SMPTE ST 56-2005 Motion-Picture Film - Nomenclature for Studios and Processing Laboratories.pdf

1、 1 General 1.1 Motion picture A series of images presented in rapid succession with objects represented in successive positions either unchanged or changed and producing, because of the persistence of vision, the optical effect of a continuous picture. 1.2 Motion-picture film A thin flexible strip o

2、f plastic, complying with a dimensional standard as defined herein, whose use is specific to the process of manufacturing a motion picture. NOTE Motion-picture film, perforated or unperforated, is usually described by a name relating to or designating that part of the system for which it was designe

3、d; i.e., the terms color negative, release positive, separation master positive, audio recording, electronic video recording, etc. 1.2.1 Raw stock Raw stock is film which has not been exposed or processed. 1.2.2 Film base Film base is the plastic material upon which a photographic emulsion or other

4、material may be coated. NOTE All film base manufactured in the United States for motion-picture use since 1952 has been safety base. 1.2.2.1 Safety base Safety base is the slow-burning film support used for motion-picture films which complies with SMPTE 223M. 1.3 Magnetic audio film Magnetic audio f

5、ilm is a film base having film perforations along one or both edges and bearing a magnetic coating, either completely across the film or in stripes, the coating being capable of accepting and reproducing audio records. NOTE Unperforated materials usually are referred to as magnetic tape. Page 1 of 2

6、3 pages SMPTE 56-2005 Revision of SMPTE 56-1996 SMPTE STANDARD for Motion-Picture Film Nomenclature for Studios and Processing Laboratories Copyright 2005 by THE SOCIETY OF MOTION PICTURE AND TELEVISION ENGINEERS 3 Barker Avenue, White Plains, NY 10601 (914) 761-1100 Approved December 16, 2005 SMPTE

7、 56-2005 Page 2 of 23 pages 1.4 Perforations Perforations are the regularly and accurately spaced holes that are punched throughout the length of motion-picture film. These holes are engaged by the teeth of various sprockets and pins by which the film is transported and positioned as it travels thro

8、ugh cameras, processing machines, projectors, and other film-handling machinery. 1.4.1 Perforation pitch The perforation pitch is the distance from the bottom edge of one perforation to the bottom edge of the next perforation, measured along the length of the film. Motion-picture film stock is perfo

9、rated in two formats, short and long pitch. In general, motion-picture film with short perforation pitch is used for negative or intermediate images. Release print film is generally perforated with long pitch to minimize slippage when continuously printed over a sprocket in contact with a short-pitc

10、h negative film closer to the axis of the sprocket. NOTE Perforations are being identified currently by two-letter designations such as BH (Bell negative emulsions, in general, being more sensitive than positive emulsions. 1.5.1 Black-and-white film Black-and-white film carries an emulsion in which,

11、 after processing, brightness values of a scene are reproduced only in tones of the gray scale. NOTE Color prints may also be made on black-and-white film by such methods as iron toning, color development, or imbibition (dye transfer). 1.5.2 Color film Color film carries one or more emulsions in whi

12、ch, after processing, brightness values of a scene are reproduced in terms of color scales. SMPTE 56-2005 Page 6 of 23 pages 1.5.3 Reversal film A reversal film is one which, after chemical reversal processing, produces an image having a scale of brightness values directly corresponding to that of t

13、he original exposure. Chemical reversal includes first development, bleaching, and redevelopment. 1.5.4 Direct reversal film A direct reversal film is one which, processed in a developer and fixing bath, produces an image having a scale of brightness values directly corresponding to that of the orig

14、inal exposure. In this case, reversal is due to the emulsion rather than to the use of a chemical reversal process subsequent to exposure. 1.6 Image (photographic) An image is any photographically obtained likeness in a processed photosensitive material. 1.6.1 Latent image A latent image is the invi

15、sible image registered on a photographic emulsion due to the reaction produced in the emulsion by exposure to radiant energy. NOTE This image becomes visible after development. 1.6.2 Picture image A picture image is a photographically obtained likeness of any object on photographic material. 1.6.3 A

16、udio image An audio image is a photographically obtained audio record. 1.6.4 Negative image A negative image is a photographic image in which the brightness scale is approximately inverted with respect to the brightness scale of the original subject. In color negatives, the hue scale is usually, but

17、 not necessarily, complementary to the hue scale of the original subject and the brightness scale is inverted. 1.6.5 Positive image A positive image is a photographic replica in which the tones of the gray scale or color values of the originally photographed subject are represented in their natural

18、order. 1.6.6 Black-and-white image A black-and-white image is an image produced on a black-and-white film. 1.6.7 Color image A color image is an image produced on a color film. 1.6.8 Anamorphic image An anamorphic image is an image which has been produced by an optical system having different horizo

19、ntal and vertical magnifications. NOTE Equal horizontal and vertical magnification is assumed unless the term anamorphic is applied specifically. SMPTE 56-2005 Page 7 of 23 pages 1.7 Aspect ratio Aspect ratio is the ratio of width to height of a projected picture image. NOTE This is the more common

20、usage, although the term is also applied to photographic images and to camera, printer, and projector apertures. 1.8 Synchronism Synchronism is the relation between the picture and audio with respect either to the physical location on the film or films or to the time at which corresponding picture a

21、nd audio are seen and heard. 1.8.1 Projection synchronism Projection synchronism is the time relation between picture and corresponding audio in a projection print. NOTE The audio record on a projection print is, in most cases, in advance of the corresponding picture. The displacement is specified i

22、n picture frames in the following standards: Audio record Standard 70-mm magnetic* SMPTE 185 35-mm photographic SMPTE 40 35-mm magnetic* SMPTE 137 16-mm photographic SMPTE 41 16-mm magnetic SMPTE 112 8-mm type S magnetic SMPTE 164 *In this case, the audio is behind the corresponding picture. 1.8.2 E

23、ditorial synchronism Editorial synchronism is the relationship between the picture and audio film during the editorial process. NOTE During the editorial process, the audio record and corresponding picture, whether on the same or separate films, are kept in alignment and not offset as for projection

24、. Many composite release negatives are supplied in editorial synchronism. 1.8.3 Camera synchronism Camera synchronism is the relation between picture and audio record in a composite camera original. NOTE Camera synchronism is generally not the same as editorial synchronism. In 16-mm single systems,

25、the two are normally in projection synchronism but this is not the case for most 35-mm single systems (i.e., where picture and audio are recorded on the same film). 1.9 Exposure Exposure is the process of subjecting a photographic film to suitable intensity of radiant energy for a given time in such

26、 manner that it may produce a latent image on an emulsion. NOTE Exposure = intensity time. 1.10 Processing Processing is the generic term applied to the total operation necessary to produce a permanent visible image on exposed film. SMPTE 56-2005 Page 8 of 23 pages 1.10.1 Development Development is

27、that part of processing which makes visible the latent image of an exposed photographic emulsion. 1.10.2 Fixing (Fixation) Fixing (Fixation) is that part of processing which removes the residual sensitive silver salts from a developed film to render the developed image permanent. NOTE During the pro

28、cess of fixation, films are customarily treated to preserve and harden the developed image. Adequate washing or neutralizing treatment is necessary following fixation for image permanence. 1.10.3 Bleaching Bleaching is that part of processing which converts a developed silver image into a soluble si

29、lver salt. 1.11 Printing Printing is the operation of exposing raw stock by using the processed image of another film as the light modulator. 1.11.1 Contact printing Contact printing is that method of printing in which the raw stock is held in intimate contact with the film bearing the image to be c

30、opied. This printing is normally emulsion to emulsion. 1.11.1.1 Step contact printing Step contact printing is that method of contact printing in which the film being copied and the raw stock are advanced intermittently frame by frame, being exposed to the printer light only when stationary. 1.11.1.

31、2 Continuous contact printing Continuous contact printing is that method of contact printing by which the light-modulating film and the raw stock move at the same constant speed past the printing aperture. 1.11.2 Projection printing (optical printing) Projection printing (optical printing) is printi

32、ng by projecting the image to be copied through an optical system onto the raw stock. NOTE The printed image with respect to the projected image may be identical, an enlargement or a reduction, or an anamorphic image; or additional anamorphosis may be added or removed. 1.11.2.1 Step projection print

33、ing Step projection printing is that method of optical printing in which the film being copied and the raw stock are advanced intermittently frame by frame, being exposed to the printer light only when stationary. 1.11.2.2 Continuous projection printing Continuous projection printing is that method

34、of optical printing in which the light-modulating film and the raw stock move at a continuous rate at each end of the optical system. The film rate will be the same in 1:1 printing and will differ in reduction or enlargement processes. SMPTE 56-2005 Page 9 of 23 pages 1.11.3 A and B printing A and B

35、 printing is a method of making composite images, such as fades, dissolves, or effects, in a release printer without requiring a duplicating process. NOTE The name comes from the fact that the films are edited into two separate rolls called A and B rolls. The sequences of pictures originally in one

36、roll are in synchronization with the opaque leader in the other roll. When the two are printed in a separate operation onto a single roll of raw stock, an opportunity is afforded for the introduction of effects and for eliminating visible splices on the screen. 1.11.4 Double-rank printing Double-ran

37、k printing is a method of producing prints on a wide film, two at a time, so that both are on the parent film before slitting. 1.12 Projection Projection is the presentation of an enlarged image of the film on a screen for visual review. In addition, the audio may be reproduced for aural review. 1.1

38、3 Production Production is the general term used to describe the processes involved in making all the original material that is the basis for the finished motion picture. 1.14 Editorial process Editorial process is the term used to describe the combining, cutting, editing, and other preparation of m

39、aterial obtained from the original material to make the finished motion picture. 1.15 Rerecording Rerecording is the electrical process of transferring audio records from one or more films, magnetic tapes, or discs to other films, tapes, or discs. NOTE Rerecording may be used to combine different au

40、dio records into a single record to adjust the frequency response characteristic or to adjust the relative levels between different scenes and sequences. 1.16 Release Release is a generic term used to designate films used for or intended for general distribution and exhibition. 1.16.1 Release negati

41、ve A release negative is a complete negative prepared specifically for printing release prints. NOTE A release negative may consist of separate picture and audio negatives and may be in either projection or editorial synchronism, depending upon the film printing technique to be employed in making re

42、lease prints. 1.16.2 Release print A release print is a print made for general distribution and exhibition. It may be on films of 8-, 16-, 35-, or 70-mm width. Some release prints are composed of two or more 35-mm-width films which are projected simultaneously in lateral alignment. SMPTE 56-2005 Pag

43、e 10 of 23 pages 2 Picture negative film Black-and-white and color 2.1 Picture negative A picture negative is any processed film that possesses a negative picture image of the subject or film image to which it was exposed. This term is sometimes erroneously used to refer to the raw film before proce

44、ssing, either with or without exposure. 2.1.1 Original picture negative The original picture negative is the negative film that is exposed in a camera and processed to produce a negative image of the original subject. 2.1.2 Background plate negative A background plate negative is a picture negative

45、which is used for printing background plates. 2.1.3 Picture library negative A picture library negative is a picture negative that is usually held in a film library for use in reproducing scenes which would otherwise have to be made as original material for each production. 2.1.4 Title negative A ti

46、tle negative is a negative that is exposed to a title card or to both a title card and background. 2.1.5 Picture duplicate negative A picture duplicate (dupe) negative is a picture negative made from black-and-white, color, or separation master positive films or directly from a picture negative by a

47、 reversal process (see 1.5.3 Reversal film). NOTE It may be used for making additional prints or it may be cut and edited to form a part of the picture release negative. 2.1.5.1 Internegative An internegative film is a negative derived directly from a reversal original film. NOTE All other duplicati

48、ng negatives derived from other than reversal film are known as duplicate negatives regardless of the generation. 2.1.6 Picture release negative A picture release negative is a cut and edited picture negative used for printing the picture portion of release prints. NOTE It may consist of intercut or

49、iginal picture negatives, picture dupe negatives, etc., depending upon the choice of available material or the intended use of the release print. 2.1.7 Foreign-picture release negative A foreign-picture release negative is a picture release negative prepared specifically for printing foreign-version release prints. NOTE It is almost invariably a duplicate negative. SMPTE 56-2005 Page 11 of 23 pages 2.1.8 16-mm-picture release negative A 16-mm-picture release negative is a picture release negative on 16-mm film prepared specifically for pr