2018_2019学年高中英语Unit23ConflictSectionⅣ课时语法精讲北师大版选修8.doc

1、1Unit 23 Conflict Section 课时语法精讲 KESHIYUFAJINGJIANG语法预备役用括号里动词的正确形式完成下面的句子1Why _ (have) you _ (be) in touch?答案：havent；been2You _ (have) my email for ages!答案：have had3At least by the time I get back I _ (read) that awfully boring book that my history teacher has made me read over the holidays.答案：will

2、 have read4If I _ (realise) it was that dangerous I _ never _ (stand) so close!答案：had realised；would；have stood5I suppose they _ (know) me since I was a baby.答案：must have known6I _ (be) out helping my grandfather with his fence.答案：should have been语法讲座表达完成的动词形式1现在完成时(1)现在完成时由“have/has过去分词”构成，主要有两个含义：

3、表示动作发生在过去，但对现在有影响，有时无时间状语，有时和一些所指时间不具体的时间状语连用，如：just, yet, already, before, recently, lately 等。表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在并还可能继续延续下去的动作，用于延续性动词，且句中常带有表示一段时间的时间状语，如：since, for 等。(2)现在完成时和一般过去时都能表示过去发生过的动作，但现在完成时表示过去的动作对现在的影响，并且表示这一动作已完成或还可能继续下去；一般过去时与现在的情况没有联系，仅表示过去的动作，且这一动作到说话时已终止。因此现在完成时不能与明确地表示过去时间的状语如 whe

4、n I was five years old, in 1949, yesterday, last week等连用，并且用 when或 where对这些时间或地点状语提问时，一般只用一般过去时。(3)在“It is the first/second.time that.”或在“It/This/That is the 最高级名词that.”结构中，that 从句中的动词常用现在完成时；由 since引导的从句一般用过去时，主句用现在完成时。22过去完成时(1)过去完成时适用的场合过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作以前已经完成了的动作。这个过去的时间常用 by，before 等构成的介词短语或一个时

5、间状语表示出来，也可以暗含在上下文中。如：I had finished my homework before supper.我在晚饭前就把作业做完了。The play had already started when we got to the theatre.我们到剧场时戏已经开始了。By the end of June they had treated over 10,000 patients.到六月底他们已经治疗了一万多个病人。过去完成时还可表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或状态持续到过去某个时间。如：He had served in the army for ten years befo

6、re he retired last year.他在部队干了十年，去年退伍了。He told me that he had known her since he was a child.他告诉我他从小就认识她。He had learned English for eight years before he went to England for further study.他在去英国深造前，已学了八年英语。在一段情景连贯的文字中，先发生的事放在后面叙述时，要用过去完成时。如：Tom flew home, but his father had already died.汤姆乘飞机回家，但他的父亲

7、却已经去世了。过去完成时也用于 hadjust/barely/scarcely/hardlydone.when.，no sooner.than., It was the first time that 等一些固定句型中。如：He had no sooner left the room than they began to talk about him.他刚离开房间，他们就议论起他来。We had hardly begun when we were told to stop.我们刚开始就被叫停。It was the first time that he had ever spoken to me

8、 in such a tone.这是他第一次用这样的语气跟我讲话。(2)过去完成时与一般过去时的比较当一个由 before，after，as soon as等连词引导的从句所表示的动作和主句的动作紧接着发生时，可用一般过去时来表示。如：We had breakfast after we did morning exercises.3做完早操后，我们吃早饭。The train started to move just before he reached the platform.他还没到月台，火车就开走了。They started ploughing as soon as they got to

9、 the fields.他们一到地里就开始耕地。按时间顺序叙述两个或两个以上接连发生的动作时，用一般过去时。如：He entered the room, turned on the light and sat down at the table.他走进屋子，打开灯，坐在桌子旁。在表示某人未曾完成的愿望，仅限于 expect, hope，plan，think 等动词，常用过去完成时。如：I had hoped to be back last night, but I didnt catch the train.我本来希望昨晚回来的，但没赶上火车。We had thought to return

10、early but they wouldnt let us go.我们本想早回来的，但他们不让我们走。在表示过去的句子中出现常与完成时态连用的词，如：already，yet，since，for，ever，never 及表示次数的名词等时，常用过去完成时来表示。如：When we got there the basketball match had already started.我们到那里时，篮球赛已经开始了。The old man said that he wanted to go where he had never been.老人说他想到他从未去过的地方去。如果句中出现了表示具体的过去时

11、间的状语，句子的内容为过去的实际情况或句子的内容为历史事实时，常用一般过去时。如：The teacher said that it was Columbus who first discovered the American continent.老师说是哥伦布最早发现了美洲大陆。表述说话人始料未及的事情时，常用一般过去时。由于受汉语表述习惯的影响，常会用错时态。如：Jack, you are also here! I didnt see you.杰克，你也在这里啊！我没有看见你。3将来完成时(1)将来完成时由“shall/willhave动词过去分词”构成，用来表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成或

12、一直持续的动作。经常与“before将来时间”或“by将来时间”连用，也可与 before或 by the time引导的现在时的从句连用。如：4They will have been married for 20 years by then.到那时，他们将已经结婚 20年了。You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow.到明天的这个时候，你将已经到达上海了。(2)将来完成时的用法表示在将来某一时间之前已完成的动作，并往往对将来产生影响。如：We shall have learned 12 units by the end of th

13、is term.到这个学期末，我们将学完 12个单元。By the time you get home I will have cleaned the house from top to bottom.你到家之前我将把房子彻底打扫完一遍了。表示某种状态一直持续到说话人所提及的时间。如：We will have been married for a year by June 25th.到 6月 25日我们结婚就满一年了。4 “情态动词have done”结构(1)情态动词 can/could，may/might，must 与 have done连用，表示对过去事情作出的猜测。如：The room

14、 is empty. Where can he have gone?房间里没有人，他能到哪里去了呢？(2)情态动词 could，should，might，would，need 与 have done连用，表示说话人主观臆想存在而实际上并不存在的事。如：You should have finished the work much better since the working conditions have improved a lot.由于工作条件大大改善了，你本来应该把工作做得更好些。5现在分词的完成形式 having done(1)现在分词的完成形式的基本用法从动作关系上看，现在分词的完

15、成形式主要表示发生在谓语动作之前的动作；从用法上看，现在分词完成式主要用作状语，表示时间或原因等。表示时间 如：Having noted down our names and addresses, the policeman dismissed us.那个警察把我们的姓名和地址记下之后就让我们走了。Having found a hotel, we looked for somewhere to have dinner.在找好旅馆之后，我们就去找吃饭的地方了。表示原因 如：Having been there once, she knew the place quite well.5由于去过那儿一

16、次，她对那地方很熟悉。Having invited him here to speak, wed better go to his lecture.既然我们已经邀请他来这儿演讲了，我们最好去听听。(2)现在分词完成形式的否定式将 not置于整个分词之前构成其否定形式。如：Not having done it right, I tried again.我由于没有做对，所以又试了试。Not having finished his work, he could not leave the office.由于工作没干完，所以他不能离开办公室。Not having received an answer,

17、 she decided to write him another letter.由于没收到他的回信，所以她决定再给他写一封信。(3)现在分词一般式与完成式的区别现在分词的一般式和完成式均可表示已完成或先于谓语的动作，但两者有区别：现在分词一般式所表示的动作虽然可以先于谓语动作，但两者之间没有时间间隔，而现在分词的完成式所表示的先于谓语的动作则与谓语动作有一定的时间间隔。如：Locking the door, she went out.她锁上门出去了。Having lost his job, he began to interest himself in local voluntary wor

18、k.他失业后便开始关注地方的志愿工作了。注意：当两个动作之间有一段时间间隔时，必须用分词的完成式。如：Having failed twice, he didnt want to try again.已经失败了两次，他不想再试了。当第一个动作持续一段时间时，必须用分词的完成式。如：Having been his own boss for such a long time, he found it hard to accept orders from another.自己当老板已经这么久了，他觉得难以听从别人的差遣。强化印证完成句子1Prices _ sharply over the past s

19、ix months.在过去的六个月里价格急剧下降。答案：have fallen2She walked to the station only to find that the train _.她走进车站发现火车已经离开了。答案：had already left63The city is said _ into a modern art center.据说这个城市发展成了一个现代艺术中心。答案：to have developed4_ by the teacher, Wang Ming gave up smoking.受到老师批评后，王明戒烟了。答案：Having been criticized5

20、This novel is said _ into English.据说这部小说已经被译成了英语。答案：to have been translated6It _ last night for the road is quite muddy.昨天晚上一定下雨了，因为道路很泥泞。答案：must have rained考点研讨1 I found the lecture hard to follow because it _ (start) when I arrived.答案研讨：had started 句意：我发现这个演讲很难理解，因为当我到达时，它已经开始了。arrive 这一动作发生在过去，而

21、start又发生在 arrive之前，表示过去的过去。故应用过去完成时。对于过去完成时一般情况下表示过去的过去，或有 by、before 等时间短语标志。2.How much do you know about the Youth Olympic Games to be held in Nanjing?Well, the media _ (cover) it in a variety of forms.答案研讨：have covered 句意：你对在南京举办的青奥会了解很多吗？哦，媒体以各种形式报道了这件事。考查时态。句中没有明显的时间状语，这时要根据对话语境来判断时态。由对话可知报道一事发生

22、在过去，对现在造成的影响是“回答人知道了此事， ”故用现在完成时。3. The engine just wont start. Something seems _ (go) wrong with it.答案研讨：to have gone 考查非谓语动词。句意：发动机无法启动。看起来它出了些问题。sb./sth.seems 加不定式，为固定句式，常指“似乎发生了什么” 。而此处故障已经发生了，故使用 seem to have done，明确两个句子之间的时间对比是解题关键。4. I got to the office earlier that day, _ (catch) the 730 tra

23、in from Paddington.答案研讨：having caught 考查非谓语动词。句意：因为赶上了来自 Paddington的7730 的火车，所以那天我较早到达了办公室。根据句意可知，catch 这一动作和主语 I之间是主动关系，且发生在谓语动作之前，所以用 having done的形式。明确状语与主句之间的时间先后是本题的解题关键。5. Since the time human kind started gardening, we _ (try) to make our environment more beautiful.答案研讨：have been trying 考查时态。句

24、意：自从人类开始园艺以来，我们一直努力使我们的环境更美。由 since引导的时间状语，可知用现在完成时，又由句意可知try动作还会持续下去，故用进行时，综合一下应用现在完成进行时。时间状语 since是完成时态的标志性时间，是本题的解题关键。达标演练.完成句子1He _ Let the Bullets Fly twice.他已经看了两遍电影让子弹飞 。答案：has seen the film2How many English films _ by the end of last month?到上个月底，你看了多少部英文电影？答案：had you seen3At last they got th

25、e letter they _.最后他们收到了他们一直期待的信。答案：had been expecting4_ a hotel, we looked for somewhere to have dinner.在找好旅馆之后，我们就去找吃饭的地方了。答案：Having found5_ twice, he didnt want to try again.失败了两次，他不想再试了。答案：Having failed6These years we _ some poor countries.这些年，我们一直帮助贫穷国家。答案：have been helping7The manager is said _

26、 from Paris where he had met some European business partners.据说经理已从巴黎回来，在那他与欧洲的一些生意伙伴见面了。答案：to have arrived/come back8On her next birthday, Ann _ for twenty years.8到她下一个生日的时候，Ann 就结婚二十年了。答案：will have been married9They _ at lunchtime but their flight was delayed.他们本应该在午饭时到达，但他们的航班延迟了。答案：should have a

27、rrived10We _ the house, but we cant take possession of it before July.我们买下了这所房子，但要到七月份才算实际拥有。答案：have bought.单句语法填空(不多于 3个单词)1 Sofia looked around at all the faces; she had the impression that she _ (see) most of the guests before.答案：had seen 句意：Sofia 环顾所有的面孔，她记得以前她见过大部分客人。look发生在过去，see 动作指 look之前发生的

28、动作，故用过去完成时。2Tony, why are your eyes red?I _ (cut) up peppers for the last five minutes.答案：have been cutting 句意：Tony，为什么你的眼睛红了？在过去的五分钟，我一直在剁辣椒。由时间状语 for the last five minutes可知用现在完成时，且动作还将继续下去，故用现在完成进行时。3 Lionel Messi, _ (set) the record for the most goals in a calendar year, is considered the most t

29、alented football player in Europe.答案：having set 句意：Lionel Messi创下了年度进球最多的纪录，被认为是欧洲最有天赋的足球运动员。本题考查非谓语动词。根据句子结构首先判断要用非谓语动词，set和主语 Lionel Messi之间是主动关系，而且该动作先于 is considered发生，所以用having done形式。4Tony, why are your eyes red?I_ (cut) up peppers for the last five minutes.答案：have been cutting句意：托尼，为什么你的眼睛红了？

30、过去的五分钟里我一直都在剁辣椒。根据本题中的 for the last five minutes可以判断动作从过去开始，持续到现在，并且可能现在还在进行，故用现在完成进行时。5 Since I last wrote to you, a lot _ (happen) to me.答案：have happened 句意：自从我上次给你写信，发生了好多事情。含有 since时间状语从句的复合句中，主句要用现在完成时。6Why didnt you ring me up?9Sorry, I forget your phone number. Otherwise, I _ (ring) you up lo

31、ng before.答案：would have rung 句意：你为什么不给我打电话呢？抱歉，我把你的电话号码忘了。否则我早就给你打电话了。由句意可知是对过去事实的一种虚拟。故用would have rung。7The storm left, _ (cause) a lot of damage to this area.答案：having caused 该题考查非谓语动词形式和时态。cause 与 left都是 the storm所做的，该题用现在分词的完成式，having caused表示动作发生在 the storm left之前。8Is Bob still performing?Im a

32、fraid not. He is said _ (leave) the stage already as he has become an official.答案：to have left 该题考查非谓语动词形式和时态。动词不定式的完成式表示过去发生的事或已经完成的动作。Im afraid not.表示 Bob不再演出，已经离开了舞台。9 Little Tom admitted _ (steal) in the shop, promising that he wouldnt do that in future.答案：having stolen/stealing 本题考查非谓语动词。句意：小汤姆承认在商店里偷过东西，保证今后不会再做那事了。admit doing sth.或 admit having done sth.“承认做过某事” 。10Has he finished his report yet?Im not sure. He _ (write) the report these days.答案：has been writing 句意：他完成报告了吗？我不确定。这些日子他一直在写这份报告。these days通常与完成时态连用，又由 Im not sure可知他可能还没完成，现在正在写，故用现在完成进行时。