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本文(TIA TSB-176-2009 Radiowave Propagation - Path Loss - Measurement and Validation《无线电波传播 路径损耗 测量和验证》.pdf)为本站会员(刘芸)主动上传,麦多课文库仅提供信息存储空间,仅对用户上传内容的表现方式做保护处理,对上载内容本身不做任何修改或编辑。 若此文所含内容侵犯了您的版权或隐私,请立即通知麦多课文库(发送邮件至master@mydoc123.com或直接QQ联系客服),我们立即给予删除!

TIA TSB-176-2009 Radiowave Propagation - Path Loss - Measurement and Validation《无线电波传播 路径损耗 测量和验证》.pdf

1、 TSB-176-2009 APPROVED: APRIL 1, 2009 REAFFIRMED: FEBRUARY 4, 2014 TSB-176 April 2009Radiowave Propagation- Path Loss- Measurement and Validation NOTICE TIA Engineering Standards and Publications are designed to serve the public interest through eliminating misunderstandings between manufacturers an

2、d purchasers, facilitating interchangeability and improvement of products, and assisting the purchaser in selecting and obtaining with minimum delay the proper product for their particular need. The existence of such Standards and Publications shall not in any respect preclude any member or non-memb

3、er of TIA from manufacturing or selling products not conforming to such Standards and Publications. Neither shall the existence of such Standards and Publications preclude their voluntary use by Non-TIA members, either domestically or internationally. Standards and Publications are adopted by TIA in

4、 accordance with the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) patent policy. By such action, TIA does not assume any liability to any patent owner, nor does it assume any obligation whatever to parties adopting the Standard or Publication. This Standard does not purport to address all safety pro

5、blems associated with its use or all applicable regulatory requirements. It is the responsibility of the user of this Standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations before its use. Any use of trademarks in this document are

6、for information purposes and do not constitute an endorsement by TIA or this committee of the products or services of the company. (From Project No. 3-0268-RF1, formulated under the cognizance of the TIA TR-8 Mobile and Personal Private Radio Standards. TR-8.18 Subcommittee on Wireless Systems Compa

7、tibility Interference and Coverage). . Published by TELECOMMUNICATIONS INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION Technology (b) there is no assurance that the Document will be approved by any Committee of TIA or any other body in its present or any other form; (c) the Document may be amended, modified or changed in the

8、standards development or any editing process. The use or practice of contents of this Document may involve the use of intellectual property rights (“IPR”), including pending or issued patents, or copyrights, owned by one or more parties. TIA makes no search or investigation for IPR. When IPR consist

9、ing of patents and published pending patent applications are claimed and called to TIAs attention, a statement from the holder thereof is requested, all in accordance with the Manual. TIA takes no position with reference to, and disclaims any obligation to investigate or inquire into, the scope or v

10、alidity of any claims of IPR. TIA will neither be a party to discussions of any licensing terms or conditions, which are instead left to the parties involved, nor will TIA opine or judge whether proposed licensing terms or conditions are reasonable or non-discriminatory. TIA does not warrant or repr

11、esent that procedures or practices suggested or provided in the Manual have been complied with as respects the Document or its contents. If the Document contains one or more Normative References to a document published by another organization (“other SSO”) engaged in the formulation, development or

12、publication of standards (whether designated as a standard, specification, recommendation or otherwise), whether such reference consists of mandatory, alternate or optional elements (as defined in the TIA Engineering Manual, 4thedition) then (i) TIA disclaims any duty or obligation to search or inve

13、stigate the records of any other SSO for IPR or letters of assurance relating to any such Normative Reference; (ii) TIAs policy of encouragement of voluntary disclosure (see Engineering Manual Section 6.5.1) of Essential Patent(s) and published pending patent applications shall apply; and (iii) Info

14、rmation as to claims of IPR in the records or publications of the other SSO shall not constitute identification to TIA of a claim of Essential Patent(s) or published pending patent applications. TIA does not enforce or monitor compliance with the contents of the Document. TIA does not certify, inspe

15、ct, test or otherwise investigate products, designs or services or any claims of compliance with the contents of the Document. ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, ARE DISCLAIMED, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY AND ALL WARRANTIES CONCERNING THE ACCURACY OF THE CONTENTS, ITS FITNESS OR APPROPRIATEN

16、ESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR USE, ITS MERCHANTABILITY AND ITS NONINFRINGEMENT OF ANY THIRD PARTYS INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS. TIA EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMS ANY AND ALL RESPONSIBILITIES FOR THE ACCURACY OF THE CONTENTS AND MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES REGARDING THE CONTENTS COMPLIANCE WITH A

17、NY APPLICABLE STATUTE, RULE OR REGULATION, OR THE SAFETY OR HEALTH EFFECTS OF THE CONTENTS OR ANY PRODUCT OR SERVICE REFERRED TO IN THE DOCUMENT OR PRODUCED OR RENDERED TO COMPLY WITH THE CONTENTS. TIA SHALL NOT BE LIABLE FOR ANY AND ALL DAMAGES, DIRECT OR INDIRECT, ARISING FROM OR RELATING TO ANY U

18、SE OF THE CONTENTS CONTAINED HEREIN, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION ANY AND ALL INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING DAMAGES FOR LOSS OF BUSINESS, LOSS OF PROFITS, LITIGATION, OR THE LIKE), WHETHER BASED UPON BREACH OF CONTRACT, BREACH OF WARRANTY, TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGEN

19、CE), PRODUCT LIABILITY OR OTHERWISE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. THE FOREGOING NEGATION OF DAMAGES IS A FUNDAMENTAL ELEMENT OF THE USE OF THE CONTENTS HEREOF, AND THESE CONTENTS WOULD NOT BE PUBLISHED BY TIA WITHOUT SUCH LIMITATIONS. TIA TSB-176 TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD .ii

20、i INTRODUCTION . iv 1.0 SCOPE 1 2.0 REFERENCES . 1 3.0 REFERENCES DEFINITIONS however, this will partially be mitigated by the presence of multipath transmission. 1TSB-171 provides a detailed background on mobile antennas with respect to the size of an vehicles roof dimensions and the effect of heig

21、ht of the vehicles roof AGL. See also TIA 329.2-C for the standard on vehicle antennas. 5 TIA TSB-176 At the base site, the optimum antenna arrangement is an omni-directional radiator located atop a mounting structure2. However, side mounted antennas can be accommodated if the antennas position with

22、 respect to the tower and the towers geometry are well defined. The following antenna arrangements cannot be adequately characterized. Therefore, they ought not be used for research purposes: Variable down-tilt antennas Antennas mounted such that a portion extends above the tower and a portion is pa

23、rallel to the antenna structure. Antennas within the near field3of another antenna Because of the near-impossibility of determining the source transmitter, simulcast systems ought not be used as signal sources for measurements used for research purposes. 4.1.2 Receiver Considerations 4.1.2.1 General

24、 Communications receivers frequently lack dynamic range at either the low end or the high end, or at both. To correct for the low-end problem, a pre-amplifier can be employed. To correct for the high-end problem, a programmable attenuator can be employed. Measuring receivers always put out signal st

25、rength in digital form. Communications receivers, on the other hand, output signal strength in either digital form as Received Signal Strength Indication (RSSI), or in analog form as limiter voltage. In the latter case, employ a Digital Voltmeter (DVM) or an A/D converter to interface between the re

26、ceiver output and the computer. See Figure 1. The best tool for making a signal measurement is a receiver designed specifically for that purpose. This type of receiver has numerous advantages and two disadvantages when compared to a communications receiver: A specialized measurement receiver is expe

27、nsive. The measurement bandwidth is somewhat inflexible. This can be serious, since the measurement bandwidth is required to 2See TIA 329.1-D for Base Antenna standards. See also TIA 845-A-1 for a method of describing base antenna mounting configurations. 3*The near-field far-field boundary is given

28、 by 22d, where d is the effective length of the antenna and is the wavelength. Antennas that are closely-spaced, yet outside the near field of any other antenna are in accord with this Bulletin, but are not recommended for research purposes. 6 TIA TSB-176 accommodate the modulation from the transmit

29、ter. However, if an unmodulated carrier is used, measurement bandwidth is unimportant. A communications receiver can also be used for making signal measurements. Although they do not have the many features provided by a measuring receiver, they are adequate for the job when properly applied and do h

30、ave a small number of advantages over measuring receivers, including low cost and having the exact bandwidth that is needed for the given application. Before using a communications receiver for this purpose, the user ought to ensure that the receivers output characteristic (either RSSI or limiter vo

31、ltage) is monotonic. 4.1.2.2 Extending dynamic range If a communications receiver is to be used, it is recommended that consideration be given to adding a low noise preamplifier to increase the measurable range at the low end. In implementing a preamplifier, exercise care such that significant inter

32、modulation products are not produced, distorting the measurements. To address the opposite issue, saturation problems experienced at very strong signal levels, a programmable attenuator can be employed. When the computer sees that the signal strength is approaching saturation, it can switch a PIN di

33、ode coaxial switch that controls the attenuator. Capturing the activiation of the attenuator allows the receivers calibration to be extended for processing. 4.1.2.3 Calibration issues Calibrate the communications receiver to its antenna input port using a signal source whose absolute level accuracy

34、is specified as within + 0.5 dB. Specify and calibrate out coaxial cable losses. Ensure that the calibration signal source has been calibrated within the time interval recommended by its manufacturer, but in no event more than one year prior to calibrating the test receiver. Prior to calibrating the

35、 receiver, warm up the calibration signal source according to its manufacturers recommendation for guaranteed amplitude accuracy, but in no event for less than 30 minutes. Since communications receivers can have rather non-linear calibration curves, it is desired that calibration points be taken at

36、1 dB intervals. Additionally, each point in the calibration table ought to be the mean of at least 30 individual measurements. This latter recommendation is necessary because, at some points on the calibration curve, the signal level is close enough to the thermal noise level which can cause instabi

37、lity in the reading. Most measurement receivers are self-calibrating. Follow the manufacturers recommendations in performing the calibration. 7 TIA TSB-176 Be sure the receiver and base transmitter are properly netted to eliminate this potential error. It should be noted that temperature and voltage

38、 variations can affect receiver calibration. It is recommended that the receiver be tested for sensitivity to these variables. A regulated power supply may be necessary if the sensitivity to supply voltage variations is excessive. There is no practical means of addressing excessive sensitivity to te

39、mperature variation. 4.1.3 Position Information Considerations A source of position information is essential to a successful test. Position information is commonly derived from a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver. The level of accuracy delivered by this system (22.5 meters at the 95thpercenti

40、le) may be adequate in some cases. However, it is strongly recommended that some form of DGPS (differential GPS) be employed when making measurements for research purposes. Some such systems give results as good as 1 meter. One notable DGPS system is the Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS), supplie

41、d by the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration. It has 1 meter accuracy; however, because the difference signals are transmitted from geo-synchronous satellites some ground-based receivers may have difficulty in receiving the differential signal. The U.S. Coast Guard Navigation Center provides somewh

42、at less accurate DGPS information, on the order of 10 meters rms. Differential corrections can be processed either in real time or post-processed. Given that the speed calculations made by GPS receivers include a certain amount of hysteresis, a speed transducer, such as a Hall-effect device inserted

43、 in the speedometer cable or a “fifth wheel”, can be useful to provide more accurate speed information. 4.2 Data Gathering It is only practical that the signal be transmitted from the base site and measured at a mobile receiver, rather than the opposite. This stems from two considerations: First, re

44、ceivers located at base sites are typically more subject to signals that can produce desensitization and intermodulation interference than are those in mobile locations. Desensitization reduces the overall dynamic range available to be measured. Intermodulation interference can do so, as well. Inter

45、modulation is also more apt to be intermittent, causing the receiver to become intermittently uncalibrated. 8 TIA TSB-176 A second reason for the preference for the base-to-mobile direction is that this mode of operation makes it practical to make multiple simultaneous geographically separated measu

46、rements by the use of mobile receivers mounted in multiple vehicles. It is understood that there may exist a need for documenting data gathering methods in the mobile-to-base direction. Because of the multiplicity of issues involved and the uncertainty of the magnitude of the need, mobile-to-base me

47、asurements will be left for a future issue of this bulletin. 4.3 Data Reduction The output of the receiver used in making the measurement may take any of the following three forms: a signal strength value (from a measuring receiver) a limiter voltage a received signal strength indication (RSSI) data

48、 stream (from a communications receiver) and the status of an attenuator if utilized. Convert the outputs from the communications receiver into a signal strength value by making reference to a calibration curve. At this point, incorporate all antenna system gains and losses to create an output value

49、 that represents the value that would appear at the output terminals of a half wave dipole antenna. In accordance with user requirements, this can be converted to signal strength in dBi, field strength, power density, or (after taking into account transmitter ERP) into path loss relative to dipoles or isotropic radiators. However, it is recommended that the value shown in the output file be expressed in dBm. Having diligently removed all systematic sources of error from the measurement system, the remaining measurement errors can be assumed to be uncorrel

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