1、9-47SSPC-Guide 12June 1, 1998Editorial Revisions November 1, 20041. Scope 1.1 This guide provides information on the quantity and quality of lighting on industrial painting projects that is conducive to achieving quality surface preparation and coating application, productivity, inspection/quality c
2、ontrol, and accident preven-tion.1.2 This guide is intended for use by facility owners, speciers, designers, and contractors.2. Background2.1 Lighting standards have been established for most industrial applications by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). One standard addresses the temp
3、orary lighting conditions common to most industrial painting projects. ANSI Z117.1, “Safety Requirements for Working in Tanks and Other Conned Spaces,” establishes minimum requirements for safe entry, continued work in, and exit from tanks and other conned spaces. The ANSI standard sets entry proced
4、ures which include the use of a permit to authorize illumination of the space. No specic criteria on illumination are stated. 2.2 Adequate illumination improves productivity and motivation while poor illumination increases the risk of acci-dents and costs of operation. Additional illumination beyond
5、 recommended levels may be benecial but not essential to achieving these objectives. In addition, unnecessarily high lighting levels add to the cost of procurement, installation, and maintenance and may have a negative impact on safety and productivity due to increased glare. Light with substantial
6、color bias, regardless of foot candles, can hinder the observation of the true condition of the work surface.2.3 While natural lighting or use of white containment materials may provide adequate levels of illumination, once the decision to use articial lighting to illuminate a work area is made, por
7、tions of the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) and Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulations on portable lamps and wiring installation have direct application. However, an integrated guide specic to the coatings industry is necessary to help establish minimum standar
8、ds on quality and quantity of light, as well as consolidate applicable electrical hazard controls.2.4 Refer to any and all appropriate sections which pertain to portable lamps: NFPA 70, “National Electric Code” and OSHA regulations 29 CFR Sections 1926.402-408.2.5 The recommended levels of illuminat
9、ion contained in this guide are a result of both objective and subjective examination of lighting conditions in a variety of work spaces: tanks, containments, blast and paint rooms, shop oors, and other situations where similar conditions exist. The resulting lighting recommendations are believed to
10、 be comfortable for the workers, contributing to distortion-free work surfaces and adequate levels of illumination for performing general surface preparation, painting and inspection activities in the work space. Natural lighting, articial lighting, or a combination of the two may be used to achieve
11、 the levels specied in this guide. 3. Referenced Standards3.1 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS INSTITUTE (ANSI) STANDARDS:RP7 Practice for Industrial LightingZ117.1 Safety Requirements for Conned Spaces3.2 FEDERAL SPECIFICATIONS AND STANDARDS:Code of Federal Regulations Title 29, Chapter XVII, Occupation
12、al Safety and Health Administration (OSHA):Part 1910 Occupational Safety and Health Standards, Subpart J-General Environmental Controls29 CFR 1910.146 Permit-required conned spacesPart 1926-Safety and Health Regu-lations for Construction, Subpart K- Electrical, Installation Safety Requirements29 CFR
13、 1926.402 Applicability29 CFR 1926.403 General requirements29 CFR 1926.404 Wiring design and protection29 CFR 1926.405 Wiring methods, components, and equipment for general use29 CFR 1926.406 Specic purpose equipment and installation29 CFR 1926.407 Hazardous (classied) locations 29 CFR 1926.408 Spec
14、ial systems29 CFR 1926.449 Denitions applicable to Subpart K Electrical3.3 NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION ASSOCIATION (NFPA) STANDARDS:70 National Electric CodeSSPC: The Society for Protective CoatingsTECHNOLOGY GUIDE NO. 12Guide for Illumination of Industrial Painting Projects9-48SSPC-Guide 12June 1, 199
15、8Editorial Revisions November 1, 20043.4 UNDERWRITERS LABORATORIES (UL) STANDARDS, ANSI APPROVED:298 Standard for Portable Electric Hand Lamps1598 Standard for Luminaries (replaces all below)4. DenitionsConned space: Per 29 CFR 1910.146, a conned space is a space that: (1) is large enough and so con
16、gured that an employee can bodily enter and perform assigned work; and (2) has limited or restricted means for entry or exit (for example, tanks, vessels, silos, storage bins, hoppers, vaults, and pits are spaces that may have limited means of entry); and (3) is not designed for continuous occupancy
17、.Foot candles: A unit of illumination; the illumination at a point on a surface which is one foot from, and perpendicular to, a uniform point source of one candle.General work area lighting: The level of illumination throughout a work area, measured at various locations on the horizontal work plane,
18、 at least six feet from the nearest light source.Non-permit required conned space: A conned space that does not contain or, with respect to atmospheric hazards, have the potential to contain any hazard capable of causing death or serious physical injury.Permit required conned space: A conned space t
19、hat has one or more of the following characteristics: (1) contains or has the potential to contain a hazardous atmosphere; (2) contains a material that has the potential for engulng an entrant; (3) has an internal conguration such that an entrant could be trapped or asphyxiated by inwardly convergin
20、g walls or by a oor which slopes downward and tapers to a smaller cross-section; or (4) contains any other recognized safety or health hazard.Task-specic lighting: The level of illumination required for performing specic visual tasks (e.g., inspection).White light: Light containing all wavelengths i
21、n the visible range at similar intensity.5. General Conditions5.1 MONITORING STRATEGY5.1.1 Quantity of Existing (Natural) Light: Some natural light will be present in most work areas during daylight hours and the color of any containment materials (e.g., white tarps) may improve natural light. The a
22、mount of natural light will depend on factors such as time of year, time of day, orientation of the work area, and prevailing weather conditions. Although it is not likely that the quantity and quality of natural light will be sufcient for work in most conned spaces, the amount of additional lightin
23、g necessary to meet the recommendations of this guide will be affected by the amount of ambient natural light available. Measurements should be made with a light meter held at or placed on the surface. With the sensor aligned perpendicular to the surface, make a minimum of ve measure-ments which are
24、 representative of the work area. Record each and calculate the average of the measurements.5.1.2 Effect of Airborne Dust: Airborne dust will reduce visibility. Consideration must be given to the amount of loose debris which may be created during paint removal or applica-tion operations. Depending o
25、n the expected concentration of airborne dust, provisions may be required for its removal prior to the start of work in order for adequate illumination to be achieved.5.2 CLASSIFICATION OF LOCATIONS: Once the evalu-ation of the work area is complete the work locations should be classied as one of th
26、e following:5.2.1 Hazardous locations where the potential for explo-sion and/or re exists. Hazardous locations are dened as those locations where quantities of ammable gases or vapors, explosives, combustible dusts, bers, or yings are present or likely to become present. Lighting xtures used in haza
27、rdous locations must be explosion proof and Underwriters Laboratory or Factory Mutual approved for use in the appropriate Class and Division atmosphere.See Appendix A for a discussion of hazardous locations.5.2.2 Non-Hazardous locations where the potential for explosion and/or re does not exist. Lig
28、hting xtures used in nonhazardous locations must be designed to UL Standard 298.5.2.3 Wet locations where installations are underground or in concrete slabs or masonry in direct contact with the earth, and locations subject to saturation with water or other liquids, such as unprotected locations exp
29、osed to weather.Lighting xtures used in wet locations must be designed to UL 1598.6. Illumination Requirements6.1 A light meter with readings in foot candles should be used to verify the adequacy of the illumination. For general work area measurements, the meter should be placed on a horizontal plan
30、e parallel with the work surface (e.g., walking across staging). For task specic measurements, the meter should be held at, or placed on, the surface, with the sensor aligned perpendicular to the surface. Make a minimum of ve measurements representative of the work area or task. Compare the average
31、to the criteria in Table 1 and Table 2.7. RecommendationsThe recommendations below are applicable for any articial lighting required to achieve adequate illumination of a given work area or specic task.9-49SSPC-Guide 12June 1, 1998Editorial Revisions November 1, 20047.1 ALL LOCATIONS7.1.1 All lighti
32、ng equipment must be durable and designed for the intended work environment.7.1.2 Portable lamps and xtures should be encased in a nonconductive, shatterproof material, which serves as an electrical insulator providing additional protection from elec-trical shock, abrasion, and corrosion resistance.
33、 Lamps and xtures should also be equipped with substantial guards to prevent contact with personnel, containment materials, etc.7.1.3 Use only heavily insulated cable with an abrasive resistant casing, at least gage 14/2 SO AWG or heavier and designed for hard or extra-hard usage, per NFPA 70 (e.g.,
34、 types S, ST, SO, STO). 7.1.4 Use of white light is recommended, as it is closest to natural light. White light does not visually distort the surface being worked on or being inspected. Lighting equipment capable of providing white light should be selected for task specic lighting where practical.7.
35、2 NONHAZARDOUS, WET LOCATIONS: All lighting xtures having an electrical supply service greater than 12 volts must be properly grounded, have ground fault circuit interrupter (GFCI) protection, or have an integrated circuit breaker wired into the specic electrical line supplying the power to the ligh
36、t xture.8. Proper Use and Maintenance of Lighting Equipment8.1 LIGHTING FIXTURES8.1.1 All lighting systems should be removed from the direct spray of paint, abrasives, or other materials. Impacts of air ow patterns from any ventilation system in operation should also be considered. Paint overspray w
37、ith accumulations on xtures reduces the amount of light emitted and restricts heat dispersement of the light, which may cause premature failure or overheating. 8.1.2 Do not tape over the lens or cover areas designed for heat dispersement, as this may cause severe damage to the xture and signicantly
38、reduces bulb life.8.1.3 Do not drop or drag lighting xtures.8.2 POWER CORDS AND CONNECTORS8.2.1 Periodically inspect GFCIs, plugs, integrated circuit breakers, and power cords, as well as all power cord connections.TABLE 1WORK AREA ILLUMINATION REQUIRMENTS IN FOOT CANDLES1Minimum RecommendedGeneral
39、Work Area210 20Task specic - surface preparation and coating application3 20 50Task specic - inspection 50 2001 Based upon levels of illumination recommended for sample occupational tasks in ANSI/IES RP 7.2 The level of illumination throughout a work area, measured at various locations on the horizo
40、ntal work-plane, at least 6 feet (2 m) from the nearest light sources. (See Section 6.1). An illumination level of 20 foot candles is recommended for corridors, scaffolds, and other walking surfaces.3 The level of illumination for performing specic visual tasks (i.e., surface preparation, coating ap
41、plication, and inspection) measured at the work surface in conjunction with the intended light source (See Section 6.1)TABLE 2 MAXIMUM LUMINANCE RATIOS1Between task and adjacent darker surroundings2 5 to 13Between task and adjacent lighter surroundings1 to 51 Maximum luminance ratios recommended are
42、 based upon areas (indoor or outdoor) where it is completely impractical to control reectances and difcult to alter environmental conditions.2 The eyes function more efcientlly and comfortably when the illumination levels within the work environments are not too different from those of the seeing ta
43、sk.3 Based upon maximum luminance ratios from ANSI/IES RP 79-50SSPC-Guide 12June 1, 1998Editorial Revisions November 1, 20048.2.2 Do not modify or otherwise alter connectors. Use an outlet that is compatible with the connector.8.2.3 Immediately replace or repair any device or cable that appears to b
44、e worn or broken.8.3 REPAIRS8.3.1 Disconnect power and remove any lights or electrical apparatus needing repair outside any hazardous atmosphere before performing repairs. 8.3.2 All connections, seals and assemblies must be repaired per the manufacturers instructions, using the manufacturers recomme
45、nded parts.8.3.3 Parts for repair other than those specied by the manufacturer of the lighting system should not be used.8.3.4 Replacement bulbs other than those specied by the manufacturer of the lighting system should not be used.9. DisclaimerThis material has been developed under the published pr
46、ocedures of SSPC: The Society for Protective Coatings, which has been designed to assure the appointment of technically competent committees having balanced representation. While these procedures assure the highest degree of care, neither SSPC, its members, nor those participating in its activities
47、accept any liability resulting from compliance or noncompliance with the provisions given herein, for any restrictions imposed on materials or processes, or for the completeness of the text. SSPC has no power or authority to police or enforce compliance with the contents of this document, and any ce
48、rti-cation of products stating compliance with requirements of this document is made at the peril of the certier.10. Notes10.1 Air cooled lighting systems, which direct the ow of compressed air across the lens or around the globe, help to keep the lens free of contaminants, prolong bulb life, and ge
49、nerally are of higher intensity required for the lighting of areas with high concentrations of airborne dust.10.2 OTHER PERTINENT STANDARDS: Other industry standards which may be pertinent for illumination in industrial painting projects are listed below.10.2.1 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Standards:70E Standard for Electrical Safety Requirements for Employee Workplaces77 Recommended Practice on Static Electricity497 Recommended Practicenfor the Classica-tion of Flammable Liquids, Gases, orVapors, and
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