SAE R-258-2000 Meeting the Technology Management Challenges in the Automotive Industry (To Purchase Call 1-800-854-7179 USA Canada or 303-397-7956 Worldwide).pdf

1、Meeting the Technology Management Challenges in the Automotive Industry Ashok B. Boghani Andrew Brown, Jr.MEETING THE TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES IN THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY Ashok B. Boghani Andrew Brown, Jr. Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc. Warrendale, Pa. Copyright 2000 Society of Automot

2、ive Engineers, Inc. eISBN: 978-0-7680-6556-5Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Boghani, Ashok B. Meeting the technology management challenges in the automotive industry/Ashok B. Boghani, Andew Brown. p. cm. ISBN 0-7680-0532-9 1. Automobile industry and tradeProduction control. 2. Aut

3、omobile industry and tradeManagement. 3. Production management. I. Brown, Andrew, Jr. TL278.B64 2000 629.20685dc21 99-054208 CIP Copyright 2000 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc. 400 Commonwealth Drive Warrendale, PA 15096-0001 U.S.A. Phone: (724) 776-4841 Fax: (724) 776-5760 E-mail: publications

4、sae.org http:/www.sae.org ISBN 0-7680-0532-9 All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Permission to photocopy for internal or personal use, or the internal or personal use of specific clients, is granted by SAE for libraries and other users registered with the Copyright Clearanc

5、e Center (CCC), provided that the base fee of $.50 per page is paid directly to CCC, 222 Rosewood Dr., Danvers, MA 01923. Special requests should be addressed to the SAE Publications Group. 0-7680-0532-9/00-$.50. SAE Order No. R-258The authors wish to dedicate this book to their wives, Meera Boghani

6、 and Malaney Brown, without whose love, support, and permission to allow long workdays to become even longer, this book would not have happened.PREFACE It does not take a crystal ball to observe that the automotive industry is undergoing historic changes. Several major trends are shaping the industr

7、y in a major way: rapid changes in sociodemographics, signifi- cant legislative initiatives, explosive growth of information technol- ogy, an accelerated rate of globalization, and shifting customer preferences. Also, the industry is suffering through significant pro- duction over capacity. Mergers

8、and acquisitions are creating megafirms and the relationships among OEMs and suppliers are evolving into symbiotic partnerships. Given these circumstances, developing new products and systems is more important than ever before. Those products must respond to the evolving wants and needs of the custo

9、mers, while taking advantage of both structural changes in the industry and the explosive development in technology. These are collaborative efforts in which suppliers are acting as partners that share risks and rewards. Central to the creation of innovative products is technology develop- ment. Wit

10、hout adequate “know-how“ it will be impossible to meet the challenges of the “techno-rich“ future. However, managing technol- ogy development is not easy. In fact, historically, this has been the Achilles heel of many American firms. This book tells you how to make technology management more effec-

11、tive and efficient. It also shows how to leverage technology develop- ment so you get more value with fewer resources. Several ways to do vMeeting the Technology Management Challenges in the Automotive Industry so are identified, dealing with alignment, globalization, centraliza- tion/decentralizati

12、on, sourcing, codevelopment, technology intelli- gence, and intellectual property. Further, ways to ease the implementation of these solutions are described. Implementation is where problems so often exist, caused primarily by the “people“ aspects of change. We show how to resolve such problems. Fin

13、ally, several best-practice examples are provided. The featured companies are good at technology management in general, but excel at some aspects of it. Their stories offer lessons that should be adapted to your specific circumstances. No two companies are alike. Therefore, there cannot be a “cookie

14、- cutter“ approach to meeting the challenges of technology manage- ment. However, we have provided a number of ideas, suggestions, frameworks, and examples to create the changes most appropriate for your firm. Do so and you will reap the benefits in the form of tech- nology management that is effici

15、ent, effective, and leveraged. viACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors wish to acknowledge the support of a number of col- leagues in their respective organizations. Several people at Arthur D. Little contributed ideas, thoughts, and material on which the content of the book is based. We wish to thank, in par

16、ticular, Ron Jonash, head of ADLs Global Technology and Innovation Management Practice. Others who provided valuable assistance are Iason Onassis, Eliot Daley, John T. Walker, and Craig Chambers (now at SRI). Within Delphi Automotive Systems, Dilip Tendulkar, Erine Lubchenko, John Sohn, and Chris-An

17、n Paterson provided strategic thought and valuable contributions. The Delphi R Dan Zablocki from Ford Motor Co.; Keith Mary Rantas-Drew, Johnny Barnes, and Marianne Schrode of IBM; Bram Zadoks from Caterpillar; and John Calabrese and Gary Wahl of General Motors. Finally, without the help of Jacqueli

18、ne Terry, Stacey Moriarty, Rita Keohane, and Margaret Srabian, the production of the manuscript would have been impossible. viiTABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1 Global Trends in Automotive Systems 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Global Market Trends 1 1.3 Automotive Products and Systems 4 1.3.1 Safety 4 1.3.2 Co

19、mfort and Convenience 7 1.3.3 Fuel Economy/Energy 8 1.3.4 Environment 9 1.3.5 Integrated Modules 10 1.4 Conclusion 10 Chapter 2 Management of Technology 13 2.1 What Is Technology? 13 2.2 What Is Technology Management? 17 Chapter 3 Challenges in Automotive Technology Management 23 3.1 Background 23 3

20、.2 A Framework for Classifying Technology Management Challenges 30 Chapter 4 Meeting Technology Management Challenges 35 4.1 Potential Responses 35 4.1.1 Align Technology Strategy with Corporate Strategy 36 ixMeeting the Technology Management Challenges in the Automotive Industry 4.1.2 Align Technol

21、ogy Processes, Resources, and Organization with Technology Strategy 38 4.1.3 Globalize R&D 44 4.1.4 Create a Balance among Central and SBU-Based R&D 50 4.1.5 Be More Strategic in Technology Sourcing 52 4.1.6 Codevelop 53 4.1.7 Establish a Technology Intelligence Process 62 4.1.8 Extract Maximum Valu

22、e out of Technology 63 4.2 Implementing Solutions 66 4.2.1 Prepare for Change 67 4.2.2 Pay Attention to the Unwritten Rules of the Game 68 4.2.3 Use Appropriate Metrics 71 Chapter 5 Best Practice Case Studies 75 5.1 Caterpillar 75 5.2 Toyota 77 5.3 Ford Motor Company 79 5.4 IBM 83 5.4.1 IPD Model Pr

23、inciples 85 5.4.2 Benefits 89 5.5 General Motors 91 5.6 Delphi Automotive Systems 92 5.7 Closing 103 References 105 Additional References 107 Index 111 About the Authors 119 x1 GLOBAL TRENDS IN AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS 1.1 Introduction This book is about the management of technology. Identifying the chall

24、enges that managers of technology face and how to address them is the central core of the book. However, before initiating a discussion of this topic, let us lay the groundwork by first making some quick observations on global market trends and their implications for prod- uct development and, hence

25、, for technology. 1.2 Global Market Trends Key market trends influencing vehicle designs and functionality include the following: Sociodemographic trendsSociodemographic trends include longer life expectancy. This translates into older drivers requiring more safety features. Changing lifestyles resu

26、lt in consumers who expect more than just transportation. Generation X (young) and Y (future) drivers bring with them an increased comfort with, and demand for, computers and multimedia. Finally, increased traffic density on a global basis means that more people spend more time inside vehicles. 1Mee

27、ting the Technology Management Challenges in the Automotive Industry Legislative trendsLegislative trends also affect vehicle design. In general, there has been, and will likely continue to be, an increase in regulations on a global basis, including mandates covering fuel economy, environmental fact

28、ors, and safety. In some regions, there is a trend toward harmonization of legislation, which has a profound impact on the global automotive industry. Technology trendsDevelopments in enabling technologies, specifically a tremendous explosion in communication and com- puter technology, are creating

29、a “push“ in the development of new products in the automotive industry. Another enabling technology that affects the automotive industry is miniaturization of products. Industry trendsWorld markets are becoming less distinct as eco- nomic barriers fall. This is creating the formation of global mega-

30、 corporations through acquisitions and mergers. Global competition is driving unprecedented productivity improvements. Companies must think globally and be able to act locally. The vehicle market is mature in Europe and North America, but growing elsewhere. Globalization includes both engineering an

31、d sourcing, both of which are happening at a rapid pace. The automotive industry is driving shorter product life cycles and, consequently, reductions in lead time. New competitors are emerging as software and service providers enter the transportation industry. Services are emerging as a dominating

32、differentiator. Globalization has a significant impact on the way technologies are developed in the auto industry. Technologies are now acquired, prioritized, and developed globally. World centers of technical expertise, linked via global information networks, are emerging. Consumer preferences tren

33、dsAlthough automotive consumer preferences have not changed, their priorities are continually shift- ing. Examples of preferences (in no particular order) are price, quality, performance, service and maintenance, safety, comfort and convenience, fuel economy, and environment. The changing exter- nal

34、 environment and where the consumer lives affect these prefer- ences. For example, what is most important in Europe (environment, 2Global Trends in Automotive Systems fuel economy) is not necessarily as important in North America (where comfort and convenience are more important). In the Asia/Pacifi

35、c region, certainly cost and reliability would top the list in terms of priority. Given global warming concerns, fuel economy and environment are getting major attention worldwide, as can be expected. Figure 1.1 summarizes these trends. How are automotive original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) and

36、suppliers responding to these trends? Product development is a Fig. 1.1 Global market trends. 3Meeting the Technology Management Challenges in the Automotive Industry long-term endeavor and the leaders of such efforts have to be vision- aries to anticipate the future or be very quick to respond to c

37、hange. An analysis of future trends provides insight into what is likely to happen in the automotive industry. 1.3 Automotive Products and Systems The above market trends create several drivers for automotive product development. These drivers and resulting products and systems are described below.

38、1.3.1 Safety Ultimate vehicle occupant protection will no doubt be the expectation of governments and consumers alike for transportation in the 21st century. Vehicle occupant safety can be maximized in two ways: by protecting the occupant in a collision (the primary industry focus to date), or by av

39、oiding the collision (which is gaining significant atten- tion these days). Again, advances in electronics and computers are making new innovative solutions possible. Occupant Protection The broad portfolio of occupant protection products being developed includes an array of sensors, such as crash s

40、ensors, occupant sensors, and rollover sensors. These sensors can activate such safety devices as adaptive seat belt restraints, variable rate air bags, side-curtain air bags, inertial retractable steering wheels/columns, active knee bol- sters, and adaptive energy-absorbing pedals. Tomorrows vehicl

41、e could theoretically detect an impending severe collision, determine the physical attributes of all occupants, assess the appropriate need for restraints, and properly prepare and actuate all safety devices available to mitigate injury or death. The key challenge, though, will be to integrate these

42、 systems into a vehicle interior cost effectively and with high reliability. 4Global Trends in Automotive Systems Collision Avoidance Advances in information technologies are likely to make collision avoidance possible in the near future. The automotive industry is developing its vision of collision

43、 avoidance systems to better equip next-century vehicles and their operators to prevent some types of accidents. The systems to achieve the ultimate vision will likely be available in the marketplace in stages. Many of these were demon- strated at the “Automated Highway System“ in San Diego, Califor

44、nia, in August 1997, which reflected the efforts of many vehicle manufac- turers and automotive suppliers. The following are collision avoidance systems: Adaptive cruise control consists of automatic throttle control with limited braking to adjust the speed of the vehicle for traffic condi- tions. A

45、daptive cruise control with driver alert provides warnings to the driver that manual braking or another form of driver intervention is required to avoid a collision with the car in front of the driver. Collision warning includes the features of adaptive cruise control with driver alert. It also has

46、forward, backward, and side sensors to enhance the drivers awareness of blind spots. These sensors trigger audio and visual alerts to the driver. Collision intervention provides electronic intervention with throttle brake control including limited steering and suspension and vision capability. Colli

47、sion avoidance is the terminology used to describe complete suspension, braking, and steering control with 360 field of view to avoid objects. One of the key enablers for collision warning systems is sensing tech- nology for object detection, which means front-, rear-, and side- mounted radar and/or

48、 ultrasonic sensors. To extend this technology to collision avoidance will require electronic control of vehicle systems, 5Meeting the Technology Management Challenges in the Automotive Industry called X-by-wire. This is a hardware system for electronic control and intervention which, when integrate

49、d with the sensor technology and software algorithms of collision warning systems, will enable the advanced vehicle control necessary for collision avoidance. X-by-wire systems could provide control of several functions: Steer-by-wire is a system that eliminates the mechanical connection from the driver to the tires of the vehicle. Steering is done electroni- cally through brushless motors placed near the wheels. Brake-by-wire is a family of intelligent brake-control systems that provides power assist, ABS, traction control, and tunable pedal feel i