1、 Collection of SANS standards in electronic format (PDF) 1. Copyright This standard is available to staff members of companies that have subscribed to the complete collection of SANS standards in accordance with a formal copyright agreement. This document may reside on a CENTRAL FILE SERVER or INTRA
2、NET SYSTEM only. Unless specific permission has been granted, this document MAY NOT be sent or given to staff members from other companies or organizations. Doing so would constitute a VIOLATION of SABS copyright rules. 2. Indemnity The South African Bureau of Standards accepts no liability for any
3、damage whatsoever than may result from the use of this material or the information contain therein, irrespective of the cause and quantum thereof. ISBN 978-0-626-22540-7 SANS 448:2010Edition 1SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Ethanol gel for cooking and other gel burning appliances Published by SABS S
4、tandards Division 1 Dr Lategan Road Groenkloof Private Bag X191 Pretoria 0001Tel: +27 12 428 7911 Fax: +27 12 344 1568 www.sabs.co.za SABS SANS 448:2010 Edition 1 Table of changes Change No. Date Scope Foreword This South African standard was approved by National Committee SABS SC 1018A, Petroleum p
5、roducts, biofuels and lubricants Fuels, in accordance with procedures of the SABS Standards Division, in compliance with annex 3 of the WTO/TBT agreement. This document was published in January 2010. SANS 448:2010 Edition 1 1 Contents Page Foreword 1 Scope . 3 2 Normative references . 3 3 Definition
6、s 4 4 Requirements . 4 5 Methods of test . 5 6 Packing and marking . 6 Annex A (normative) Sampling and compliance with this standard 8 SANS 448:2010 Edition 1 2 This page has been left blank intentionally SANS 448:2010 Edition 1 3 Ethanol gel for cooking and other gel burning appliances 1 Scope Thi
7、s standard covers the requirements for ethanol gel for cooking and for other gel burning appliances. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the lat
8、est edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. Information on currently valid national and international standards can be obtained from the SABS Standards Division. EN 24260, Petroleum products and hydrocarbons Determination of sulfur contents Wickbold combustion method.
9、ISO 1516, Determination of flash/no flash Closed cup equilibrium method. ISO 1523, Determination of flash point Closed cup equilibrium method. ISO 3104, Petroleum products Transparent and opaque liquids Determination of kinematic viscosity and calculation of dynamic viscosity. ISO 3219, Plastics Pol
10、ymers/resins in the liquid state or as emulsions or dispersions Determination of viscosity using a rotational viscometer with defined shear rate. ISO 3679, Determination of flash point Rapid equilibrium closed cup method. ISO 3680, Determination of flash/no flash Rapid equilibrium closed cup method.
11、 ISO 3837, Liquid petroleum products Determination of hydrocarbon types Fluorescent indicator adsorption method. ISO 8317, Child-resistant packaging Requirements and testing procedures for reclosed packages. SANS 1518, Transport of dangerous goods Construction, testing, approval and maintenance of r
12、oad vehicles and portable tanks. SANS 1928, Solid mineral fuels Determination of gross calorific value by the bomb calorimetric method, and calculation of net calorific value. SANS 10229-1, Transport of dangerous goods Packaging and large packaging for road and rail transport Part 1: Packaging. SANS
13、 448:2010 Edition 1 4 SANS 10232-1, Transport of dangerous goods Emergency information systems Part 1: Emergency information system for road transport. SANS 10233, Transport of dangerous goods Intermediate bulk containers for road and rail transport. SANS 10234, Globally harmonized System of classif
14、ication and labelling of chemicals (GHS). 3 Definitions and abbreviations 3.1 Definitions For the purposes of this document, the following definition applies. acceptable acceptable to the authority administering this standard or to the parties concluding the contract, as relevant 3.2 Abbreviations N
15、.O.S. not otherwise specified 4 Requirements 4.1 Viscosity When determined in accordance with either ISO 3104 or ISO 3219, the dynamic viscosity of the gel shall not be less than 25 000 cP at 25 C and the rotation speed shall be 3 rpm. 4.2 Shelf life The gel shall meet all requirements in this stand
16、ard after 3 months of storage at temperatures ranging from 20 C to 35 C. 4.3 Composition 4.3.1 The ethanol gel shall not contain any substance or preparation classified as toxic, corrosive, oxidizing, sensitizing or carcinogenic in accordance with SANS 10234. 4.3.2 The properties of any raw material
17、 for the fuel component of the ethanol gel shall comply with the following: a) aromatic content of not more than a mass fraction of 2,0 % when determined in accordance with the test method given in ISO 3837; and b) sulfur content of not more than a mass fraction of 0,05 % when determined in accordan
18、ce with a test method given in EN 24260. 4.3.3 The ethanol used to make the ethanol gel shall be denatured with a denaturant approved by the South African Revenue Services (SARS). 4.3.4 The ethanol content of the gel (expressed as 100 % ethanol) shall be not less than a mass fraction of 80 % as indi
19、cated in the product Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS). SANS 448:2010 Edition 1 5 4.4 Flashpoint When determined in accordance with the test methods given in ISO 1516, ISO 1523, ISO 3679 or ISO 3680, the flashpoint of the ethanol gel shall be not less than 23 C. 4.5 Safety in use of the gel When tes
20、ted in accordance with the test given in 5.1, the ethanol gel shall ignite readily and shall burn steadily, without flaring, sudden deflagrations, sparking, spitting, popping, dripping or explosion, from ignition until it has burned to extinction. 4.6 Calorific value When determined in accordance wi
21、th SANS 1928, the net calorific value of the fuel shall be not less than 18 MJ/kg. 4.7 Performance 4.7.1 When the ethanol gel fuel is tested in accordance with 5.2, it shall heat 1 L water from 25 C to 90 C in not more than 15 min. 4.7.2 The residue of the fuel that is burnt to completion in the pro
22、cedure described in 5.2.2 shall be not more than a mass fraction of 5 % of the fuel. 5 Methods of test 5.1 Safety in the use of the ethanol gel 5.1.1 Test apparatus 5.1.1.1 Laboratory fume cupboard operated at the minimum extraction rate necessary to just safely evacuate the products of combustion p
23、roduced by the burning ethanol gel. 5.1.1.2 Fireproof bowl with dimensions of approximately 125 mm in diameter and 35 mm in depth. 5.1.1.3 Ignition source, gas-based. 5.1.1.4 Calibrated balance. 5.1.1.5 Stopwatch, calibrated in seconds. NOTE In the interest of safety it is recommended that the hands
24、 and face of the tester be adequately protected at all times when undertaking this test. 5.1.2 Ethanol gel test Use the ethanol gel sampled in accordance with the sampling procedure given in annex A. 5.1.3 Procedure 5.1.3.1 Switch on the extractor fan of the cupboard and operate at the minimum extra
25、ction rate necessary to just safely evacuate the products of combustion produced by the burning ethanol gel. 5.1.3.2 Fill the aluminium bowl with 50 g of the ethanol gel. Place it on an isolating pad inside the fume cupboard and ignite immediately. SANS 448:2010 Edition 1 6 5.1.3.3 Observe the ethan
26、ol gel on ignition and immediately thereafter and record any signs of flaring, sudden deflagrations, sparkling, spitting, popping, dripping or explosion. 5.2 Combustion performance 5.2.1 Test apparatus 5.2.1.1 Test appliance, a tripod with a height of 7 cm between the top of the pot seat and the top
27、 surface of the gel container. 5.2.1.2 Laboratory fume cupboard (see 5.1.1.1). 5.2.1.3 Fireproof bowl (see 5.1.1.2). 5.2.1.4 Ignition source (see 5.1.1.3). 5.2.1.5 Calibrated balance (see 5.1.1.4). 5.2.1.6 Stopwatch (see 5.1.1.5). 5.2.1.7 Aluminium pot, flat-bottomed 2 L aluminium pot of 220 mm diam
28、eter fitted with a thermocouple port. 5.2.1.8 Thermocouple. 5.2.2 Procedure 5.2.2.1 Ensure that the ambient air temperature of the laboratory is maintained at 20 C 5 C. 5.2.2.2 Switch on the extractor fan of the cupboard and operate at the minimum extraction rate necessary to just safely evacuate th
29、e products of combustion produced by the burning ethanol gel. 5.2.2.3 Pour 1 L of tap water into the aluminium cooking pot. 5.2.2.4 Fill the fireproof bowl with 200 g of the ethanol gel. Ignite the fire with the gas lighter. 5.2.2.5 Place the aluminium pot with water onto the fire. Record the time t
30、aken for the water temperature to rise from 25 C to 90 C. 6 Packing and marking 6.1 Packing 6.1.1 The condition of containers at the point of sales to consumers, whether they are drums, intermediate bulk containers or road tank vehicles, shall be such as not to be detrimental to the quality of the e
31、thanol gel during normal transport and storage and shall comply with the relevant requirements of the following standards: a) SANS 10229-1, in the case of drums; b) SANS 10233, in the case of intermediate bulk containers; c) SANS 10234, in the case of packaging for consumers at the point of sales; a
32、nd d) SANS 1518, in the case of road tank vehicles. SANS 448:2010 Edition 1 7 6.1.2 The packing shall be impervious to the fuel when tested in accordance with the recommended practice. The containers of the ethanol gel shall have a screw top. 6.2 Marking 6.2.1 The information on each a) drum shall b
33、e in accordance with SANS 10229-1; b) intermediate bulk container shall be in accordance with SANS 10233; c) road tank vehicle shall be in accordance with SANS 10232-1; d) container for sale to consumers shall be in accordance with SANS 10234, and shall bear the following information in prominent le
34、gible and indelible marking: i) the manufacturers/distributors trade name and trademark (optional); ii) words indicating that the product is ethanol gel; iii) directions regarding the safe handling, use and storage; iv) suitable identification (in the form of the batch number or date of manufacture)
35、; and v) the net mass of the contents. 6.2.2 For the labeling, placarding and preparation of shipping documents for fuel that complies with the requirements of this standard, the following shall apply: a) the hazard-class diamond, as for class 4 dangerous goods; b) the proper shipping name: “FLAMMAB
36、LE SOLID, ORGANIC, N.O.S. (ethanol gel)”; c) the substance identification number (SIN): 1325; and d) other information including the suppliers brand name or trademark, the description “ETHANOL GEL”, quantity and minimum percentage ethanol content of the ethanol gel. SANS 448:2010 Edition 1 8 Annex A
37、 (normative) Sampling and compliance with this standard A.1 Sampling A.1.1 General The sampling procedure given in A.1.3 shall be applied in determining whether a lot complies with the relevant requirements of this standard. The samples so drawn shall be deemed to represent the lot. A.1.2 Definition
38、s A.1.2.1 defective test sample of the ethanol gel that fails in one or more respects to comply with the relevant requirements of this standard A.1.2.2 lot that quantity of ethanol gel in containers bearing the same trade name or trademark, grade designation and batch identification, from one manufa
39、cturer, and submitted at any one time for inspection and testing A.1.3 Samples for inspection and testing After checking the lot for compliance with the relevant requirements of 6.1 and 6.2, take from it at random. a) five containers, if the lot is packed in containers of net mass not exceeding 5 kg
40、; and b) three containers, if the lot is packed in containers of net mass exceeding 5 kg. A.2 Compliance Deem the lot to comply with the relevant requirements of this standard if, on inspection of the containers or tankers in the lot, and on testing of the samples taken in accordance with A.1.3, no
41、defective is found. SABS SABS Standards Division The objective of the SABS Standards Division is to develop, promote and maintain South African National Standards. This objective is incorporated in the Standards Act, 2008 (Act No. 8 of 2008). Amendments and Revisions South African National Standards
42、 are updated by amendment or revision. Users of South African National Standards should ensure that they possess the latest amendments or editions. The SABS continuously strives to improve the quality of its products and services and would therefore be grateful if anyone finding an inaccuracy or amb
43、iguity while using this standard would inform the secretary of the technical committee responsible, the identity of which can be found in the foreword. Tel: +27 (0) 12 428 6666 Fax: +27 (0) 12 428 6928 The SABS offers an individual notification service, which ensures that subscribers automatically r
44、eceive notification regarding amendments and revisions to South African National Standards. Tel: +27 (0) 12 428 6883 Fax: +27 (0) 12 428 6928 E-mail: salessabs.co.za Buying Standards Contact the Sales Office for South African and international standards, which are available in both electronic and ha
45、rdcopy format. Tel: +27 (0) 12 428 6883 Fax: +27 (0) 12 428 6928 E-mail: salessabs.co.za South African National Standards are also available online from the SABS website http:/www.sabs.co.za Information on Standards The Standards Information Centre provides a wide range of standards-related informat
46、ion on both national and international standards, and is the official WTO/TBT enquiry point for South Africa. The Centre also offers an individual updating service called INFOPLUS, which ensures that subscribers automatically receive notification regarding amendments to, and revisions of, internatio
47、nal standards. Tel: +27 (0) 12 428 6666 Fax: +27 (0) 12 428 6928 E-mail: infosabs.co.za Copyright The copyright in a South African National Standard or any other publication published by the SABS Standards Division vests in the SABS. Unless exemption has been granted, no extract may be reproduced, s
48、tored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior written permission from the SABS Standards Division. This does not preclude the free use, in the course of implementing the standard, of necessary details such as symbols, and size, type or grade designations. If these details are to be used for any purpose other than implementation, prior written permission must be obtained. Details and advice can be obtained from the Senior Manager. Tel: +27 (0) 12 428 6666 Fax: +27 (0) 12 428 6928 E-mail: infosabs.co.za
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