SMPTE ST 196M-2003 Motion-Picture Film - Indoor Theater and Review Room Projection - Screen Luminance and Viewing Conditions.pdf

1、 1 Scope This standard specifies the screen luminance level, luminance distribution, and spectral distribution (color temperature) of the projection light for theatrical, review-room, and non-theatrical presentation of 16-, 35-, and 70-mm motion-picture prints intended for projection at 24 frames pe

2、r second. This standard also specifies review-room viewing conditions. It is the purpose of these specifications to achieve the tone scale, contrast, and pictorial quality of the projected print that will be of the quality intended during its production. 2 Normative references The following standard

3、s contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this standard. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All standards are subject to revision, and parties to agreements based on this standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of

4、applying the most recent edition of the standards indicated below. SMPTE RP 27.4-1994, Specifications for an Operational Test Pattern for Checking Jitter, Weave and Travel Ghost in Television Projectors SMPTE RP 95-20034, Installation of Gain Screens SMPTE RP 98-1995, Measurement of Screen Luminance

5、 in Theaters ISO/CIE 10527:1991, Colorimetric Observers 3 Projector operating conditions Measurement of screen luminance shall be made with the projector in normal operation (with shutter running), with its lens set at focus position, but with no film in the aperture. The measurement of spectral dis

6、tribution (color temperature) of the projection light is best made with the shutter momentarily stopped and held open, and with no film in the aperture. 4 Photometer type Screen luminance shall be measured with a spot photometer having the spectral luminance response of the standard observer (photop

7、ic vision), as defined in ISO/CIE 10527 (see annex A.4). The acceptance angle of the photometer shall be 2 or less. The photometer response to the alternation of light and dark on the screen shall be to integrate over the range of 24 Hz to 72 Hz and display the arithmetic mean value. Page 1 of 4 pag

8、es SMPTE 196M-2003 Revision of ANSI/SMPTE 196M-1995 Copyright 2003 by THE SOCIETY OF MOTION PICTURE AND TELEVISION ENGINEERS 595 W. Hartsdale Ave., White Plains, NY 10607 (914) 761-1100 Approved October 20, 2003 SMPTE STANDARD for Motion-Picture Film Indoor Theater and Review Room Projection Screen

9、Luminance and Viewing Conditions SMPTE 196M-2003 Page 2 of 4 pages 5 Luminance level 5.1 Measurement location To simulate audience viewing, screen luminance measurements shall be taken from the center of the seating area at a height of approximately 1 m (39 in) above the floor. To ensure reasonable

10、luminance at other seating locations, measurements shall also be taken from the center and each end of the middle row, and shall be within the limits given in 5.3 or 5.4. 5.2 Theater nominal luminance Theater screen luminance shall be nominally 55 cd/m2(16 fL) measured at the screen center. The lumi

11、nance of the screen sides and corners shall be measured at a distance of 5% of the screen width from the screen edges. The readings shall be taken from each location specified in 5.1. 5.3 Theater luminance limits Theater screen luminance at the screen center shall be between 41 cd/m2 (12 fL) and 75

12、cd/m2(22 fL). Luminance at the screen sides shall be 75% to 90% of the screen center luminance, but not less than 34 cd/m2(10 fL). 5.4 Review room luminance and limits Review room screen luminance shall be 55 cd/m2 7 cd/m2 (16 fL 2 fL) at the screen center. The luminance of the screen sides and corn

13、ers, measured as described in 5.2, shall be at least 80% of the screen center reading. 6 Luminance distribution The screen luminance shall be symmetrically distributed about the geometric center of the screen. The luminance of any point on the screen between the center and the edges, as measured fro

14、m any seat in the middle row, shall not exceed the screen center reading (see annex A.2). For screens with a gain factor of 1.1 or more, the screen shall be curved for light uniformity as described in SMPTE RP 95. A more complete measurement of screen luminance distribution is described in SMPTE RP

15、98 and is recommended for new or revised installations. 7 Spectral distribution 7.1 For 35- and 70-mm prints, the light reflected from the screen in theaters shall have a spectral distribution approximating that of a blackbody at a color temperature of 5400 K + 600 K - 200 K, the use of short-arc xe

16、non light sources being assumed. For review rooms, where color matching is more critical, projectors shall have a chromaticity match, for the same film format, of x = 0.002 and y = 0.004. For laboratory use in color timing, projectors shall have a chromaticity match of x = 0.001 and y = 0.002. Typic

17、al chromaticity readings would be D5500: x = 0.332 and y = 0.347. Chromaticity measurement requires a precision chromaticity meter, not a color temperature meter. 7.2 16-mm prints are made for projection with either arc or tungsten illuminant. When the intended illuminant cannot be specified uniquel

18、y, 16-mm prints should be evaluated at 5400 K. 8 Multiple projector adjustment 8.1 Same format The resultant luminance from all projectors intended for use in the continuous sequential viewing of material of the same format shall not vary by more than 7 cd/m2(2 fL). SMPTE 196M-2003 Page 3 of 4 pages

19、 8.2 Different formats The resultant luminance from projectors intended for use in a sequential system of viewing material of different formats shall not vary by more than 14 cd/m2(4 fL) (see annex A.5). 8.3 Temperature The apparent color temperature of the projection light from projectors intended

20、for continuous sequential operation shall be consistent within a total range of 400 K. For 16-mm projection with light sources with a color temperature of less than 3500 K, the range shall be limited to 7% or 200 K. 9 Review room viewing conditions All observers in a review room shall be located wit

21、hin a standard observing area which shall be: a) within the limits of a 15 angle on either side of a perpendicular to the center of the screen, in both the horizontal and vertical planes; and b) at a distance of 3 picture heights 1 picture height from the screen. 10 Stray light and contrast 10.1 No

22、stray light or illuminated area with luminance greater than 3.4 cd/m2(1.0 fL) shall be visible from the normal observing area of theaters or review rooms. 10.2 Screen luminance due to stray light shall be less than 0.16% (600:1 theater screen contrast ratio) for review rooms and primary theaters. Fo

23、r all other theaters, the luminance due to stray light shall be less than 0.25% (400:1 theater screen contrast ratio). Annex A (informative) Additional data A.1 Luminance level limits Acceptable luminance levels are limited by a minimum value below which the visual process becomes less efficient and

24、 by a maximum value above which (assuming a shutter frequency of 48 flashes/s) flicker becomes objectionable. The permissible luminance range is limited by the criterion that a good release print must provide acceptable quality when projected at any luminance within the specified range. Users are re

25、minded that screen luminance may decrease as a function of bulb age, dirt on optics, dirt on screen, etc. Projection equipment should be chosen to have more than sufficient light output to meet the specifications in this standard over a period of time. Usually, arc current is adjusted to compensate

26、for changes in light output. A.2 Light incident on the screen Misadjustment of the projector light source optical system may cause luminance readings taken at various locations in the seating area and on various areas of the screen to exceed the screen center reading taken as described in clause 5 (

27、hot spots). To avoid this possibility, it is desirable to measure directly the light from the projector falling on the screen. This may be done by measuring the incident light across the screen surface with a footcandle meter and adjusting the light source optics to ensure that no area on the screen

28、 receives incident light greater than the screen center. A.3 Normal print To provide interchangeability in motion-picture projection, it is desirable that print quality conforms to that of a normal print so that theaters can operate at known projection conditions and will, thereby, be able to exhibi

29、t projected pictures of good pictorial quality. It has not been possible to specify this normal print in terms of its optical density and other objective measurements because of the difficulties of specifying artistic quality in scientific terms. Accordingly, the normal print is SMPTE 196M-2003 Page

30、 4 of 4 pages defined as that print which conveys the desired artistic impression when projected under review room conditions as described by this standard. A.4 Meter acceptance angle and response A photometer with a photopic spectral response allows use of a well known standard response for all pho

31、tometer manufacturers. A mesopic (partially dark-adapted) response might be better, but no standard has been set for the mesopic observer under typical screen viewing conditions. When entering a theater from daylight, we find it difficult to see others in the audience although they see us because th

32、ey are partially dark-adapted. The degree of adaption varies with the film subject matter. A typical film reduces the average screen luminance from 55 cd/m2 to 5.5 cd/m2(16 fL to 1.6 fL). The rest of the theater is much darker. Because of increased blue sensitivity of the eyes (Purkinje effect) as o

33、ne becomes somewhat dark-adapted, a photometer with a photopic response may give readings on a xenon illuminated screen and a carbon-arc illuminated screen that are the same, although many observers see the xenon illuminated screen as the brighter. The xenon-arc spectrum has a peak in the blue regio

34、n where, because of the Purkinje shift, there is increased sensitivity. A representative mesopic curve may be developed and adopted in the future. A.5 Matching luminance of different formats It may be necessary to adjust projector light output to compensate for the different aperture sizes and magni

35、fications used when projecting different formats. The projector light source should be capable of achieving the specified screen luminance for the format with the least light efficiency (usually non-anamorphic wide screen). Adjustment may be made by changing arc current or by the use of attenuators

36、in the light beam to reduce the screen luminance to the recommended value when projecting more light-efficient formats. A.6 Other applications Specifications for drive-in threater screen luminance are covered in SMPTE RP 12. Annex B (informative) Bibliography SMPTE RP 12-1997, Screen Luminance for Drive-In Theaters SMPTE RP 94-2000, Gain Determination of Front Projection Screens SMPTE RP 153-1999, Method for Measuring 35- and 70-mm Shutter Efficiency