. See amp or ampere. 2. Arterial symbol, used to designate source of blood gas, or other components of arterial blood, e.g., PaO2, par- tial pressure of arterial oxygen tension; PaCO2, partial pressure of arterial CO2 tension, etc. A
25、RP171 A 1. See Angstrom. 2. See amp or ampere. 3. Alveolar symbol, used to designate alveolar gas tensions, e.g., PACO2, alveolar CO2 ten- sion; PAO2, alveolar oxygen tension, etc. ARP171 A-basis The “A-basis“ or “A“ mechanical prop- erty value is the value above which at least 99% of the population
26、 of values are expected to fall, with a confidence of 95%. AIR4844 aberration 1. In astronomy, the apparent angu- lar displacement of the position of a celestial body in the direction of motion of the observer, caused by the combination of the velocity of the observer and the velocity of light. 2. I
27、n optics, a specific deviation from perfect imag- ery, for example, spherical aberration, coma, astigmatism, curvature of field, and distortion. 3. Deviation from ideal behavior by a lens, optical system, or optical component. Aberra- tion exists in all optical systems and designers must make trade-
28、offs among the different types. abhesive 1. A material that resists adhesion. 2. A film or coating applied to surfaces to pre- vent sticking, heat sealing, etc., for example, a parting agent or mold-release agent. AIR4844 ablating materials Special materials on the surface of a spacecraft that can b
29、e sacrificed during re-entry into the earths atmosphere. ARP4386 ablation 1. The removal of surface material from a body by vaporization, melting, chip- ping, or other erosive process. Specifically, the intentional removal of material from a nose cone or spacecraft during high-speed move- ment throu
30、gh a planetary atmosphere to pro- vide thermal protection to the underlying structure. 2. An exothermic process involving the degradation, decomposition, and erosion of a material caused by high temperature, pres- sure, time, percent oxidizing species, and velocity of gas flow. AIR4844 ablative mate
31、rials Materials, especially coat- ing materials, designed to provide thermal pro- tection through the loss of mass to a body in a fluid stream. ablative plastic A material that absorbs heat through a decomposition process that takes place at or near the surface exposed to the heat. This mechanism es
32、sentially provides thermal protection of the subsurface materials and components by sacrificing the surface layer. AIR4844 ABL bottle An internal pressure test vessel about 460 mm (18 in.) in diameter and 610 mm (24 in.) long used to determine the quality and properties of the filament-wound materia
33、l in the vessel. AIR4844 abnormal Deviating from normal operation. abnormal electric-system operation The unexpected loss of control of the electric sys- tem. The initiating action of the abnormal elec- tric-system operation is uncontrolled and the exact moment of its occurrence is not antici- pated
34、; however, recovery from this operation is a controlled action. Abnormal electric- system operations occur, perhaps, once during a flight as a result of damage, or they may never occur during the life of an aircraft. An example of an abnormal electric-system operation is the faulting of electric pow
35、er to the structure of an aircraft and its subsequent clearing by fault pro- tective devices. AS1212 1abnormal limits / absolute humidity abnormal limits Limits that accommodate the trip bands of protective equipment in the pri- mary power generating system. AS1212 abort 1. Failure to accomplish a m
36、ission or portion of a mission for any reason. ARP4386 2. To cut short or break off an action, operation, or procedure with an aircraft, space vehicle, or the likeespecially because of equipment failure, such as to abort a take- off, abort a mission, or abort a launch. 3. An aircraft, space vehicle,
37、 or the like that aborts. 4. During catapulting, the act of suspending a launch and removing the airplane from the cata- pult. AIR1489 5. In data processing, the termination of a computer operation before its normal conclusion. above ground level (AGL) Height of an air- craft, clouds, or the top of
38、an obstruction (for example, building, tower, or bridge) above the surface of the earth in the immediate vicinity, usually expressed in feet. ARP4107 abrade To prepare a surface by roughening it by sanding or any other means. abrasion 1. The wearing away by friction, especially of hose cover or rein
39、forcement, due to rubbing or vibrating against another hose or permanent fixture in an installation such that it evidences damage, fraying, etc. ARP1658A 2. Removal of surface material by sliding or rolling contact with hard particles of the same substance or another substance. The particles may be
40、loose or may be part of another surface in contact with the first. abrasion resistance The ability of a material to withstand abrasion. ARP1931 abrasive 1. Particulate matter, usually having sharp edges or points, that can be used to shape and finish workpieces in grinding, honing, lap- ping, polish
41、ing, blasting, or tumbling pro- cesses. Depending on the process, abrasives may be loose; formed into solid shapes; glued to paper or cloth; or suspended in a paste, slurry, or air stream. 2. A material formed into a solid mass, usually fired or sintered, and used to grind or polish workpieces. Comm
42、on forms are grinding wheels, abrasive discs, honing sticks, cones, and burrs. ABS See acrylonitrile butadiene styrene. absolute accuracy error The deviation of the analog value at any code from its theoretical value after the full-scale range has been cali- brated. Expressed in percent, ppm, or fra
43、c- tions of 1 LSB. absolute address In the actual machine code address numbering system, an address that indicates the exact storage location at which the referenced operand is to be found or stored. Synonymous with specific address and actual address and related to absolute code. absolute alarm An
44、alarm caused by the detec- tion of a variable that has exceeded a set of prescribed high- or low-limit conditions. absolute altimeter See terrain clearance indi- cator. absolute altitude Distance from an aircraft or spacecraft to the actual surface of a planet or natural satellite. absolute angle of
45、 attack The angle measured between the chord plane of an airfoil and the position that plane would have if the airfoil were producing zero lift; that is, the sum of the geometric angle of attack and the zero-lift angle of attack. Also called an aerodynamic angle of attack. See angle of attack, zero-
46、lift angle of attack, and critical angle of attack. ARP4107 absolute ceiling The maximum height above sea level in a standard atmosphere at which a given airplane, under specified operating con- ditions, can maintain horizontal flight. ARP4107 absolute code Coding that uses machine instructions with
47、 absolute addresses. Synony- mous with specific code. absolute encoder An electronic or electrome- chanical device that produces a unique digital output (in coded form) for each value of an analog or digital input. In an absolute rotary encoder, for instance, the position following any incremental m
48、ovement can be determined directly, without reference to the starting position. absolute feedback In numerical control, assign- ment of a unique value to each possible posi- tion of a machine slide or actuating member. absolute humidity The weight of water vapor in a gas/water-vapor mixture per unit
49、 volume 2absolute instrument / absorption dynamometer of space occupied. Absolute humidity may be expressed, for example, in grains or pounds per cubic foot. absolute instrument An instrument that deter- mines the value of a measured quantity in abso- lute units by making a simple physical measurement. absolute measurement A measured value expressed in terms of fundamental standards of distance, mass, and time. absolute pressure 1. Pressure value expres- sed using absolute vacuum as a reference. ARP4386 2. Absolute static pressure in ps
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