1、 Collection of SANS standards in electronic format (PDF) 1. Copyright This standard is available to staff members of companies that have subscribed to the complete collection of SANS standards in accordance with a formal copyright agreement. This document may reside on a CENTRAL FILE SERVER or INTRA
2、NET SYSTEM only. Unless specific permission has been granted, this document MAY NOT be sent or given to staff members from other companies or organizations. Doing so would constitute a VIOLATION of SABS copyright rules. 2. Indemnity The South African Bureau of Standards accepts no liability for any
3、damage whatsoever than may result from the use of this material or the information contain therein, irrespective of the cause and quantum thereof. ISBN 978-0-626-21010-6 SANS 12199:2008Edition 1ISO 12199:2000Edition 1SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Alphabetical ordering of multilingual terminologica
4、l and lexicographical data represented in the Latin alphabet This national standard is the identical implementation of ISO 12199:2000 and is adopted with the permission of the International Organization for Standardization. Published by Standards South Africa 1 dr lategan road groenkloof private bag
5、 x191 pretoria 0001 tel: 012 428 7911 fax: 012 344 1568 international code + 27 12 www.stansa.co.za Standards South Africa SANS 12199:2008 Edition 1 ISO 12199:2000 Edition 1 Table of changes Change No. Date Scope National foreword This South African standard was approved by National Committee StanSA
6、 TC 37, Terminology and other language and content resources, in accordance with procedures of Standards South Africa, in compliance with annex 3 of the WTO/TBT agreement. This SANS document was published in February 2008. Reference numberISO 12199:2000(E)ISO 2000INTERNATIONALSTANDARDISO12199First e
7、dition2000-08-01Alphabetical ordering of multilingualterminological and lexicographical datarepresented in the Latin alphabetMise en ordre alphabtique des donnes lexicographiques etterminologiques multilingues reprsentes dans lalphabet latinSANS 12199:2008This s tandard may only be used and printed
8、by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS .ISO 12199:2000(E)PDF disclaimerThis PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobes licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but shall notbe edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and
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11、lease inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below. ISO 2000All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronicor mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writin
12、g from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member bodyin the country of the requester.ISO copyright officeCase postale 56 Gb7 CH-1211 Geneva 20Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11Fax + 41 22 749 09 47E-mail copyrightiso.chWeb www.iso.chPrinted in Switzerlandii ISO 2000 All rights reservedSANS 12199:2008This s
13、 tandard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS .ISO 12199:2000(E) ISO 2000 All rights reserved iiiContents PageForeword.ivIntroduction.v1 Scope .12 Normative references.13 Terms and definitions 24 Preparatory procedures.25 First ordering level .35.
14、1 First-ordering-level values.35.2 First-ordering-level sequence .35.3 Equivalence between special Latin letters and basic letters.46 Second ordering level 46.1 Second-ordering-level values .46.2 Special Latin letters and letters with diacritical marks 47 Third ordering level 67.1 Third-ordering-lev
15、el values .67.2 Ordering according to capitalization68 Fourth ordering level68.1 Fourth-ordering-level values.68.2 Ordering according to special characters .6Annex A (normative) Word-by-word ordering7Annex B (informative) Special rules for lexicographical and terminological ordering9Annex C (informa
16、tive) Ordering rules for chemical names.10Annex D (informative) Character repertoire of the Latin alphabet .12Annex E (informative) Languages using the Latin alphabet.19Annex F (informative) Alphabetical sequences and character repertoires.22Annex G (normative) Formal description of the rules of the
17、 main body of this International Standard .32Bibliography 38SANS 12199:2008This s tandard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS .ISO 12199:2000(E)iv ISO 2000 All rights reservedForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a w
18、orldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISOmember bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technicalcommittees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established hasthe right to be represented on
19、that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, inliaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International ElectrotechnicalCommission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.International Standards are drafted in a
20、ccordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 3.Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting.Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.Attention
21、is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this International Standard may be the subject ofpatent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.International Standard ISO 12199 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 37, Terminology (princi
22、ples andcoordination), Subcommittee SC 2, Layout of vocabularies.It complements other International Standards prepared by ISO/TC 37, such as ISO 10241:1992, Internationalterminology standards Preparation and layout and ISO 12200:1999, Computer applications in terminology Machine-readable terminology
23、 interchange format (MARTIF) Negotiated interchange.Annexes A and G form a normative part of this International Standard. Annexes B to F are for information only.SANS 12199:2008This s tandard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS .ISO 12199:2000(E)
24、 ISO 2000 All rights reserved vIntroductionIn the development of international terminologies, both in printed form and in databases, it is essential to haveuniform and internationally recognized rules for the alphabetical ordering of terminological and lexicographical data,to make these terminologie
25、s more easily accessible for the users. In addition, it will facilitate the interchange ofterminological and lexicographical data.SANS 12199:2008This s tandard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS .SANS 12199:2008This s tandard may only be used an
26、d printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS .INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 12199:2000(E) ISO 2000 All rights reserved 1Alphabetical ordering of multilingual terminological andlexicographical data represented in the Latin alphabet1 ScopeThis International Standard specifies th
27、e sequence of characters to be used in the alphabetical ordering ofmultilingual terminological and lexicographical data (terms, term elements, or words) represented in the Latinalphabet. Character sets of languages represented in the Latin alphabet are taken into account insofar asterminological or
28、lexicographical data have been recorded. Character sets used in internationally standardizedtransliteration into Latin script are also taken into account.The sequence of alphabetical characters given is intended for multilingual purposes only and is not intended toaffect the alphabetical order of an
29、y specific language.The main part of this International Standard specifies letter-by-letter ordering of character strings. Normative annex Atreats word-by-word ordering, which is a widely used alternative to this system.Informative annex B gives two additional rules that may be useful for lexicograp
30、hical and terminological ordering.Informative annex C gives ordering rules for chemical names.Informative annex D lists the character repertoire of the Latin alphabet.Informative annex E lists languages using the Latin alphabet.Informative annex F gives alphabetical sequences derived from the sequen
31、ce specified in this InternationalStandard for a number of languages that use the Latin alphabet.Normative annex G gives a formal description of the rules laid down in the main part of this International Standardconforming with ISO/IEC 14651.2 Normative referencesThe following normative documents co
32、ntain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions ofthis International Standard. For dated references, subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of thesepublications do not apply. However, parties to agreements based on this International Standard are encouraged toin
33、vestigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the normative documents indicated below. Forundated references, the latest edition of the normative document referred to applies. Members of ISO and IECmaintain registers of currently valid International Standards.ISO 1087:1990, Termi
34、nology Vocabulary.ISO 1087-1:1), Terminology work Vocabulary Part 1: Theory and application.ISO 1087-2:2000, Terminology work Vocabulary Part 2: Computer applications.ISO/IEC 10646-1:1993, Information technology Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set (UCS) Part 1:Architecture and Basic Multili
35、ngual Plane.ISO/IEC 14651:1), Information technology International string ordering Method for comparing characterstrings and description of a default tailorable ordering._1) To be published.SANS 12199:2008This s tandard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of
36、 the SABS .ISO 12199:2000(E)2 ISO 2000 All rights reserved3 Terms and definitionsFor definitions of terminological concepts, see ISO 1087, ISO 1087-1 and ISO 1087-2.For the purpose of this International Standard, the following terms and definitions apply.3.1charactermember of a set of elements used
37、for the organization, control or representation of data3.2lettercharacter used for writing natural language, often representing a sound in the language3.3digitcharacter used to represent the numeric value, or part thereof, of a number3.4special charactercharacter that is not a letter nor a digitEXAM
38、PLE The space character is a special character.3.5ligaturecharacter resulting from the joining of two or more lettersNOTE The resulting character is, in some cases, considered a separate letter.3.6polygraphtwo or more consecutive letters that are regarded as one letter for some purposeNOTE A polygra
39、ph consisting of two or three letters may be referred to as a digraph or a trigraph respectively.3.7diacritical markcharacter that is not a letter and is placed over, under, or through a letter or a combination of letters3.8orderingact of bringing strings of characters into a well-defined sequence a
40、ccording to a string comparison specification4 Preparatory proceduresIn the process of alphabetical ordering, character strings are compared according to a set of rules. ThisInternational Standard specifies the set of rules to be used for the ordering, but does not address the means ofselection of r
41、elevant character strings, nor any modification of the strings that may be needed for a given purpose.Consequently, certain preparatory procedures may be needed before applying the ordering rules. Depending onthe needs in each individual case the relevant character strings may have to be selected, e
42、.g. relevant terms may have to be extracted from acorpus, the character strings may have to be modified, e.g. sentence-initial uppercase letters may have to be changedto lowercase letters, plural form of words may have to be changed to singular form, or leading zeroes or spaces may be added e.g. in
43、lists containing numerals.Polygraphs are treated as sequences of separate letters.SANS 12199:2008This s tandard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS .ISO 12199:2000(E) ISO 2000 All rights reserved 3An application may arrange information into sever
44、al ordering fields, and determine ranking order with severalseparate and independent comparisons. This International Standard only defines a single comparison for one suchfield, where the field is a character-string field.Only the characters that appear in the string and their arrangement are taken
45、into account. Apart from the orderingrules and passes, no other knowledge about the words in the character string is used. For example, dictionaryinformation or rules about language syntax, phonetics and semantics are not used.5 First ordering level5.1 First-ordering-level valuesWhen comparing strin
46、gs to be ordered, the first-ordering-level values of the strings shall be considered first. Thesubsequent ordering-level values need to be considered only if two or more strings have identical first-ordering-level values.For multilingual ordering, the following rules shall be applied (see annex A fo
47、r word-by-word ordering):5.2 First-ordering-level sequenceDigits and letters have the following ordering values:a) Digits: 0123456789NOTE 1 Sequences of digits will be ordered from left to right as written, thus generating the following order, e.g.: 1101001111011112191902213.NOTE 2 Leading zeroes ma
48、y be inserted as a preparatory procedure, e.g. to generate the following order: 0001 0002 00030010 0011 0012 0019 0021 0100 0110 0111 0190.b) Basic letters of the Latin alphabet:aA bB cC dD eE fF gG hH iI jJ kK lL mM nNoO pP qQ rR sS tT uU vV wW xX yY zZ NOTE 1 This order has been established for us
49、e in multilingual environments so as to conflict with as few individuallanguages as possible. See informative annex F for examples of deviations from this sequence in some languages.Uppercase and lowercase letters shall be treated as equivalent (see clause 7). Letters of the Latin alphabet withdiacritical marks shall be treated as equivalent to the corresponding basic Latin letters (see clause 6). Specialletters of the Latin alphabet shall be treated as equivalent to basic Latin letters according to Table
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