SAE R-435-2014 The Evolution of Automotive Technology A Handbook (To Purchase Call 1-800-854-7179 USA Canada or 303-397-7956 Worldwide).pdf

1、The Evolution of Automotive Technology: A Handbook brings together invaluable historical perspective and social context to explain how the technological choices we make as a community are both inherently social and in turn continue to change and shape our lives. As more engineering schools acknowled

2、ge the importance of a contextualized treatment of technology and face the challenge of educating a new generation of engineers, The Evolution of Automotive Technology: A Handbook provides the first full and systematic overview of the development of automotive technology as a history of both enginee

3、ring improvements and cultural change. The author, Dr. Gijs Mom, teaches at Eindhoven University of Technology in the Netherlands where he developed the sixteen chapters (each of them covering one lesson) while teaching bachelor and master students from around the world. This book facilitates a long

4、-term perspective on engineering problems. Fully illustrated, it explains the technical challenges faced by pioneers such as Rudolf Diesel and the engine which carries his name today, or Charles Ketterings work on engine knock, and how their experience is still meaningful. The Evolution of Automotiv

5、e Technology: A Handbook is a must-read for those interested in contextualizing the development of automobiles, not only as exciting machines but also as a testimony to their important role in the way we live today. About the Author Dr. drs. ing. Gijs Mom teaches at Eindhoven University of Technolog

6、y. A long-term SAE International member, he has been educated as both a literary historian and an automotive engineer (in that order). After having briefly worked at Renault, Paris (engine development), he turned to the history of technology and wrote a dissertation which was published in 2004, by J

7、ohns Hopkins University Press, “The Electric Vehicle: Technology and Expectations in the Automobile Age.” For this book, he received the ASME Engineer-Historian Award 2004 as well as the Best Book Award from the Society of Automotive Historians.Dr. Mom is the founder of the Netherlands Centre for Au

8、tomotive History (NCAD) and cofounder of the International Association for the History of Transport, Traffic and Mobility (T2M), of which he was the first president. He is editor of the journal Transfers, and is finishing two monographs on the history of Atlantic automobilism as well as the history

9、of world mobility. The Evolution of Automotive Technology A Handbook The Evolution of Automotive Technology A Handbook Gijs Mom The Evolution of Automotive Technology A Handbook Gijs Mom R-435 Gijs Mom AUTOMOTIVEThe Evolution of Automotive Technology: A HandbookOther SAE books of interest Chrysler E

10、ngines 19221998 By Willem L. Weertman (Product Code: R-365) Hall-Scott: The Untold Story of a Great American Engine Maker By Ric A. Dias and Francis H. Bradford (Product Code: R-368) World History of the Automobile By Erik Eckermann (Product Code: R-272) For more information or to order a book, cont

11、act SAE INTERNATIONAL 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, USA; phone +1-877-606-7323 (U.S. and Canada only) or +1-724-776-4970 (outside U.S. and Canada); fax +1-724-776-0790; e-mail CustomerServicesae.org; website http:/ /books.sae.org.The Evolution of Automotive Technology: A Handboo

12、k By Gijs Mom Warrendale, Pennsylvania USA Copyright 2014 SAE International eISBN: 978-0-7680-8145-9 400 Commonwealth Drive Warrendale, PA 15096 E-mail: CustomerServicesae.org Phone: +1.877.606.7323 (inside USA and Canada)+1.724.776.4970 (outside USA) Fax: +1.724.776.0790 Copyright 2014 SAE Internat

13、ional. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, distributed, or transmitted, in any form or by any means without the prior written permission of SAE International. For permission and licensing requests, contact SAE Permissions, 400 Commonwealt

14、h Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001 USA; e-mail: copyrightsae.org; phone: +1-724-772-4028; fax: +1-724-772-9765. SAE Order Number R-435 DOI 10.4271/R-435 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Mom, Gijs, 1949- author.The evolution of automotive technology : a handbook / by Gijs Mom.pages

15、cmSummary: “This book covers one and a quarter century of the automobile, conceived as a cultural history of its technology, aimed at engineering students and all those who wish to have a concise introduction into the basics of automotive technology and its long-term development. Its approach is sys

16、temic and includes the behavior of drivers, producers, nonusers, victims, and other “stakeholders“ as well as the discourse around mobility. Nowadays, students of innovation prefer the term co-evolution, emphasizing the parallel and mutually dependent development of technology and society. This ackn

17、owledges the importance of contingency and of the impact of the past upon the present, the very reason why The Evolution of Automotive Technology: A Handbook looks at car technology from a long-term perspective. Often we will conclude that the innovation was in the (re)arrangement of existing techno

18、logies. Since its beginnings, car manufacturers have brought a total of 1 billion automobiles to the market. We are currently witnessing an explosion toward the second billion. Looking back, we can see this history evolve through five distinctive phases: Emergence (18801917), Persistence (19171940),

19、 Exuberance (19451973), Doom (19732000), Confusion (2001present). The Evolution of Automotive Technology: A Handbook helps us understand how these phases impacted society and, in turn, shows us how car technology was influenced by car users themselves.“ Provided by publisher.Includes bibliographical

20、 references.ISBN 978-0-7680-8027-81. AutomobilesDesign and constructionHistory. 2. AutomobilesSocial aspects. 3. Automobiles Technological innovations. I. Title.TL15.M635 2015629.2309-dc23 2014025046 Information contained in this work has been obtained by SAE International from sources believed to b

21、e reliable. However, neither SAE International nor its authors guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein and neither SAE International nor its authors shall be responsible for any errors, omissions, or damages arising out of use of this information. This work is publ

22、ished with the understanding that SAE International and its authors are supplying information, but are not attempting to render engineering or other professional services. If such services are required, the assistance of an appropriate professional should be sought. ISBN-Print 978-0-7680-8027-8 ISBN

23、-epub 978-0-7680-8147-3 ISBN-PDF 978-0-7680-8145-9 ISBN-prc 978-0-7680-8146-6 To purchase bulk quantities, please contact: SAE Customer Service E-mail: CustomerServicesae.org Phone: +1-877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada)+1-724-776-4970 (outside USA) Fax: +1-724-776-0790 Visit the SAE International

24、Bookstore HTTP:/ /BOOKS.SAE.ORGto Maarten, and his great-grandfatherContents Preface xiii Chapter 1 - The Evolution of Automotive Technology 1 1.1 Introduction: Why This Book, and How? .1 1.2 Structure and System2 1.3 A Quasi-Evolutionary Approach 4 1.4 The Dual Nature of Technology 8 1.5 One and a

25、Quarter Century of Cars .12 1.6 Conclusions 14References 15 PART I: STRUCTURE 19 Chapter 2 - The Engine: Mixture Formation 21 2.1 Introduction: Finding the Cars Basic Layout 21 2.2 Constructing a Taxonomy of Engines 23 2.3 Making the Engine Work .29 2.4 Carburation: Constructing the Mixture .33 2.5

26、Conclusions 43References 44 Chapter 3 - The Engine: Ignition . 47 3.1 Introduction: Regulating the Engine from Its Industrial Application 47 3.2 Robert Bosch and the Magneto Ignition 50 3.3 Charles Kettering and the Systemic Approach of Technical Problems55 3.4 Struggle of the Systems: Constructing

27、Both a Winner and His Story 59 vii 3.5 Conclusions 66References 66 Chapter 4 - The Drivetrain: How to Get the Energy from the Engine to the Wheels 69 4.1 Introduction: Shaping the Drivetrain Configuration .69 4.2 From Belts and Chains to Prop Shafts (and Belts and Chains) 72 4.3 The Clutch: Substitu

28、tion and Coexistence 75 4.4 The Final Drive: A Feast of Gearwheel Designs .81 4.5 Universal Joints, Front-Wheel Drive, and the Reconfiguration of the Drivetrain 84 4.6 Conclusions 87References 88 Chapter 5 - The Drivetrain: Multiplying Energy, De-Multiplying Speed .91 5.1 Introduction: Costs and Che

29、apness .91 5.2 The Transmission: How to Circumvent Gear Shifting 92 5.3 The Automatic Transmission: Diverging Car Cultures 99 5.4 Transmission Manufacturers and Automotive Production 103 5.5 Conclusions: Expectations and the Distant User .107References 109 Chapter 6 - The Chassis: Getting Around the

30、 Corner 111 6.1 Introduction: Pre-Car Developments . 111 6.2 Constructing the Automotive Chassis .115 6.3 Steering: Keep It Simple, Be Precise .117 6.4 Steering the Car, Theorizing Dynamic Behavior 121 6.5 Conclusions 124References 125 Chapter 7 - Wheel Suspension: Who Will Absorb the Shocks? 127 7.

31、1 Introduction: The Suspension as System .127 7.2 How to Guide the Wheels? Big Problems, Many Solutions .130 7.3 Who Should Absorb the Shocks? Defining the Role of Tires 137 viii Contents7.4 Conclusions 147References 148 Chapter 8 - Stopping the Car: How to Generate and Distribute Braking Energy .15

32、1 8.1 Introduction: Braking Levels Within the Car Structure 151 8.2 The Braking System: How to Distribute Braking Energy over the Wheels .153 8.3 Drums and Discs: Substitution and Coexistence .158 8.4 Conclusions 163References 166 PART II: SYSTEM 169 Chapter 9 - Automation: Driver Deskilling and the

33、 “Electronic Revolution” .171 9.1 Introduction: Trends in Automotive Technology 171 9.2 Postwar Automation, an Electronic Revolution? .176 9.3 The Lay Motorist and the Navigation Revolution .184 9.4 Conclusions 188References 188 Chapter 10 - Safety: From Shell to Capsule to Cocoon, from Danger to Ri

34、sk 191 10.1 Introduction: Closing the Automotive Body .191 10.2 “Control the Lunatic!” The Hunt for the “Accident-Prone” Motorist 193 10.3 Protecting the Motorists: Active and Passive Safety 200 10.4 Antilock Braking ABS .205 10.5 Conclusions 208References 209 Chapter 11 - Environment: Discovering t

35、he Other . 213 11.1 Introduction: Inventing the Environment .213 11.2 Engineering Car Noise While Closing the Body: Liberating Vision from Sensual Interference 215 ix Contents11.3 The Diesel Car as Remedy: Car Cultures and the Perception of Technology .219 11.4 Lean-Burn versus Catalyst: The Struggl

36、e for a Clean Car 226 11.5 Conclusions 233References 234 Chapter 12 - Scientification: The Co-evolution of Engineering Knowledge 239 12.1 Introduction: How Do Engineers Know? 239 12.2 Rudolf Diesel: Failure or Success? 240 12.3 Team Work in Laboratories: Scientification of Car Dynamics 244 12.4 Cons

37、tructing the State of the Art: Conferences, Education, and Books .257 12.5 Conclusions 262References 264 Chapter 13 - Decarbonization: Searching for Radical Alternatives 269 13.1 Introduction: The Importance of Expectations .269 13.2 The End of Oil! In the Early 1920s! .270 13.3 The Promise of the E

38、lectric Vehicle: A Perpetual Car of Tomorrow? .273 13.4 Conclusion .282References 284 Chapter 14 - Innovation: Production, Diffusion, Use . 287 14.1 Introduction: How to Construct Trends? .287 14.2 Diffusion .288 14.3 Production 295 14.4 Use .301 14.5 Conclusions 304References 305 Chapter 15 - World

39、 Mobility: Shifting the Focus 307 15.1 Introduction: The West and the Rest 307 15.2 Road versus Rail: Clashing Mobility Cultures .308 x Contents15.3 Global Urban Mobility: The Case of the Rickshaw 311 15.4 Conclusion: The Rest and the West 316References 320 Chapter 16 - Conclusions . 323References 3

40、32 Bibliography . 333 Index . 357 About the Author . 370 xi ContentsPreface The Evolution of Automotive Technology: A Handbook is a quarter century-old dream come true. Back in the 1980s, a Dutch publisher asked me to become the editor of a three-volume technical handbook conceived in the 1920s, by

41、George Frederik Steinbuch, one of the pioneers of Dutch automotive engineering. I had just graduated from HTS Autotechniek (HTS standing for Hogere Technische School, or Polytechnic, focusing on Automotive Technology), and had also finished a Masters degree in literary history. Ambitiously, I propos

42、ed a ten-volume successor instead. Although this plan got stranded between the busyness of my subsequent career as a lecturer at the Polytechnic, and multiple reorganizations of the publishing house, five volumes were eventually finalized, with three of them translated into German. For every volume,

43、 I studied the history of the topic and wrote two introductory chapters myself (on history and basic theory), while editing the contributions of the experts in the remainder of each volume. At the end of the 1990s, I received a PhD in history of technology, and transferred to Eindhoven University of

44、 Technology (TU/e) to take up a position in research and teaching, focusing on mobility research, traffic engineering, and the automotive culture. Coincidentally, some years ago, the great-grandson of George Frederik Steinbuch, TU/e Mechanical Engineering professor Maarten Steinbuch, asked me if I w

45、ould like to help set up a new Masters program in automotive technology. In addition, the board of the university decided to attract a new, more socially oriented type of engineering students by offering a brand-new Bachelor of Automotive Technology program at the Electrical Engineering Department,

46、prioritizing the study of control and systems engineering, the electric and hybrid propulsion as well as the smart car. My answer should not be difficult to guess. Suddenly, car technology proper, a closed book to many students of the history of the automobile, came alive again for me. I started to

47、dig into my own history, combining this with the new educational and theoretical insights I had gathered during the last decade or so. The result is the book before you, tested extensively during the first three years of the Bachelors program, and far more years at the Masters level. My audience was

48、 a continuously changing international group of students, whom I would like to xiii thank here for helping me put the content to the test. Some of them produced reports that made it into the pages of this book. Of these students, some have to be mentioned by name: student assistants Jorrit Bakker, V

49、alerian Meijering and, especially, Wilco Pesselse and Texas van Leeuwenstein. They helped set up the courses, gather and scan illustrative material, develop the quiz questions, and go through numerous versions of texts, with their source references and requests for permission to use illustrations. I thank Bart Smolders, Director of Education of the Electrical Engineering Department, who made the initial investment into the student assistant support; Johan Schot, Director of the Technology in Society group of the IE&IS Department for following up in the final phase,