SANS 2001-BE1-2008 Construction works Part BE1 Earthworks (general)《建设工程 第BE1部分 土木工程(普通)》.pdf

1、 Collection of SANS standards in electronic format (PDF) 1. Copyright This standard is available to staff members of companies that have subscribed to the complete collection of SANS standards in accordance with a formal copyright agreement. This document may reside on a CENTRAL FILE SERVER or INTRA

2、NET SYSTEM only. Unless specific permission has been granted, this document MAY NOT be sent or given to staff members from other companies or organizations. Doing so would constitute a VIOLATION of SABS copyright rules. 2. Indemnity The South African Bureau of Standards accepts no liability for any

3、damage whatsoever than may result from the use of this material or the information contain therein, irrespective of the cause and quantum thereof. ISBN 978-0-626-19229-7 SANS 2001-BE1:2008Edition 1SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Construction works Part BE1: Earthworks (general) Published by SABS Sta

4、ndards Division 1 Dr Lategan Road Groenkloof Private Bag X191 Pretoria 0001Tel: +27 12 428 7911 Fax: +27 12 344 1568 www.sabs.co.za SABS SANS 2001-BE1:2008 Edition 1 Table of changes Change No. Date Scope Acknowledgement The SABS Standards Division wishes to acknowledge the input of the South Africa

5、n Institution of Civil Engineering in the development of this document. Foreword This South African standard was approved by National Committee SABS TC 59, Construction standards, in accordance with procedures of the SABS Standards Division, in compliance with annex 3 of the WTO/TBT agreement. This

6、document was published in September 2008. This document supersedes SABS 1200 D:1988 (second revision), SABS 1200 DA:1988 (second revision) and SABS 1200 DN:1982 (first revision). SANS 2001 consists of a number of parts in various stages of preparation, under the general title Construction works. Ann

7、ex A forms an integral part of this document. Annex B is for information only. Introduction The different parts of SANS 2001 each address a specific component of construction works. The prime purpose in the production of these standards is to create a set of standards that are generally applicable t

8、o construction works, and which can be readily modified to make them applicable to particular works. The SANS 2001 family of standards provides technical descriptions of the standard of materials and workmanship that will be used in the works that are executed or in the performance of the works when

9、 completed (or both). These standards do not make reference to the actions of those responsible for executing the works or the parties to a contract, i.e. to the constraints relating to the manner in which contract work is to be performed. Neither do they deal with the commercial arrangements of suc

10、h contracts. These standards are suitable for use in any “in-house” construction work or in all types of engineering and construction works contracts, for example, design by employer, design and build, develop and construct, construction management or management contracts. Standard requirements pert

11、aining to the manner in which works are constructed can be found in the SANS 1921 family of standards. SANS 2001-BE1:2008 Edition 1 1 Contents Page Acknowledgement Foreword Introduction 1 Scope 3 2 Normative references 3 3 Definitions . 4 4 Requirements 5 5 Compliance with the requirements 12 Annex

12、A (normative) Preparation of specification data associated with this part of SANS 2001 for inclusion in the scope of work 15 Annex B (informative) Items that might need to be considered when preparing the scope of work for a particular project 18 Bibliography. 19 SANS 2001-BE1:2008 Edition 1 2 This

13、page is intentionally left blank SANS 2001-BE1:2008 Edition 1 3 Construction works BE1: Earthworks (general) 1 Scope This part of SANS 2001 covers earthworks carried out with heavy construction equipment or light construction equipment, or by hand, for general excavations, terracing, landscaping and

14、 cut and fill operations, such as in minor roads and private railway sidings. It specifies requirements for excavations for foundations for bridges, buildings and structures. It also covers excavation, filling, compaction and finishing. NOTE 1 SANS 1921-5 establishes further requirements for executi

15、ng earthworks activities by hand. NOTE 2 SANS 1921-1 establishes management requirements for earthworks. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the

16、 latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. Information on currently valid national and international standards can be obtained from the SABS Standards Division. SANS 2001-BS1, Construction works Part BS1: Site clearance. SANS 10403:2003, Formatting and compilation

17、 of construction procurement documents. TMH1-A3, Standard methods of testing road construction materials Method A3: The determination of the plastic limit and plasticity index of soils. TMH1-A7, Standard methods of testing road construction materials Method A7: The determination of the maximum dry d

18、ensity and optimum moisture content of gravel, soil and sand. TMH1-A8, Standard methods of testing road construction materials Method A8: The determination of the California Bearing Ratio of untreated soils and gravels. TMH1-A10(a), Standard methods of testing road construction materials Method A10(

19、a): The determination of the in-place dry density of soil or gravel by the sand replacement method. TMH1-A10(b), Standard methods of testing road construction materials Method A10(b): Tentative method for determining the in-place density and moisture content of soils and gravels by nuclear methods.

20、SANS 2001-BE1:2008 Edition 1 4 3 Definitions For the purposes of this document, the definitions given in SANS 10403 and the following apply. 3.1 backfill material placed in a certain manner in an excavation after specified operations have been performed 3.2 borrow material material obtained from var

21、ious sources, such as borrow pits and widening of excavations 3.3 borrow pit excavation made for the procurement of material 3.4 CBR California bearing ratio load in newtons, expressed as a percentage of standard values, required to allow a piston of 1 935 mm2 to penetrate a surface of a compacted m

22、aterial at a rate of 1,27 mm/min to depths of 2,54 mm, 5,08 mm and 7,62 mm where the corresponding standard values for these depths are 13,344 kN, 20,016 kN and 25,354 kN, respectively 3.5 deviation difference between the actual (i.e. measured) dimension or position and the specified dimension or po

23、sition 3.6 formation prepared surface on which the ballast and track are laid 3.7 liquid limit empirically established moisture content at the boundary between the liquid and the plastic states 3.8 modified AASHTO maximum dry density highest density obtainable when compaction is carried out on soil

24、at varied moisture contents at the modified AASHTO compaction effort in accordance with the requirements of TMH1-A7 3.9 OMC optimum moisture content moisture content at which the maximum dry density of a soil is obtained for a specific compaction effort 3.10 overbreak excavation carried out in exces

25、s of the theoretical or specified profile 3.11 overburden unsuitable or unusable material cover over usable material in a cutting or borrow pit SANS 2001-BE1:2008 Edition 1 5 3.12 permissible deviation pd specified limit(s) of deviation within which a dimension or position lies 3.13 PI plasticity in

26、dex difference between the liquid limit and the plastic limit 3.14 plastic limit empirically established moisture content at the boundary between the plastic and semi-solid states 3.15 specification data data, provisions and variations that make this part of SANS 2001 applicable to a particular cont

27、ract or works (see annex A) 3.16 specified density ratio of field density to laboratory-determined maximum dry density 3.17 spoil unsuitable or excess material removed (or intended to be removed) as waste 3.18 stockpile placement of material that has been selected, loaded, transported and unloaded i

28、n a heap outside the confines of a borrow pit or of an excavation that forms part of the works 3.19 sub-ballast layer uppermost layer of the formation of a private railway siding 3.20 suitable capable of fulfilling or having fulfilled the intended function, or fit for its intended purpose 3.21 toler

29、ance range between the limits within which a dimension or position lies 3.22 windrow ridge of soil consisting of spill from a grader 4 Requirements 4.1 Materials 4.1.1 Material suitable for embankments and terraces The following materials shall, unless otherwise specified in the specification data (

30、see annex A), be suitable for embankments and terraces: a) material with a CBR of at least 3 % at the minimum specified density (compacted at OMC) and a PI not exceeding 18; or SANS 2001-BE1:2008 Edition 1 6 b) hard material or rock material with a maximum dimension of 300 mm; or c) both clay or cla

31、yey material of a liquid limit that exceeds 40, or PI that exceeds 18 (or both), and rocks or boulders that have a maximum dimension greater than 300 mm, provided that they 1) are not placed against structures, and 2) are placed in predetermined quantities and in specified parts of the fill, in acco

32、rdance with the requirements of 4.2.5.1; or d) materials that can be compacted so as to avoid settlement that exceeds 2 mm/m of depth of excavation, and that contain no more than 10 % rock or hard fragments retained on a sieve of nominal aperture size 50 mm and that contain no large clay lumps that

33、break up under the action of the compaction equipment used. 4.1.2 Material suitable for replacing overbreak in excavations for foundations 4.1.2.1 The backfill in overbreak for foundations shall be capable of sufficient compaction to avoid settlement and shall be capable of placement without signifi

34、cant voids. 4.1.2.2 The backfill shall not contain appreciable quantities of organic matter or stones of average dimension exceeding the lesser of 150 mm or two-thirds of the thickness of the layer being compacted. In addition, the backfill shall be graded material that has a PI not exceeding 10 and

35、 a CBR of at least 10 % at the minimum specified density compacted at OMC. 4.1.3 Material suitable for backfill or for fill against structures. The material placed as backfill or as fill within 500 mm of structures shall comply with 4.1.1 except that it shall not contain more than 10 % rock or hard

36、fragments retained on a sieve of nominal aperture size 50 mm. 4.1.4 Material suitable for sub-ballast layer The sub-ballast shall have a PI that does not exceed 10 and a CBR of at least 25 % at the minimum specified density compacted at OMC. 4.1.5 Selection of materials 4.1.5.1 Conservation of topso

37、il Where, in terms of the specification data (see annex A), the topsoil is required for later use on the site, the topsoil shall be selected and stockpiled. 4.1.5.2 Backfilling, embankments and fills Sufficient material arising from excavations for foundations, footings, cuttings etc., and that is s

38、uitable for backfilling, filling against the finished structures, or placement in embankments and fills shall be stockpiled in the vicinity of the structures, or if it cannot be placed directly in the embankment or fill, in the vicinity of the embankment or fill. All other material from excavations

39、and cuttings shall be disposed of on the site, or in accordance with the scope of work, in such a manner that material can be placed with confidence in the correct position in embankments. Any material that is below the finished level of an excavation that is unsuitable, shall be excavated and dispo

40、sed of. The resultant space shall be refilled with backfill and compacted. SANS 2001-BE1:2008 Edition 1 7 4.2 Methods and procedures 4.2.1 Site preparation 4.2.1.1 Clearing or clearing and stripping of sites If required in terms of the specification data (see annex A), all areas in which excavation

41、is to take place or that are to be covered by terraces, banks or structures shall be a) cleared in accordance with the requirements of SANS 2001-BS1, or b) cleared as specified in (a) and also stripped of all remaining vegetation and surface soil to a depth of up to 150 mm. Unsuitable material shall

42、 be disposed of as specified in 4.2.3. 4.2.1.2 Conservation of topsoil When so required in terms of the specification data (see annex A), and when there is suitable topsoil within the limits of the area to be cleared, the topsoil, together with any grass or other suitable vegetation that is removed,

43、 shall be conserved. If it is not used immediately or if it is not stockpiled in windrows clear of the working areas, the topsoil shall be conserved for later use in the manner specified in the specification data. Topsoil shall not be removed from any area in which the average depth of soil is less

44、than 150 mm. 4.2.1.3 Stripping or removal of overburden Except as required in terms of 4.2.2.3, where stripping as specified in 4.2.1.1 is required to include the removal of overburden and other unsuitable material to depths exceeding 150 mm, the details will be specified in the specification data.

45、4.2.2 Excavation 4.2.2.1 Excavations for general earthworks and for structures 4.2.2.1.1 Excavation work shall be so executed that material a) excavated and placed in accordance with the requirements of 4.1 and materials from excavations shall be used in preference to materials from borrow pits or o

46、ther sources; b) shall be transported directly to its final position without being stockpiled, and if stockpiling is unavoidable, materials intended for different uses shall be stockpiled separately. 4.2.2.1.2 After an area has been stripped as specified in 4.2.1, excavation shall be carried out fir

47、st to any general levels to which the ground has to be reduced and then for foundations, footings, etc., to the depths indicated in the drawings or to such greater depths as may be required to reach a suitable founding stratum. 4.2.2.1.3 Except where otherwise shown in the construction drawings, req

48、uired in terms of the specification data or dictated by the requirements for safeguarding excavations, excavation shall be so carried out and the excavated surfaces so prepared by trimming to the outline of the concrete work shown in the drawings, that the excavated surfaces will act as formwork for

49、 the concrete works. 4.2.2.1.4 Except where provision for working space has been made in the scope of work, each excavated surface on which, or against which, a permanent concrete structure will be placed shall be prepared by trimming to ensure that there is no projection outside the specified tolerance into the SANS 2001-BE1:2008 Edition 1 8 excavation profile. Such surface shall be cleaned by hand or by air or by other effective means to remove all loose material. 4.2.2.1.5 Immediately before any permanent construction is commenced, the bottom of ea