1、 Collection of SANS standards in electronic format (PDF) 1. Copyright This standard is available to staff members of companies that have subscribed to the complete collection of SANS standards in accordance with a formal copyright agreement. This document may reside on a CENTRAL FILE SERVER or INTRA
2、NET SYSTEM only. Unless specific permission has been granted, this document MAY NOT be sent or given to staff members from other companies or organizations. Doing so would constitute a VIOLATION of SABS copyright rules. 2. Indemnity The South African Bureau of Standards accepts no liability for any
3、damage whatsoever than may result from the use of this material or the information contain therein, irrespective of the cause and quantum thereof. ISBN 978-0-626-23010-4 SANS 1928:2009Edition 2ISO 1928:2009Edition 3SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Solid mineral fuels Determination of gross calorific
4、value by the bomb calorimetric method, and calculation of net calorific value This national standard is the identical implementation of ISO 1928:2009 and is adopted with the permission of the International Organization for Standardization. Published by SABS Standards Division 1 Dr Lategan Road Groen
5、kloof Private Bag X191 Pretoria 0001Tel: +27 12 428 7911 Fax: +27 12 344 1568 www.sabs.co.za SABS SANS 1928:2009 Edition 2 ISO 1928:2009 Edition 3 Table of changes Change No. Date Scope Foreword This South African standard was approved by National Committee SABS SC 27B, Solid mineral fuels Test meth
6、ods, in accordance with procedures of the SABS Standards Division, in compliance with annex 3 of the WTO/TBT agreement. This SANS document was published in December 2009. This SANS document supersedes SANS 1928:1995 (edition 1 and nat. amdt 1). Reference numberISO 1928:2009(E)ISO 2009INTERNATIONAL S
7、TANDARD ISO1928Third edition2009-06-01Solid mineral fuels Determination of gross calorific value by the bomb calorimetric method and calculation of net calorific value Combustibles minraux solides Dtermination du pouvoir calorifique suprieur par la mthode de la bombe calorimtrique et calcul du pouvo
8、ir calorifique infrieur SANS 1928:2009This s tandard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS .ISO 1928:2009(E) PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobes licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed
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11、 use by ISO member bodies. In the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below. COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2009 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized
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13、22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii ISO 2009 All rights reservedSANS 1928:2009This s tandard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS .ISO 1928:2009(E) ISO 2009 All rights reserved iiiContents Page Foreword
14、. v 1 Scope 1 2 Normative references 1 3 Terms, definitions and symbols.2 3.1 Terms and definitions .2 3.2 Symbols 3 4 Principle5 4.1 Gross calorific value .5 4.2 Net calorific value 5 5 Reagents.5 6 Apparatus .7 7 Preparation of test sample10 8 Calorimetric procedure .11 8.1 General11 8.2 Preparing
15、 the bomb for measurement 12 8.3 Assembling the calorimeter13 8.4 Combustion reaction and temperature measurements.13 8.5 Analysis of products of combustion .14 8.6 Corrected temperature rise.14 8.7 Reference temperature16 9 Calibration 16 9.1 Principle16 9.2 Calibrant .16 9.3 Valid working range of
16、 the effective heat capacity 17 9.4 Ancillary contributions18 9.5 Calibration procedure .18 9.6 Calculation of effective heat capacity for the individual test18 9.7 Precision of the mean value of the effective heat capacity.20 9.8 Redetermination of the effective heat capacity20 10 Gross calorific v
17、alue .20 10.1 General20 10.2 Coal combustions21 10.3 Coke combustions.21 10.4 Calculation of gross calorific value .21 10.5 Expression of results 23 10.6 Calculation to other bases24 11 Precision.24 11.1 Repeatability limit 24 11.2 Reproducibility limit 24 12 Calculation of net calorific value24 12.
18、1 General24 12.2 Calculations25 13 Test report 28 Annex A (normative) Adiabatic bomb calorimeters 29 Annex B (normative) Isoperibol and static-jacket bomb calorimeters 33 SANS 1928:2009This s tandard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS .ISO 1928:
19、2009(E) iv ISO 2009 All rights reservedAnnex C (normative) Automated bomb calorimeters . 38 Annex D (informative) Checklists for the design of combustion tests and their procedures 41 Annex E (informative) Examples to illustrate some of the calculations used in this International Standard. 46 Annex
20、F (informative) Safe use, maintenance and testing of calorimeter bombs. 51 Bibliography . 57 Alphabetical index 58 SANS 1928:2009This s tandard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS .ISO 1928:2009(E) ISO 2009 All rights reserved vForeword ISO (the
21、International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee
22、 has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnic
23、al standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bo
24、dies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying an
25、y or all such patent rights. ISO 1928 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 27, Solid mineral fuels, Subcommittee SC 5, Methods of analysis. This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 1928:1995), which has been technically revised. SANS 1928:2009This s tandard may only be u
26、sed and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS .SANS 1928:2009This s tandard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS .INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 1928:2009(E) ISO 2009 All rights reserved 1Solid mineral fuels Determinatio
27、n of gross calorific value by the bomb calorimetric method and calculation of net calorific value WARNING Strict adherence to all of the provisions prescribed in this International Standard should ensure against explosive rupture of the bomb, or a blow-out, provided that the bomb is of proper design
28、 and construction and in good mechanical condition. 1 Scope This International Standard specifies a method for the determination of the gross calorific value of a solid mineral fuel at constant volume and at the reference temperature of 25 C in a bomb calorimeter calibrated by combustion of certifie
29、d benzoic acid. The result obtained is the gross calorific value of the analysis sample at constant volume with all the water of the combustion products as liquid water. In practice, fuel is burned at constant (atmospheric) pressure and the water is not condensed but is removed as vapour with the fl
30、ue gases. Under these conditions, the operative heat of combustion is the net calorific value of the fuel at constant pressure. The net calorific value at constant volume can also be used; equations are given for calculating both values. General principles and procedures for the calibrations and the
31、 fuel tests are presented in the main text, whereas those pertaining to the use of a particular type of calorimetric instrument are described in Annexes A to C. Annex D contains checklists for performing calibration and fuel tests using specified types of calorimeters. Annex E gives examples illustr
32、ating some of the calculations. NOTE Descriptors: solid fuels, coal, coke, tests, determination, calorific value, rules of calculation, calorimetry. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the editio
33、n cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 651, Solid-stem calorimeter thermometers ISO 652, Enclosed-scale calorimeter thermometers ISO 687, Solid mineral fuels Coke Determination of moisture in the general analysis
34、 test sample ISO 1770, Solid-stem general purpose thermometers ISO 1771, Enclosed-scale general purpose thermometers ISO 5068-2, Brown coals and lignites Determination of moisture content Part 2: Indirect gravimetric method for moisture in the analysis sample ISO 11722, Solid mineral fuels Hard coal
35、 Determination of moisture in the general analysis test sample by drying in nitrogen ISO 17247, Coal Ultimate analysis SANS 1928:2009This s tandard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS .ISO 1928:2009(E) 2 ISO 2009 All rights reserved3 Terms, defin
36、itions and symbols 3.1 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1.1 gross calorific value at constant volume absolute value of the specific energy of combustion for unit mass of a solid fuel burned in oxygen in a calorimetric bomb under th
37、e conditions specified NOTE 1 The products of combustion are assumed to consist of gaseous oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide, of liquid water (in equilibrium with its vapour) saturated with carbon dioxide under the conditions of the bomb reaction, and of solid ash, all at the refer
38、ence temperature. NOTE 2 Gross calorific value is expressed in units of joules. 3.1.2 gross calorific value at constant pressure absolute value of the specific energy of combustion, for unit mass of a solid fuel burned in oxygen at constant pressure, instead of constant volume in a calorimetric bomb
39、 NOTE The hydrogen in the fuel, reacting with gaseous oxygen to give liquid water, causes a decrease in the volume of the system. When the fuel carbon reacts with gaseous oxygen, an equal volume of gaseous carbon dioxide is formed and, hence, no change in volume occurs in combustion of the carbon. T
40、he oxygen and nitrogen in the fuel both give rise to an increase in volume. 3.1.3 net calorific value at constant volume absolute value of the specific energy of combustion, for unit mass of a solid fuel burned in oxygen under conditions of constant volume and such that all the water of the reaction
41、 products remains as water vapour (in a hypothetical state at 0,1 MPa), the other products being as for the gross calorific value, all at the reference temperature 3.1.4 net calorific value at constant pressure absolute value of the specific heat (enthalpy) of combustion, for unit mass of the fuel b
42、urned in oxygen at constant pressure under such conditions that all the water of the reaction products remains as water vapour (at 0,1 MPa), the other products being as for the gross calorific value, all at the reference temperature 3.1.5 adiabatic calorimeter calorimeter that has a rapidly changing
43、 jacket temperature NOTE The inner calorimeter chamber and the jacket exchange no energy because the water temperature in both is identical during the test. The water in the external jacket is heated or cooled to match the temperature change in the calorimeter proper. 3.1.6 isoperibol calorimeter is
44、othermal type calorimeter that has a jacket of uniform and constant temperature NOTE These calorimeters have the inner chamber surrounded by a water jacket in which the temperature is maintained at ambient temperature. The outer jacket acts like a thermostat and the thermal conductivity of the inter
45、space between the two chambers is kept as small as possible. 3.1.7 automated calorimeter colorimeter system without fluid, where the calorimeter can, stirrer and water are replaced by a metal block and the combustion bomb itself constitutes the calorimeter SANS 1928:2009This s tandard may only be us
46、ed and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS .ISO 1928:2009(E) ISO 2009 All rights reserved 3NOTE Characteristically, these calorimeters have a small heat capacity, leading to large changes in temperature. Therefore, smaller masses of sample are used. A calorimeter of
47、this kind requires more frequent calibrations. 3.1.8 reference temperature international reference temperature for thermochemistry, 25 C NOTE 1 See 8.7. NOTE 2 The temperature dependence of the calorific value of coal or coke is small, about 1 J/(gK). 3.1.9 effective heat capacity of the calorimeter
48、 amount of energy required to cause unit change in temperature of the calorimeter 3.1.10 corrected temperature rise change in calorimeter temperature caused solely by the processes taking place within the combustion bomb NOTE The change in temperature can be expressed in terms of other units: resist
49、ance of a platinum or thermistor thermometer, frequency of a quartz crystal resonator, etc., provided that a functional relationship is established between this quantity and a change in temperature. The effective heat capacity of the calorimeter can be expressed in units of energy per such an arbitrary unit. Criteria for the required linearity and closeness in conditions between calibrations and fuel tests are given in 9.3. 3.2 Symbols cp,aqspecific heat capacity of water cp,crspecific heat capacity of the crucible G
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