SANS 19101-2-2009 Geographic information - Reference model Part 2 Imagery《地理信息 参考模型 第2部分：图形》.pdf

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3、damage whatsoever than may result from the use of this material or the information contain therein, irrespective of the cause and quantum thereof. ISBN 978-0-626-23149-1 SANS 19101-2:2009Edition 1 ISO/TS 19101-2:2008Edition 1 SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Geographic information Reference model Par

4、t 2: Imagery This national standard is the identical implementation of ISO/TS 19101-2:2008, and is adopted with the permission of the International Organization for Standardization. Published by SABS Standards Division 1 Dr Lategan Road Groenkloof Private Bag X191 Pretoria 0001Tel: +27 12 428 7911 F

5、ax: +27 12 344 1568 www.sabs.co.za SABS SANS 19101-2:2009 Edition 1 ISO 19101-2:2008 Edition 1 Table of changes Change No. Date Scope National foreword This South African standard was approved by National Committee SABS SC 71E, Information technology Geographic information, in accordance with proced

6、ures of the SABS Standards Division, in compliance with annex 3 of the WTO/TBT agreement. This SANS document was published in October 2009. Reference numberISO/TS 19101-2:2008(E)ISO 2008TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION ISO/TS19101-2First edition2008-06-01Geographic information Reference model Part 2: Imagery

7、 Information gographique Modle de rference Partie 2: Imagerie SANS 19102-2:2009This s tandard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS .ISO/TS 19101-2:2008(E) PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobes licen

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12、1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii ISO 2008 All rights reservedSANS 19102-2:2009This s tandard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS .ISO/TS 19101-2:2008(E

13、) ISO 2008 All rights reserved iiiContents Page Foreword. v Introduction . vi 1 Scope . 1 2 Conformance. 1 2.1 General. 1 2.2 Enterprise conformance 1 2.3 Sensor conformance 1 2.4 Imagery data conformance 1 2.5 Imagery services conformance . 1 2.6 Image processing system conformance 1 3 Normative re

14、ferences . 2 4 Terms and definitions. 2 5 Abbreviated terms and symbols . 7 5.1 Abbreviated terms 7 5.2 Symbols . 9 6 Notation . 10 7 Enterprise Viewpoint community objectives and policies 10 7.1 General. 10 7.2 Geographic imagery community objective 10 7.3 Geographic imagery scenario . 10 7.4 Geogr

15、aphic imagery policies. 11 7.4.1 Introduction to policies 11 7.4.2 Policy development guidelines . 12 7.4.3 Policies 12 8 Information Viewpoint knowledge based decisions 13 8.1 Introduction to Information Viewpoint 13 8.1.1 Introduction to types of geographic imagery 13 8.1.2 Creating knowledge from

16、 imagery 14 8.1.3 General Feature Model . 16 8.1.4 Topics relevant across data, information, and knowledge 17 8.2 Sensor data package 18 8.2.1 General. 18 8.2.2 Sensors and platforms. 18 8.2.3 Optical sensing . 19 8.2.4 Microwave sensing. 21 8.2.5 LIDAR sensor 24 8.2.6 Sonar sensor . 27 8.2.7 Digita

17、l images from film . 28 8.2.8 Scanned maps. 28 8.2.9 Calibration, validation and metrology 28 8.2.10 Position and attitude determination . 29 8.2.11 Image acquisition request . 30 8.3 Geographic imagery information processed, located, gridded 30 8.3.1 General. 30 8.3.2 IG_Scene 30 8.3.3 Derived imag

18、ery 34 8.3.4 Imagery metadata . 37 8.3.5 Encoding rules for imagery . 38 SANS 19102-2:2009This s tandard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS .ISO/TS 19101-2:2008(E) iv ISO 2008 All rights reserved8.3.6 Imagery compression . 39 8.4 Geographic imag

19、ery knowledge inference and interpretation 40 8.4.1 General . 40 8.4.2 Knowledge from imagery . 40 8.4.3 Image understanding and classification 40 8.4.4 IG_KnowledgeBase. 42 8.5 Geographic imagery decision support context-specific applications . 44 8.5.1 General . 44 8.5.2 Decision support services

20、. 44 8.5.3 Geographic portrayal 45 8.5.4 Fitness for Use Context 48 8.5.5 Decision fusion . 50 9 Computational Viewpoint services for imagery 50 9.1 Task-oriented computation 50 9.2 Computational patterns 50 9.3 Geographic imagery services 52 9.4 Service chaining for imagery. 53 9.5 Service metadata

21、. 53 10 Engineering Viewpoint deployment approaches 54 10.1 General . 54 10.2 Distributed system for geographic imagery. 54 10.3 Imagery Collection Node 55 10.4 Sensor Processing Node 56 10.5 Imagery Archive Node 57 10.6 Value Added Processing Node 58 10.7 Decision Support Node 59 10.8 Channels: net

22、works and DCPs 60 10.8.1 Imagery considerations for channels . 60 10.8.2 Space to ground communications 60 Annex A (normative) Abstract test suite 61 Annex B (informative) ISO Reference Model for Open Distributed Processing (RM-ODP). 63 Annex C (informative) Imagery use cases . 64 Annex D (informati

23、ve) Principles relating to remote sensing of the Earth from space. 68 Bibliography . 71 SANS 19102-2:2009This s tandard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS .ISO/TS 19101-2:2008(E) ISO 2008 All rights reserved vForeword ISO (the International Orga

24、nization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been establis

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27、ublication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. In other circumstances, particularly when there is an urgent market requirement for such documents, a technical committee may decide to publish other types of document: an ISO Publicly Ava

28、ilable Specification (ISO/PAS) represents an agreement between technical experts in an ISO working group and is accepted for publication if it is approved by more than 50 % of the members of the parent committee casting a vote; an ISO Technical Specification (ISO/TS) represents an agreement between

29、the members of a technical committee and is accepted for publication if it is approved by 2/3 of the members of the committee casting a vote. An ISO/PAS or ISO/TS is reviewed after three years in order to decide whether it will be confirmed for a further three years, revised to become an Internation

30、al Standard, or withdrawn. If the ISO/PAS or ISO/TS is confirmed, it is reviewed again after a further three years, at which time it must either be transformed into an International Standard or be withdrawn. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the

31、subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO/TS 19101-2 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 211, Geographic information/Geomatics. ISO 19101 consists of the following parts, under the general title Geographic information Refere

32、nce model: Part 1: Fundamental1) Part 2: Imagery Technical Specification 1) To be published. (Revision of ISO 19101:2002) SANS 19102-2:2009This s tandard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS .ISO/TS 19101-2:2008(E) vi ISO 2008 All rights reservedI

33、ntroduction This Technical Specification provides a reference model for processing of geographic imagery which is frequently done in open distributed manners. The motivating themes addressed in this reference model are given below. In terms of volume, imagery is the dominant form of geographic infor

34、mation. Stored geographic imagery volume will grow to the order of an exabyte. National imagery archives are multiple petabytes in size; ingesting a terabyte per day. Individual application data centers are archiving hundreds of terabytes of imagery. Tens of thousands of datasets have been catalogue

35、d but are not yet online. Large volumes of geographic imagery will not be portrayed directly by humans. Human attention is the scarce resource, and is insufficient to view petabytes of data. Semantic processing will be required: for example, automatic detection of features; data mining based on geog

36、raphic concepts. Information technology allows the sharing of geographic information products through processing of geographic imagery. Standards are needed to increase creation of products. A number of existing standards are used for the exchange of geographic imagery. Examples of technical, legal,

37、 and administrative hurdles to moving imagery online include technical issues of accessibility geocoding, geographic access standards, maintenance of intellectual property rights, maintenance of individual privacy rights as resolution increases, and technical issues of compatibility requiring standa

38、rds. Governments have been the predominant suppliers of remotely sensed data in the past. This is changing with the commercialization of remotely sensed data acquisition. Geographic imagery is a key input to decision support for policy makers. The ultimate challenge is to enable the geographic image

39、ry collected from different sources to become an integrated digital representation of the Earth widely accessible for humanitys critical decisions. Currently a large number of standards exist that describe imagery data. The processing of imagery across multiple organizations and information technolo

40、gies (IT) is hampered by the lack of a common abstract architecture. The establishment of a common framework will foster convergence at the framework level. In the future, multiple implementation standards are needed for data format and service interoperability to carry out the architecture defined

41、in this Technical Specification. The objective of this Technical Specification is the coordinated development of standards that allow the benefits of distributed geographic image processing to be realized in an environment of heterogeneous IT resources and multiple organizational domains. An underly

42、ing assumption is that uncoordinated standardization activities made without a plan cannot be united under the necessary framework. This Technical Specification provides a reference model for the processing of geographic imagery which is frequently done in open distributed manners. The basis for def

43、ining an information system in this SANS 19102-2:2009This s tandard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS .ISO/TS 19101-2:2008(E) ISO 2008 All rights reserved viiTechnical Specification is the Reference Model for Open Distributed Processing (RM-ODP

44、) 78. A brief description of RM-ODP can be referenced in Annex B. The basis for defining geographic information in this specification is the ISO 19100 family of standards. The RM-ODP 78viewpoints are used in the following fashion: Typical users and their business activities, and policies to carry ou

45、t those activities, are addressed in the Enterprise Viewpoint. Data structures and the progressive addition of value to the resulting products are found in the schemas of the Information Viewpoint. Individual processing services and the chaining of services are addressed in the Computational Viewpoi

46、nt. Approaches to deploy the components of the Information and Computational viewpoints to distributed physical locations are addressed in the Engineering Viewpoint. SANS 19102-2:2009This s tandard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS .This page h

47、as been left blank intentionally SANS 19102-2:2009This s tandard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS .TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION ISO/TS 19101-2:2008(E) ISO 2008 All rights reserved 1Geographic information Reference model Part 2: Imagery 1 Scope This

48、 part of ISO 19101 defines a reference model for standardization in the field of geographic imagery processing. This reference model identifies the scope of the standardization activity being undertaken and the context in which it takes place. The reference model includes gridded data with an emphas

49、is on imagery. Although structured in the context of information technology and information technology standards, this Technical Specification is independent of any application development method or technology implementation approach. 2 Conformance 2.1 General To conform to this Technical Specification, all of the conditions specified for at least one of the conformance classes described below shall be satisfied. 2.2 Enterprise conformance Any enterprise that claims conformance to t