1、SSPC-TU 10December 1, 2002Editorial Revisions November 1, 2004(PCSI) who joined the SSPC committee and participated in the consensus review process. This joint technology update was devel-oped by the SSPC Unit Committee C.7.1 on Concrete Coatings and Surfacings with the assistance of members of the
2、Polymer Coatings and Surfacing Institute 10-1311. Scope and DescriptionThis Technology Update discusses techniques and pro-cedures to enhance performance of concrete fl oors by use of resinous systems greater than 20 mils. Flooring systems covered by this TU include: Thick fi lm systems (500m), self
3、-leveling systems, slurry systems, broadcast systems, mortar systems, fabric-reinforced systems, spray applied systems, and non-waterproofi ng and underlayment membranes. Thin-fi lm coatings (500 m) and sealers, terrazzo fl ooring, mem-brane systems designed for waterproofi ng, and primary and secon
4、dary containment systems are beyond the scope of this technology update. The technology update outlines techniques and procedures, with additional specifi c details provided in the appendices. Appendix A provides background information and requirements for the concrete substrate to which the surfaci
5、ng is applied. Appendix B provides detailed information on the techniques and procedures described below. The Technology Update is intended for use by owners, applicators, and others in the coatings and surfacings industry. It addresses the unique application properties of coating and surfacing conc
6、rete fl oors, and should not be used for other purposes. 2. Referenced Standards and Publications2.1 SSPC STANDARDS AND JOINT STANDARDS1SSPC-AB 1 Mineral and Slag AbrasivesSSPC-AB 2 Cleanliness of Recycled Ferrous Metallic AbrasivesSSPC-TU 2/NACE 6G197 Design, Installation, and Maintenance of Coatin
7、g Systems for Concrete Used in Secondary ContainmentSSPC-SP 12/NACE No. 5 Surface Preparation and Cleaning of Metals by Waterjetting Prior to RecoatingSSPC-SP 13/NACE No. 6 Surface Preparation of Concrete2.2 INTERNATIONAL CONCRETE REPAIR INSTITUTESTANDARDS (ICRI)2Guideline No. 03730 Guide for Surfac
8、e Prepara-tion of Deteriorated Concrete Resulting from Reinforcing Steel CorrosionGuideline No. 03731 Guide for Selecting Applica-tion Methods for the Repair of Concrete SurfacesGuideline No. 03732 Selecting and Specifying Con-crete Surface Preparation for Sealers, Coatings, and Polymer OverlaysGuid
9、eline No. 03733 Guide for Selecting and Specifying Materials for Repair of Concrete Surfaces2.3 AMERICAN CONCRETE INSTITUTE STANDARDS(ACI)3ACI 201.1R-92 Guide for Making a Condition Survey of Concrete in ServiceACI 201.2R-01 Guide to Durable ConcreteACI 364.1R-94 Guide for Evaluation of Concrete Str
10、uctures Prior to RehabilitationACI 546R-96 Concrete Repair Guide2.4 AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS STANDARDS (ASTM)4ASTM D 4260 Standard Practice for Acid Etching ConcreteASTM D 4262 Standard Test Method for pH of Chemically Cleaned or Etched Concrete Surfaces1 NACE standards are availab
11、le from NACE International, 1440 South Creek, Houston, TX 77084-4906, or from http:/www.nace.org.2International Concrete Repair Institute, (ICRI), 1323 Shepard Drive, Suite D, Sterling, VA 21064. (http:/www.icri.org,)3 American Concrete Institute (ACI), P.O. Box 9094, Farmington Hills, MI 488333 (ht
12、tp:/www.aci-int.org)SSPC/PCSIJOINT TECHNOLOGY UPDATE NO. 10Procedures for Applying Thick Film Coatings and SurfacingsOver Concrete FloorsSSPC-TU 10December 1, 2002Editorial Revisions November 1, 200410-132ASTM D 4541 Standard Test Method for Pull Off Strength of Coatings Using Portable Adhesion Test
13、ersASTM D 6237 Standard Guide for Painting Inspectors (Concrete and Masonry Substrates)ASTM E 1907 Standard Practices for Determining Moisture-Related Acceptability of Concrete Floors to Receive Moisture-Sensitive Finishes ASTM F 1869 Standard Test Method for Measuring Moisture Vapor Emission Rate o
14、f Concrete Sub-fl oor Using Anhydrous Calcium Chloride3. Defi nitions5Bleeding: The autogenous fl ow of mixing water within, or its emergence from, newly placed concrete or mortar as caused by the settlement of the solid materials within the mass. Also called water gain. (FCC)Broadcast Flooring: Usu
15、ally neat (unfi lled) resins or slurries (aggregate fi lled) applied over a fl oor into which aggregate is blown by specialized equipment or thrown by hand, in a raining fashion, into the wet, uncured matrix and allowed to cure.Broadcast to Saturation: Aggregate broadcast into a wet matrix until the
16、 surface does not show wetness of the resinous layers below.Carbonation: Reaction between carbon dioxide and a hydrox-ide or oxide to form a carbonate, especially in cement paste, mortar, or concrete. The reaction with calcium compounds to produce calcium carbonate. (FCC)Capillary space: Microscopic
17、 channels on concrete small enough to draw liquid water through to be adsorbed on the inner surface. (FCC)Hydration (of Cement): The reaction of water with the calcium silicate, aluminate, or aluminum/ferrite components of fi ne Portland cement grains necessary for the setting and curing of concrete
18、. Hydration results in the formation of calcium hydroxide and colloidal gels that occupy a larger volume than the original cement.Keyed (Key in): The process of removing the concrete sub-strate in order to create a durable termination border for a fl uid-applied fl ooring system. Lap Length: The len
19、gth of overlapping of steel rein-forcing bars.Planarity: The general evenness of a substrate in an intended dimension. Planarity should not be confused with levelness. A sloped area, for example, should be “in plane,” without low or high spots, but is not level.Pozzolan: A siliceous or siliceous and
20、 aluminous material, which in itself possesses little or no cementitious value but will, in a fi nely divided form, and in the presence of moisture, chemically react with calcium hydroxide at ordinary temperatures to form compounds possessing cementitious properties. (FCC)Recoat Time: The amount of
21、time required for a coating, slurry or mortar to dry or cure before a subsequent coat can be ap-plied successfully.Slump: A measure of the consistency of freshly mixed concrete, mortar, or stucco equal to the subsidence measured for the nearest 1/4 inch (6 mm) of the molded specimen immediately afte
22、r removing the slump cone. (FCC)Slurry Floor: Generally 100% solids or zero VOC chemi-cally cured resins, incorporating use of inert fi llers or powders, producing a fl owable, but not necessarily self-leveling mixture. Slurry fl oor materials are usually troweled to the thickness of the largest agg
23、regate in the material.Resin: General term applied to a wide variety of polymeric products, which may be natural or synthetic. They may vary widely in color. In a broad sense, this term is used to designate any polymer that is a basic binder material for coat-ings and plastics.Self-Leveling Flooring
24、: Resinous or polymer-cementitious based materials that tend to fl ow out when applied over a fl oor, seeking its own level. Self-leveling systems generally require built-up termination strips as opposed to key-in terminations for stopping points. Skim Coat: A thin layer of resin- or cement-based mo
25、rtar used to smooth surface irregularities. Usually edges are feather-edged without the use of keyed terminations.Sloping Correction: 1) An adjustment applied to a distance measured on a slope to reduce it to a horizontal distance be-tween the vertical lines through its end points.2) The process of
26、installing a given pitch to a surface.Soluble Alkali Ions: Substances that form charged hydroxide bases that dissolve in water.4 ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Cohshohocken, PA 19428-2959.(http:/www.astm.org).5 Defi nitions followed by (FCC) were taken from Fundamentals of Coating C
27、oncrete. The remaining defi nitions were developed by the SSPC Committee on Thick Film Coatings and Surfacings for Concrete, and are proposed as additions to the next revision of the SSPC Protective Coatings Glossary. SSPC-TU 10December 1, 2002Editorial Revisions November 1, 200410-133Tie-In: In an
28、installation sequence, the joining of additional material to material already placed.4. Pre-Application Procedures4.1 Condition Surveys: Accurate and thorough condition surveys should be performed by experienced and qualifi ed fi rms or personnel prior to specifi cation preparation. Surveys should b
29、e carried out according to referenced standards, including but not limited to ACI 201.1R-92 and ICRI Guideline 03732. Appendix A provides background information about charac-teristics of concrete designed for resinous fl oor coating ap-plication.4.2 General Concrete Substrate Requirements: Proper de
30、sign and placement of the underlying concrete are essential to the proper performance of any resinous surfacing system. Appendix A addresses critical issues that should be considered in the composite system of concrete and its surfacing, but is not all-inclusive. Detailed concrete and concrete subst
31、rate requirements are discussed at length by ACI 364.1R-94, ACI 201.2R-01, ACI 546R-96; ICRI Guidelines 03730, 03731 and 03732; and The Fundamentals of Cleaning and Coating Con-crete, as well as a host of other standards and publications.5. General Surface Preparation5.1. Treatment for Alkali Silica
32、 Reaction: Sections of surfaces with unacceptable levels of Alkali Silica Reaction (ASR) should be treated either by application of a mitigating surface treatment approved by the surfacing manufacturer or by removal and replacement according to specifi cations or using methods as described in ICRI 0
33、3730. See Appendices A.2.2.1 and B.2.1 for discussion of ASR and remediation procedures.5.2 Moisture Vapor Transmission Rate: If the moisture vapor transmission rate exceeds 3 lbs per 1,000 ft2in 24 hours as tested in accordance with ASTM F 1869 or E 1907 or exceeds the minimum moisture levels recom
34、mended by the surfacings manufacturer, coatings or surfacings should not be applied until moisture levels meet required limits. If the project schedule must be expedited, moisture levels may be adequately reduced by various commercial surface treatments. (See Appendices A.2.2.2 and B.2.2 for discuss
35、ion of MVT and its mitigation.)5.3 Following rehabilitative treatments, the surface should be retested in accordance with ASTM F 1869 or ASTM E 1907.5.4 The surface should be checked for the presence of chlorides, sulfates, and other soluble salts in a manner accept-able to the owner or surfacing ma
36、nufacturer. See Appendix B.2.3 for more details. Soluble salt samples used for testing should be extracted and analyzed according to procedures established in the procurement documents or per the coat-ing manufacturers recommendations. If soluble salt removal is required but no method for extraction
37、 and analysis of test results is specifi ed or stated by the owner, agreement between contracting parties on acceptable methods of testing for soluble salt contamination should be reached prior to starting the job, in a manner acceptable to the surfacing manufacturer. 5.5 All surface imperfections s
38、hould be repaired before surfacing. Repair materials and methods should comply with specifi cations and/or manufacturers instructions. Generally, surface repairs are made with mortars of the same or similar resin bases as the fl oor surfacing to be placed. For example, epoxy mortars should be used f
39、or substrate repair over which an epoxy surfacing is to be applied; urethane mortars where ure-thane fl ooring will be applied; vinyl ester mortar where vinyl ester fl ooring will be applied, etc. As an alternative, polymer modifi ed concrete can be used for repairs based upon manufacturers recommen
40、dations. Appendices B.3 and B.5 provide information on repair procedures, as does ICRI Guideline 03733.5.6 The concrete surfaces to which repair material will be applied should be sound and solid, free of dust, dirt, greases, and oils. Appendix B.4 provides information on removal of oil and grease.5
41、.7 Surface Profi le: Surfacings and coatings generally form a bond through mechanical attachment during the curing process. A profi led substrate surface will gain maximum adhe-sion. ICRI Guideline 03732 provides comprehensive, informative guideline tools that are useful in determining required prof
42、i ling methods. Plastic replicas of typical surfaces produced by these methods are useful in correlating specifi ed profi le to that which is produced or required in the fi eld. Optimum profi le is required to produce proper adhesion and performance of coatings and surfacings; too little or too much
43、 substrate profi le may be detrimental to performance of a specifi c overlay system. See Appendices B.8 and B.9 as well as SSPC-SP 13/NACE No. 6 for additional details on surface preparation of concrete. 5.8 Masking and Protection: Surfaces adjoining or ad-jacent to the area being fi nished that are
44、 not intended to be coated or surfaced should be protected from trowel, power trowel, roller spatter, overspray and other misplacement of materials, as well as from dirt, dust or debris generated by the application operation (see Appendix B.11.1).6. Application of Thick Film Coatings and Surfacings
45、6.1 Pre-Application Procedures: The work area should be checked to ensure environmental conditions for application are within specifi cations, that the work area layout facilitates ease of application, that traffi c control procedures are in place, and that adequate lighting is provided (see Appendi
46、x B.10.4).6.2 Mixing: Most resins (unless mixed by an application unit) and aggregate blends should be mixed in accordance with SSPC-TU 10December 1, 2002Editorial Revisions November 1, 200410-134specifi cations and the surfacing manufacturers requirements. See Appendix B 11.2 for more detail.6.3 Pr
47、iming: Most manufacturers fl oor coating and surfac-ing systems require use of primers to enhance adhesion of the system to the prepared substrate and to minimize outgassing, the release of air from concrete as concrete temperature rises (see Appendix B.11.3).6.4 Examination for Contaminants: The su
48、rface should be inspected for other contaminants which may have formed during or following cure, such as dirt, dust and other forms of debris, as well as for oils or other substances which may have collected on the surface. Depending upon the facility or operation, the ongoing processes may generate
49、 dust, dirt, or oily mists that may collect on a cured surface. People may walk over cured or uncured surfaces, especially after applica-tors leave the project, tracking contaminants on the surface. Detection and removal of contaminants prior to next applica-tion is required for adhesion. Under certain conditions epoxy primers or intermediate coats may develop amine blush, which must be removed prior to application of subsequent coatings or surfacings. Inspection for and removal of all contaminants prior to any subsequent application of coatings or surfacings is necessary for their
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