TIA TSB-171-2010 Terrestrial Land Mobile Radio-Antenna Systems-History and Technical Analysis of the Quarter Wave Monopole Over Finite Ground Plane as a Gain Standard《地面移动无线电通信 天线系.pdf

1、 TSB-171 December 2010 Terrestrial Land Mobile Radio- Antenna Systems- History and Technical Analysis of the Quarter Wave Monopole Over Finite Ground Plane as a Gain Standard NOTICE TIA Engineering Standards and Publications are designed to serve the public interest through eliminating misunderstand

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22、EREOF, AND THESE CONTENTS WOULD NOT BE PUBLISHED BY TIA WITHOUT SUCH LIMITATIONS. TSB-171 i Table of Contents Foreword ii Introduction v 1.0 SCOPE. 1 2.0 BACKGROUND 1 3.0 MEASUREMENT CAMPAIGNS 4 3.1 NBS MEASUREMENTS OF 1968 . 4 3.2 1969 MOTOROLA MEASUREMENTS AND COMPUTATIONS 7 3.3 ANTENNA SPECIALIST

23、S MEASUREMENTS 9 3.4 NBS MEASUREMENTS OF 1985 . 11 3.5 MOTOROLA 1975 MEASUREMENTS AND COMPUTATIONS 12 3.5.1 MOTOROLA QUARTER WAVE, 3 dB and 5 dB ANTENNAS 12 3.6 MOTOROLA 1977 FIELD MEASUREMENTS 15 3.6.1 MOTOROLA QUARTER WAVE, 3 dB and 5 dB ANTENNAS 15 3.6.2 MOTOROLA 8 dB ANTENNA FIELD TESTS 16 4.0 G

24、AIN ERROR DUE TO DIFFERENT VEHICLES . 17 4.1 VEHICLE DATA BASE . 17 4.2 COMPUTED GAIN VARIATION . 18 5.0 CONCLUSION 21 BIBLIOGRAPHY . 22 ANNEX A (informative) 1 ANNEX B (informative) 1 TSB-171 BLANK PAGE TSB-171 iii Foreword This Bulletin was prepared by Working Group 4 of TIA TR-8.11 and was approv

25、ed by TIA Engineering Subcommittee TR-8.11. This document includes two informative Annexes. This is the original release of this Bulletin. It supersedes no previous TIA document. TSB-171 BLANK PAGE TSB-171 v Introduction The first known EIA gain standard is a quarter wavelength mounted on a finite s

26、ize ground plane. It is described in an NBS letter report of October 15, 1968 8 where it says at the top on page 2: The transfer gain standard antennas were constructed as follows: A quarter-wavelength whip or monopole was constructed of 1/8-inch diameter, silver-plated, brass tubing and center-moun

27、ted on an aluminum ground plane 58 inches by 58 inches. In the EIA and TIA standards for vehicular antennas the quarter wavelength antenna on a ground plane has always been referred to as simply a gain standard. There was no effort to make it a transfer gain standard by associating it to the common

28、half wavelength dipole. However NBS describes it as a “transfer gain standard”. That is now technically correct as we describe its gain relative to that well known gain standard and measure the gain of test antennas using it. IEEE Standard 149 11 discusses “gain-transfer” measurements, implicitly ac

29、knowledging the concept of a transfer gain standard. Attendees who took notes in some of the subcommittee TR-8.11 meetings in the late 1960s remember that the standard was a 58 inch ground plane at that time.9. This confirmed the statement of NBS above. Another individual reports that in early 1973

30、the standard was the full sized four-door sedan. That remained the standard until the 1990s when two quarter wavelength whips back-to-back on a thin mount was used to form a dipole as the transfer standard. But it appears that manufacturers never used that standard as will be shown herein. Therefore

31、 at this time the standard is being changed to the quarter wavelength radiator mounted on the rooftop of a full size four door sedan. However limitations on the size of the rooftop of the vehicle will be established and the small error from allowing some variation in the size of that rooftop will be

32、 suggested in this TSB. TSB-171 BLANK PAGE TSB-171 1 Terrestrial Land Mobile Radio - Antenna Systems Quarter-Wave Monopole Over Finite Ground Plane as a Gain Standard 1.0 SCOPE In the land mobile service there has historically been no clear relationship between the gain of base station antennas and

33、the gain of mobile antennas. A half wavelength dipole has been used as the basis of the base station antenna gain, and a quarter wavelength monopole over a finite size ground plane has been historically used for the vehicular antenna. This makes it difficult, at best, to analyze and predict the cove

34、rage of land mobile communications. For some few years recently, the mobile standard was made a half wavelength dipole, but the difficulty of using that standard resulted in universal rejection by the manufacturers of mobile antennas.1 Some measurements and computations have been made to determine t

35、he absolute gain of a quarter wavelength over a finite size ground plane, and they show that it is a function of the frequency and size of the ground plane. But the gain of a half wavelength dipole is a constant 2.15 dBi. And this is a comparison made in free space with no reflections such as are fo

36、und in the practical land mobile application. This Bulletin will present the history of the antenna gain standard as used in TIA standards and those of EIA, its predecessor. A review will show what has been done to relate the gain of the half wavelength dipole to that of a quarter wavelength monopol

37、e over a finite size ground plane for the land mobile service. From that review it will be shown what is needed to accurately analyze communications coverage in the multipath world of land mobile communications. 2.0 BACKGROUND The history of progress in using a quarter wave monopole antenna centered

38、 on a vehicle rooftop as a standard gain antenna is reviewed. Detailed analysis following this section shows the problem of using the result in predicting coverage in a land mobile system. In 1968 the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) measured the gain of a quarter-wavelength whip in dBd on a 1473

39、mm (58 inch) square ground plane located over earth at High Band and 460 MHz. They then used that to reference the 1 In 2005 known manufacturers of mobile antennas sold in the United States and Europe were asked by TIA Subcommittee TR-8.11 if they used the present TIA Standard for vehicular antennas

40、. That standard was MINIMUM STANDARDS FOR COMMUNICATIONS ANTENNAS, VEHICULAR ANTENNAS, TIA-329-B-1. It is the only one that tried to use a half wavelength dipole as the gain standard, and every manufacturer stated that they did not use it. TSB-171 2 gain and pattern in the horizontal plane of a quar

41、ter-wave whip mounted on the rooftop of a 1958 Chevrolet sedan. In 1968/1969 the gain and vertical pattern of a quarter wavelength whip and several other mobile antennas were computed and measured centered on 965 and 1473 mm (38 these extracted values are given in Table 2. Table 2 Measured gain of a

42、 Vehicle Mounted Antenna and Measured Relative Gain of Calibrated Ground Plane Antenna On Each Side FREQ, MHz Vehicle Gain, dBq Calibrated Ant. Relative Gain Vs. Angle In Deg. -180 -90 0 90 180 148 0.5 0.0 dB 0.2 dB 0.0 dB -0.8 dB 0.2 dB 160 0.2 0.0 dB 0.2 dB 0.0 dB -0.2 dB 0.1 dB 174 0.4 0.1 dB 0.2

43、 dB 0.0 dB 0.5 dB 0.0 dB 460 0.7 0.0 dB 0.3 dB 0.0 dB 0.3 dB 0.0 dB The worst-case difference is +0.5/-0.8 dB, and this is equal to or exceeds the estimated error originally provided by NBS. It appears that the mechanical tolerances are important factors that were missed in their analysis. TSB-171 7

44、 3.2 1969 MOTOROLA MEASUREMENTS AND COMPUTATIONS The evaluation of a mobile antenna using a computer program is the subject of a 1976 paper by Richard Kommrusch 5. Computations and measurements were made on 965 and 1473 mm (38 see Table 4. These gains are the average gain in the horizontal direction

45、 on the 61 m (200 foot) antenna range used for the measurements. The gain of the rooftop mounted quarter wave radiator was determined by mounting it at the center of the rooftop of the vehicle; then its horizontal pattern was measured. The vehicle was removed from the rotator and a half wavelength s

46、tandard dipole was placed on the rotator. The feed point was placed as close as possible to the location and height of the feed point of the vehicle mounted quarter wave, and again the horizontal pattern was measured. (At 30 and 50 MHz the bottom of the dipole 4 The Greek letter is used in the tradi

47、tional sense herein for the wavelength at the frequency of operation. TSB-171 10 was located 457 mm (18”) above the ground forcing the feed point higher.) The transmitted power was maintained the same for both measurements, and the pattern was recorded with a linear voltage scale. The ratio of the a

48、verage of the two measured voltages expressed in dB is the gain of the quarter wavelength radiator on the vehicle roof in dBd. The averages were determined analytically (as opposed to digitally) by use of a planimeter5. Table 4 Measured Average Gain of A Quarter Wavelength Radiator At Various Locati

49、ons On A Vehicle vs. Frequency LOCATION /4 ANTENNA GAIN, dBd vs. FREQUENCY, MHz 30 50 155 455 830 Center of Rooftop -1.5 dBd -0.5 dBd -1.0 dBd -1.0 dBd -1.0 dBd Left Front Cowl -3.2 dBd -3.1 dBd -2.9 dBd -4.5 dBd -4.5 dBd Trunk Lip -3.5 dBd -4.0 dBd Left Rear Deck missing -3.7 dBd Center of Trunk Lid -2.5 dBd -4.8 dBd -4.3 dBd 5 A planimeter is a mechanical integrator that can be used on a flat plane with a closed curve on it to determine the area within the curve. A picture of one on a blueprint is shown below. TSB-171 11 3.4 NBS M