UFC 3-530-01 CHANGE 1-2010 Design Interior Exterior Lighting and Controls.pdf

1、UFC 3-530-01 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 UNIFIED FACILITIES CRITERIA (UFC) Design: Interior, Exterior Lighting and Controls APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE; DISTRIBUTION UNLIMITED Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-UF

2、C 3-530-01 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 UNIFIED FACILITIES CRITERIA (UFC) CRITERIA FORMAT STANDARD Any copyrighted material included in this UFC is identified at its point of use. Use of the copyrighted material apart from this UFC must have the permission of the copyright hol

3、der. NAVAL FACILITIES ENGINEERING COMMAND (Preparing Activity) U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS AIR FORCE CIVIL ENGINEER SUPPORT AGENCY Record of Changes (changes are indicated by 1 . /1/) Change No. Date Location 1 10 Dec 2010 Updated all ASHRAE/IESNA 90.1 to 2007. Added EPACT 2005 requirements, Sectio

4、n 1-4, All design applications, Chapter 7 Updated sustainable policy, Chapters 1, 2, we dont see lighting levels or lux. Since the revision of the IESNA guidelines, new standards regarding design must be followed. IESNAs 9thEdition Handbook chapter on “Quality of the Visual Environment” (QVE) has ad

5、ded many other design factors besides illuminance. It is important to review all of the design criteria issues in order to prioritize issues. In many cases illuminance is no longer a top priority. Lighting wall and ceiling surfaces is usually more important than providing high levels of horizontal i

6、lluminance. In order to provide flexibility and interest in a space light ceiling and wall surfaces with lower ambient lighting levels. Provide higher illuminance levels with individualized task lighting. There are three different types of visual responses: Photopic or our day vision (3 cd/m and hig

7、her), Scotopic or our night vision (.001 cd/m and below) and mesopic or a combination of night and day vision (.001 cd/m to 3 cd/m). (IESNA 9thEdition page 1-6). The majority of exterior lighting is designed in the mesopic range. 2-5.2 Photopic sensitivity peaks at 555 nm in the green-yellow range.

8、Scoptoic vision sensitivity peaks at 507 nm more in the blue light range. Mesopic vision varies between these values depending on the lighting level. As the lighting levels become lower, lamp sources with more blue light become more effective in nighttime vision. 2-5.2.1 Since lamp lumen ratings are

9、 all based on photopic sensitivity, they need to be adjusted for nighttime applications. “Photopic and scotopic lumens must be determined from the spectral power distribution of the light source” (IESNA 9thEdition page 1-6) In addition, photopic luminous efficiency function applies to visual fields

10、of size 2 degrees or less. (IESNA 9thEdition page 2-1). This means that only tasks that are on-axis or one that is focusing straight ahead apply to the photopic lamp lumen ratings. Any task that is in our peripheral vision does not. Peripheral vision shifts to shorter wavelength sensitivity. (IESNA

11、9thEdition page 3-9). 2-5.2.2 There are numerous research projects evaluating the most effective method of determining mesopic lumen ratings for lamp sources. All of these methods show a significant effectiveness of a white light source such as metal halide over a high pressure sodium light source.

12、An example used by Dr. Mark Rae (editor of the IESNA 9thEdition Handbook) shows that for a typical roadway luminance of 0.3 cd/m2, a 400 watt HPS produces 135 lux (13.5 footcandles) and consumes 400 watts plus ballast watts. A metal halide system with equal visibility produces 86 lux (8.6 footcandle

13、s) consuming 335 watts plus ballast watts. In another study involving military facilities, both brightness and color perception were improved under white metal halide light under Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-UFC 3-530-01 22 August

14、2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 10 mesopic conditions.22-5.2.3 For all exterior lighting applications where peripheral vision is important such as detecting pedestrians and other potential off axis activity, white light as produced by a metal halide, fluorescent, or induction lamp is recom

15、mended. By using white light, peripheral vision is improved and energy is saved compared to a HPS or LPS lighting system. 2-5.2.4 Lumen effectiveness multipliers may be used to account for the improved visibility provided by white light as opposed to HPS. Table 2-1 lists lumen effectiveness multipli

16、ers for three different sources. To use the table, determine the appropriate luminance condition and the source being used. Note that most computer lighting programs can calculate luminance as an option. From the table, find the corresponding multiplier. This value is then multiplied by the lumen ou

17、tput of the lamp published by the manufacturer to determine the effective lumens. Notice that during photopic (10 cd/m2) conditions, the multiplier for all sources is 1.00 and no adjustment needs to be made to the lamp lumen output. At lower brightness levels, white metal halide light becomes more e

18、ffective and low pressure sodium becomes less effective. (Because sources are being compared, one must be set as baseline. In this case, high pressure sodium is the base and all values are 1.0 under any brightness condition.) Table 2-1. Lumen Effectiveness Multipliers vs. High Pressure Sodium32 “Eva

19、luation of Visual Function Under Different Light Sources”, (Lighting Research Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, December 11, 1995) p15. 3 Lewin, Ian. “Extension of the Concept of Lumen Effectiveness Multipliers to LEDs and Induction Lamps.” Report to the Sacramento Municipal Utilit

20、y District. May 2009. Luminance (cd/m) 0.001Scotopic 0.03 0.1 0.3 3Photopic 10 Metal Halide 2.58 2.30 1.88 1.40 1.00 1.00 High Pressure Sodium 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Clear Mercury 1.98 1.79 1.53 1.22 1.00 Low Pressure Sodium 0.35 0.46 0.64 0.82 1.00 1.00 Cool White LED 3.11 2.45 1.98 1.51 1.0

21、0 Warm White LED 1.86 1.64 1.45 1.24 1.00 Cool White Induction 2.47 2.05 1.72 1.38 1.00 Warm White Induction 1.97 1.72 1.51 1.27 1.00 Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-UFC 3-530-01 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 11

22、Figure 2-7. Lumen Effectiveness Multipliers vs. Luminance42-5.3 Requirements for adequate illuminance: Follow IESNA recommendations by evaluating all QVE criteria including illuminance, paying particular attention not to overlight. Refer to specific applications in Chapters 6 and 7. 2-5.4 Considerat

23、ions for adequate illuminance: 1. Design ambient lighting levels to 1/3 to 1/2 task lighting levels. Add task lighting to increase light level. 2. Use white light sources for exterior lighting. Refer to lamp recommendations in Chapter 5, “Lighting Equipment”. 2-6 SURFACE BRIGHTNESS. We “see” brightn

24、ess; we dont see lighting levels or lux. Our perception of spaces depends on how surfaces are lighted. For example, if walls are lighted, the space feels large and open. With the walls and ceiling lighted, a space looks bright and cheery. With dark room surfaces, the space feels oppressive and “cave

25、-like”52-6.1 Traditional lighting design has emphasized lighting level as the only criteria, ignoring the importance of surface brightness. For a more effective design, light . It is important to light vertical surfaces such as walls and building facades as a first priority, then horizontal surfaces

26、 such as ceilings and canopies. The least effective surfaces to light are floors. 4 Lewin, Ian. “Extension of the Concept of Lumen Effectiveness Multipliers to LEDs and Induction Lamps.” Report to the Sacramento Municipal Utility District. May 2009. 5 “Vision and Perception”, The IESNA Lighting Hand

27、book, Chapter 3, Ninth Edition (New York: The Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, 2000), p. 3-38. Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-UFC 3-530-01 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 12 the walls and ceiling

28、 and use light colored surfaces. 2-6.2 When using fluorescent lamps to light surfaces, the color rendering index of the lamps determines how colors will appear. In spaces where color appearance is important, a higher color rendering index (CRI) will improve the appearance of colors. Figure 2-8. Down

29、lighting Downlighting only results in spaces feeling dark and “cave-like”. Lighting surfaces improves the feel of the space. Figure 2-9. Example of the same space with downlighting only (left) and then with improved surface brightness (right). 2-6.3 Considerations for appropriate surface brightness:

30、 1. Provide high surface reflectances for walls (60% minimum) and ceilings (85% minimum). 2. Light ceilings with semi-indirect wall or pendant mounted lighting. Refer to specific application in Chapter 6, “Interior Applications”. Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted w

31、ithout license from IHS-,-,-UFC 3-530-01 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 13 3. Light walls with wallwashers Refer to Chapter 5, “Lighting Equipment”. 4. Direct daylight to ceiling and walls. Refer to Chapter 4, “Daylighting”. 5. For exterior applications, light vertical surfaces

32、that are in pedestrians field of view. Refer to specific application in Chapter 7, “Exterior Applications”. 2-7 AMBIENT/TASK/ACCENT SYSTEMS. A lighting system made up of layers of ambient light, task light, and accent light improves the visual comfort in a space as well as reduces the amount of ligh

33、ting energy used. Lighting with these three layers balances the contrast ratios between objects in an occupants field of view, adds some visual interest, and provides flexibility in controlling what is lighted. This design strategy is crucial in lowering the amount of energy consumed for lighting. B

34、y providing task lighting only where required, the ambient light level can be much lower. For example, an entire open office does not need to have a light level suitable for reading detailed tasks, only the desktops. In such a case the ambient level may be low, with task lighting increasing the ligh

35、t to necessary levels at the necessary locations. 2-7.1 Additionally, when the system is designed with these “sub-systems”, greater control flexibility results in greater opportunity for reducing energy use. Task lighting can be turned off at a workstation not in use. This control flexibility also r

36、esults in greater user satisfaction. The LightRight Consortium (www.lightright.org) is working on extensive research to determine how personally controlled and “ergonomic” lighting affects productivity and occupant comfort. 2-7.2 Ambient lighting provides general illuminance and surface brightness f

37、or wayfinding and transitional tasks. Lighting high reflectance surfaces will create the perception of brightness and provide enough ambient light for a space. 2-7.3 Task lighting increases the illuminance of a particular task at close range. The type of lighting and the light level vary with the ta

38、sk. General reading will require a lower light level than detailed accounting tasks. Computer use may require light on an adjacent written task, but not on the computer screen itself. 1 When illuminance criteria for a detailed task requires a high light level, it should not be provided with overhead

39、, ceiling mounted lighting. Task lighting much closer to the task will meet the criteria with significantly lower energy use. /1/ 2-7.4 Accent lighting highlights particular architectural features or artwork. If the ambient light level is too high, no amount of accent lighting will increase the brig

40、htness of a feature enough to make the contrast apparent. Selective use of accent lighting also increases its effect. Too much accent lighting will wash out the impact of any single feature. 2-7.5 Considerations to incorporate ambient/task/accent systems: 1. Design a lighting system to provide a min

41、imal amount of ambient light. Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-UFC 3-530-01 22 August 2006 Including Change 1, 10 DECEMBER 2010 14 Add task lighting to increase light level at the point of use. Add accent lighting for visual interest.

42、Refer to specific application in Chapter 6, “Interior Applications”. 2. 1Task lighting equipment may fall under another construction budget or procurement time frame and needs to be coordinated with interior designers and construction managers. /1/ 1 2-8 LIGHTING CONTROL. Controlling the electric li

43、ghting to respond to daylight availability and occupancy are some of the most effective methods of reducing lighting energy and cooling loads. The heat from lighting typically accounts for 15% to 20% of a buildings cooling load.6/1/ Devices also can provide for individual control over the indoor env

44、ironment resulting in higher occupant satisfaction. Table 5-5 and Table 5-7 in Chapter 5, “Lighting Equipment” describes space types, control strategies which may be most appropriate, and potential energy savings. 1 ASHRAE/IESNA 90.1-2007 /1/ lighting control requirements must be met at a minimum. A

45、 summary of these control requirements are listed below. Refer to 1 ASHRAE/IESNA 90.1 -2007 /1/ for specific control implementation and exceptions. 2-8.1 Lighting control requirements to meet 1 ASHRAE/IESNA 90.1-2007 /1/: 1. Automatic Lighting Shutoff. Interior lighting in buildings larger than 5000

46、 ft must be controlled with an automatic control device to shut off building lighting in all spaces. This automatic device can be a timeclock, occupancy sensor, or signal from a building control system. The device can control up to 25,000 square feet but not more than one building floor. 2. Space Co

47、ntrol. Each space enclosed by ceiling-height partitions must have at least one control device to independently control the general lighting within the space. This control must be located adjacent to the entrance to the space. Each control device must be activated either manually by an occupant or au

48、tomatically by sensing an occupant. For example, to meet this requirement and achieve maximum energy savings, a private office must be fitted with a manual-on, auto off, switch. 3. Exterior Lighting Control. Lighting for all exterior applications not exempted in 9.1 must be controlled by a photosens

49、or, astronomical time switch or a combination of both. Controls must be configured to automatically turn on exterior lighting at dusk and turn off the exterior lighting when sufficient daylight is available or the lighting is not required. 6 “Energy Management”, The IESNA Lighting Handbook, Chapter 26, Ninth Edition (New York: The Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, 2000), p. 26-