1、1专题 02 介词、代词1 介词易错点 1 单个介词的误用1.(2017北京)Many people who live along the coast make a living _ fishing industry.A. at B. in C. on D. by【错因分析】本题学生易误选 C项或 D项。很多学生不仔细看题,就认为本题是考查 make a living on (doing) sth. 以为生/谋生,直接选 C项;也有学生会误以为本题考查 by(以方式,借助手段)而误选 D。【正确答案】B常见介词的基本用法介词在英语中的使用很广泛,也是高考中的重点,正确使用介词是很重要的,下面归
2、类讲述一些重点介词的用法:一、表示时间的介词1. in,on,at,over(1)in表示在一段时间之内。通常时间较长,如世纪、朝代、时代、年、季节、月及一般(非特指)的早、中、晚等。如:in the 1950s,in 1989,in summer,in January,in ones thirties,in the morning 等。(2)on表示具体的某一天及其早、中、晚。如:on May 1st,on Monday,on a cold night in January, on a fine morning 等。(3)at表示在一个时间点上。指某一时刻或较短暂的时间,也泛指圣诞节,复活节
3、等。如:at 3:20,at this time of year,at Christmas,at night,at this moment 等。2(4)over后面接一段时间,表示超过或在期间。(5)在 last,next,this,that,some,every 等词之前通常不用介词。2. in,after(1)in一段时间表示将来的一段时间之后。(2)after一段时间表示过去的一段时间之后。(3)after具体时间表示将来或过去的某一时刻之后。3. from,since,for(1)from后接具体时间,说明从什么时候开始,不说明某动作或情况持续多久。(2)since后接具体过去时间,表
4、示某动作或情况持续至说话时刻,通常与完成时连用。(3)for后接一段时间,通常与完成时连用。二、表示地点、方位的介词1. at,in,on,to(1)at表示在小地方或在附近;在旁边。(2)in表示在大地方或在范围之内,在方面。(3)on表示毗邻或接壤。(4)to表示在范围外,不强调是否接壤。2. above,over,on(1)above意为在上方,只表示位置高于某物,但不强调是否垂直,与 below相对。(2)over意 为 在 之 上 , 表 示 垂 直 高 于 , 与 under相 对 。 over强 调 与 物 体 有 一 定 的 空 间 , 不 直 接 接触 。(3)on意为在之上
5、,表示在某物体上面并与之接触。(1) (2018北京卷单项填空) Good morning, Mr. Lees office. Good morning. Id like to make an appointment _ next Wednesday afternoon. A. for B. on C. in D. at【答案】A 3(2)The Great Wall travels _deep valleys, _deserts and _ mountains.【解析】through 穿过;across 从表面横过;over 从上方越过。句意:长城穿过深深的峡谷,横过沙漠,越过高山。【答案】
6、through; across; over(3)How do you study English?I study English _ talking with foreign students.【解析】句意:你是怎么样学习英语的啊?我通过与国外的学生谈话来学习英语。by 通过。【答案】by(4)Why not buy this type of car, sir?But _ the high price, I could have chosen one.【答案】for易错点 2 介词短语及语境混淆2.(2017江苏)Determining where we are _ our surroundi
7、ngs remains an essential skill for our survival.A. in contrast to B. in defense ofC. in face of D. in relation to【错因分析】学生容易因搞不清楚句子要表达的意思和混淆介词短语的含义而误选选项。【试题解析】考查介词短语。A. in contrast to 与对比/截然不同;B. in defense of 为辩护;C. in face of面对;D. in relation to与有关。句意:根据周围的环境辨别方位仍然是我们生存的一项极其重要的技能。故选 D。【正确答案】D4常见介词短
8、语:表示的概念 构成 举例at+名词at dinner/table在吃饭 at work 在工作at war交战 at church 在做礼拜at work 在办公 at play 在玩耍 at rest在休息 school 在上学beyond+名词beyond belief难以置信 beyond control 不听管教,无法掌控beyond compare无可比拟 beyond description 难以形容beyond expression无法表达 beyond suspicion无可怀疑,毫无疑问in+名词或 in +名词+of+名词in the army在当兵 in (good)
9、repair 维修良好的 in progress在进行 in operation 在运行中 in sight看得见 in store 贮藏着in action在运转 in use 开始使用in course of construction正在兴建当中 in need of需要in course of shipment正在运输途中in charge of 负责 in the charge of由负责in possession of 拥有 in the possession of被拥有on+名词on business办事/出差 on holiday/vacation/leave 在休假on wat
10、ch值班 on duty 值勤/日on guard在值勤 on strike 在罢工on sale出售 on loan 借贷on the air在广播 on fire 在燃烧on show/display/ exhibition在展出动作(表进行概念、表被动的关系)under+名词under control在控制之中 under discussion 在讨论中under development在发展中 under observation 在观察中5under test在被测试 under construction 在建设中under fire在炮火中 under examination在检查/
11、调查中under consideration在考虑中 under repair 在修理中under arrest被逮捕 under attack 受到袭击under medical treatment在治疗中 under study 在研究中其他against ones opinion反对某人的见解for ones opinion同意某人的见解 for sale 供出售at the mercy of在支配下;任由摆布(1) (2018江苏卷单项填空)Chinas soft power grows _ the increasing appreciation and understanding o
12、f China globally.A. in line with B. in reply toC. in return for D. in honour of【答案】A (2) (2015新课标全国卷语法填空) For those who fly to Guilin, its only an hour away car and offers all the scenery of the better-known city. 【解析】by car 是固定表达,意为坐汽车。by 后接交通工具时,表示交通工具的名词前不加冠词。【答案】by(3) (新课标全国卷语法填空)When a new day
13、breaks, the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough to cool the house during the hot day; the same time, they warm up again for the night. 【解析】at the same time意为同时,为固定短语。由空前的分号可知,此处的 at的首字母应用小写。6【答案】at(4) I got a place next the window, so I had a good view of the sidewalk. 【解析】根据句子结构可
14、知此空应填介词。next to挨着,仅次于,是固定短语。故填介词 to。【答案】to易错点 3 介词搭配错误或缺失、多余3.(2017新课标全国卷 II短文改错)They have also bought for some gardening tools. 【错因分析】考生容易一看句子就觉得 buy for是为某人买东西,是正确的,从而遗漏本处或将 for错改成其他介词。【试题解析】考查搭配。bought 是及物动词,后无需跟介词,故将 for去掉。【正确答案】将 for去掉高考主要考查学生对固定短语的掌握程度、对短语意义的了解以及介词在固定搭配中的应用。常见的介词搭配有:1.名词词组:如 s
15、olution/approach/way to的方法; name of的名字;entrance to/of的入口等。2. 动词词组:如 remind sb. of sth.提醒某人某事;rob sb. of sth.抢劫某人的;result from由引起;call at 访问(某地);lead to 导致等。3. 形容词词组:如 be curious about对好奇;be proud of因而自豪;be popular with受到的欢迎等。4. 介词短语:如 apart from除之外;in addition to除之外(还);because of因为;instead of代替;in f
16、ear of为提心吊胆;for fear of以免;in case of防备,万一;thanks to由于;in the middle of在 中间 according to根据; in front of在前面;in return for作为对的回报;in charge of负责;as a result of作为的结果;in exchange for与交换;on 7the contrary相反;in turn依次;in ones opinion根据某人的看法;on time准时;out of reach够不着等。Lady Gaga has been struck _the head by a
17、pole while performing a concert _New Zealand, which is part of a world tour.A. in; on B. in; atC. with; at D. on; in【答案】D 2 代词易错点 1 人称代词、物主代词和反身代词的误用1. Tom felt that he knew everybodys business better than they knew it .A. themselves B. oneself C. itself D. himself 【错因分析】考生容易因对反身代词理解错误而误选 D。如果把注意力放在
18、 everybody上,就会误选 D。【试题分析】句意:汤姆感觉他比每个人自己都清楚每个人的职责。这里是强调 than后的句子中的主语they,it 指代的是 business,此处表示的是每个人知道自己的职责,故选 A。【正确答案】 A【特别提醒】形容词性物主代词(my, your, his, her, its, our, their)只能在名词前作定语。如果名词前有形容词性物主代词,则不能再使用冠词(a, an, the)或指示代词(this, that, these, those)来修饰此名词。名词性物主代词(mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, thei
19、rs)相当于形容词性物主代词+名词,在句中可作主语、宾语、表语,而不作定语。8在使用反身代词时,要注意其所在句子的主语。如果主语是 I就用 myself,是 you就用 yourself,he 用himself,she 用 herself,it 用 itself,we 用 ourself,they 用 themselves。1. 人称代词形式 句法功能主格 I,we,you,he,she,it,they 主要用作主语,有时用作表语宾格 me,us,you,him,her,it,them 作动词或介词的宾语;口语中常用宾格作表语2. 物主代词形式 句法功能形容词性物主代词 my, our, yo
20、ur, his, her, its, their 作定语名词性物主代词 mine, ours, yours, his, hers, its, theirs作主语、宾语或表语【特别提醒】1. 英汉差异。英语中必须有形容词性物主代词,而汉语中往往省略不翻译。Jack took off his coat and went go bed.(his不能省略) 2.of+名词性物主代词用作定语。Some friends of mine will attend my birthday party.That car of hers is a1ways breaking down. 3.形容词性物主代词+own
21、+名词表示强调,在 own前还可加 very表示进一步的强调。Its nice if a man can have his own car.I want to have my very own car.4.a(an,some,any) +名词+ of ones own表示某人自己的的意思。名词前可以用 this, that, these, four, those, several, another, no等修饰,但不能用定冠词 the。5. 含有反身代词的习惯用语:by oneslf( =alone) 独自地,亲自 to oneself 暗自for oneself 为自己 of oneself
22、 自动地,自发地be oneself 玩得愉快 dress oneself in 穿着9help oneslf to 随便吃,自行取用 come to oneself 苏醒make oneself at home 不要客气 devote oneself to 专心于;献身于find oneself in/at发觉自己来到 teach oneself 自学dress oneself 自己穿衣 lose oneself 迷路( 1) (2018新课标卷 III短文改错)Some of us were confident and eager totake part in the class acti
23、vity, others were nervous and anxious. I had done myself/th homework but I was shy.【答案】myself 改为 my/the【解析】句意:我已经完成了自己的作业。表示“我的”用 my不用 myself,或改为定冠词 the也可以。( 2) ( 2017浙 江 语 法 填 空 ) Pahlsson screamed so loudly that her daughter came running from the house. She thought I had hurt (I),says Pahlsson.【解析
24、】考查代词。主语为 I,横线处为宾语,根据语境可知这里指她以为我弄伤了自己。故填myself。【答案】myself易错点 2 不定代词的误用(2015重庆)The meeting will be held in September, but knows the date for sure.【错因分析】考生容易因为没有理解 but而误填其他复合不定代词。【正确答案】nobody10不定代词有 all, both, every, each, either, neither, more, little, few, much, many, another, other, some, any , one
25、, no 以及 some, something, anything, everything, somebody, someone, anybody, anyone, nothing, nobody, no one, none, everybody, everyone等。(一)不定代词的基本用法:不定代词用法 用法each/both/all each指(两者或两者以上物或人中的)每个;both表示两者都;all 指(三者或三者以上物或人中的)所有,全部。either/neither either表示(两者中的)任何一个;neither表示两者都不。none/nothing none表示(三者或三
26、者以上)全无,没有一点;nothing表示没有任何东西,没有事。another another泛指(三者或三者以上中的)另一,又一。other/others other泛指其余的,另外的,只作定语。other可数名词复数=others。the other/ the othersthe other 特指(两者之中的)另一个。the other可数名词复数=the others。(二)复合不定代词的用法某 任何 每个,所有 没有人 someone/somebody anyone/anybody everyone/everybody no one/nobody物 something anything
27、 everything nothing【特别注意】all,both,everyone,everybody,everything以及every+名词都表示全部肯定。none,no one,nobody,nothing,neither,not any 以及no+名词均表示全部否定;但当 not 与表示全部肯定的不定代词连用时,不管 not的位置在其前还是其后,都表示部分否定。None of them smoke. (全部否定)他们都不吸烟。11Such a person cant be found everywhere.(部分否定) 这种人并非随处可见。(三)指示代词指示代词 用法this/the
28、se 指在时间或空间上较近的人或事物;this 可指下文将要谈到的人或物。that/those 指在时间或空间上较远的人或事物;that 可指上文提到过的人或物。such 指代前面所叙述的人或事物。作主语时,谓语动词的单复数取决于后面的名词或代词的数。so 代替一个句子或短语所表达的事情,意思是如此,这样。在believe,think,expect,suppose,imagine,guess 等词后用 so代替前文提出的观点。几组相似的不定代词:1. all, both, either, neither, each和 none(1)both(两者都),either(两者中的任何一个),neit
29、her(两者都不)。以上这些词使用范围为两者。John and Mary have both won the prizes. 约翰和玛丽都得了奖。The research group produced two reports based on the survey, but neither contained any useful suggestions. 这个调查组在调查的基础上提供了两份报告,但是没有一份包含有用的建议。Ive lived in New York and Chicago,but dont like either of them very much. 我曾经在纽约和芝加哥居住
30、过,但是这两个城市我都不是很喜欢。(2)both与复数名词连用,either 与单数名词连用。There are flowers on both sides of the street. 街道两旁都有花。There are flowers on either side of the street. 街道的每一边都有花。(3)all(所有的,全部的人或物),any(任何一个),none(都不)。以上词使用范围为三者或三者以上。All the students in my class like our teachers. 我们班的所有学生都喜欢我们的老师。Although Rosemary had
31、 suffered from a serious illness for years,she lost none of her enthusiasm for life. 虽然罗斯玛丽患上这种严重的疾病多年,但是她一点儿也没有失去对生活的热情。(4)each可指两者,也可指两者以上。They each have a car. 他们都有车。122. no,none,nobody和 nothing(1)no不能单独使用,相当于 not a或 not any,作定语修饰可数名词或不可数名词。He has no worry about safety. 他一点也不为安全担心。(2)none既可以指人,也可
32、以指物,侧重指三者或三者以上的人或物,可与介词 of连用,用于回答 how many/much引出的疑问句。How many people are there in the room? 房间里有多少人?None. 没有人。(3)nobody指人,用于回答 who引导的疑问句;nothing 指物,用于回答 what引出的疑问句。The meeting will be held in September, but nobody knows the date for sure. 这次会议将在9月举行,但没人知道确切的日期。What are you doing? 你正在做什么?Nothing.没干什
33、么。(1)(2018新课标卷I短文改错) The first time I went there, they were living in a small house with dogs, ducks, and another animals.【答案】another 改为 other【解析】他们住在一个小房子里,院子里有狗、鸭子和其他牲畜。根据句意可知,将another改成other。(2)(2017新课标全国卷 II短文改错)Mr. and Mrs. Zhang all work in our school. 【解析】考查 both和 all的用法。both 的主语是两个,而 all是三个或
34、者三个以上,句子中只有两个人Mr. and Mrs. Zhang,故将 all改为 both。【答案】all 改为 both(3)One weeks time has been wasted.I cant believe we did all that work for .A. something B. nothing C. everything D. anything【答案】B13易错点 3 指示代词的误用3.(2016浙江单项填空)In many ways, the education system in the US is not very different from _ in the
35、 UK.A. that B. this C. one D. it【错因分析】考生容易因没有弄清楚 that,this,it 的区别而误选答案。【试题解析】句意:在很多方面,美国的教育体系和英国的教育体系不太相同。指代上文的名词education system,是同类不同物,用 that,而且后面有介词短语作后置定语。this 表示近指,one 泛指可数名词单数,it 特指上文提到的名词。故选 A。【正确答案】A指示代词是用来指代或标记人或事物的代词,有 this,that,these,those。this,that 是单数,these,those是复数。指示代词可以在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定
36、语等。几组常见的指示代词的辨析:1. it,one,ones,that,those(1)it特指上文所提到的同一事物,它所代替的名词常由 the,this,that等修饰。(2)one泛指上文提到的同类事物中的一个,不特指,相当于a/an+单数名词;the one 特指前面的可数名词单数,有时可以用 that来代替(尤其是后面有后置定语时);(3)ones泛指上文提到的同类事物的复数名词;the ones 特指上文提到的复数名词,有时可以用 those代替,尤其在有后置定语的情况下。(4)that特指前面出现的单数名词或不可数名词,相当于the+可数名词单数/不可数名词;that 的复数形式为
37、 those,替代可数名词复数,既可指人也可指物。Yesterday I lost my pen and I couldnt find it. So I had to buy one.(it 指代 my pen;one替代 a pen) 昨天我丢了钢笔而且没找到。所以我不得不再买一支。The books on the desk are better than those/the ones under the desk.(those/the ones 替代14the books) 桌子上的书要比桌子下面的好。Few pleasure can equal that of a cool drink
38、on a hot day. 没有什么能比得上在炎热的天气里喝上一杯冷饮那样快乐。(that 替代 pleasure)【特别注意】that既可替代可数名词单数,也可替代不可数名词,常有后置定语,一般不指人,复数形式为 those;one只能替代可数名词单数,复数形式为 ones。当可数名词前有形容词修饰时,只能用 one,不用 that。当of短语做可数名词单数的后置定语时,用 that,不用 one。2. another,other,the other和 others(1)another既可以单独使用,也可以用于单数名词前,泛指三者或三者以上中的另外一个人或物。还可以用于another+数词+
39、复数名词中,表示再,又。Recycling is one way to protect the environment; reusing is another. 循环利用是保护环境的一种方式,重新利用是另一种方式。You have to wait for another three weeks. 你还得等待三周。(2)other 可用作形容词,意思为别的,其他的,泛指其他的(人或物)。You can ask other people to help you. 你可以让其他人帮你。(3)the other指两个人或物中的一个,不能用 another,此时 other为代词。The old man
40、 has two sons.One is a teacher; the other is a doctor. 这位老人有两个儿子。一个是老师,另一个是医生。(4)the other 后可接可数名词单数,也可接可数名词复数,不接不可数名词。此时 other为形容词。On the other side of the street, there is a tall tree. 在街道的另一边,有一棵高大的树。He is taller than the other students in his class. 他比班里其他学生都高。(5)others 是 other 的 复 数 形 式 , 泛 指 另
41、 外 几 个 ; 其 他 的 。 others 不 能 作 定 语 , 表 示 复 数 意 义 ,相 当 于 other+复 数 名 词 ; the others 相 当 于 the other+复 数 名 词 , 指 剩 下 的 全 部 。In some countries,people eat with chopsticks,while in others,knives and forks. 在一些国家里,人们用筷子吃饭,而在另一些国家里,,人们用刀子和叉子。Two students in our class failed,but all the others passed the exa
42、m. 班里两个学生没及格,但其他学生全部通过了考试。15Cars do cause as us some health problems in fact far more serious than mobile phones do.A. one B. ones C. it D. those【答案】B易错点 4 代词 it的误用4. How would you like if you were watching your favorite TV program and someone came into the room and just shut it off without asking y
43、ou?【错因分析】学生容易因不清楚 it的用法而误填其他答案。【正确答案】itit的用法考点透析:(一)it 作为代词,与 one,that 的辨析1. it特指,代替单数可数名词,一般代替一个具体的事物,不带修饰成分。(1)用作人称代词,代替前文提到的事物。Whats this?这是什么?Its a pen. 钢笔。(2)代替指示代词 this,that。(3)表示时间、天气、距离、季节、明暗等。How far is it to New York? 纽约有多远?Its 400 kilometers. 400公里。162. one(1)泛指,代替前面出现过的名词单数,避免重复(用 ones代替
44、前面出现过的复数名词)。可用this/that/each/which及形容词修饰,也可与冠词连用,或带后置定语。He has no child, and he wants to adopt one. 他没有孩子,想认养一个。(2)作不定代词时,可以泛指人,意为一个人,一种人。One should do ones duty. 人人应该尽责。比较:There was a piano in the shop, so I decided to buy it at once. 店里有一架钢琴,我决定立刻买下来。(it 特指上文出现的 piano, 与 piano是同一事物)I wanted to buy
45、 a house and Id like one with a garden. 我想买个带花园的房子。(onea house)There are many good flats for you to choose.Would you like to buy one? 有许多好的公寓让你选择,你要买一套吗?(one=a flat, one 指 many good flats中的一个)3. that代替单数可数名词或代替不可数名词,只可带后置定语。只能代替物,不能代替人。those 可指人,也可指物;在比较状语从句中,特指前面提到的同一类东西。The population of Shanghai
46、is larger than that of Beijing. 上海的人口多于北京。(二)it 作形式主语时的常见句型:1. It is (high) time (that) 主语should do/did sth.It is (high) time that this problem was solved. 是时候解决这个问题了。2. It is.since.It is two years since he came to work in this city. 自从他来到这个城市工作已经两年了。3. It be.before.It will be three years before we
47、can meet again. 我们要三年才能相见。4. It is/was adj.for/of sb.to do sth.It was difficult for her to move so heavy a box. 叫他搬这么重的箱子有点难。5. It is/was adj.that.It was clear that he was lying to us. 很明显他在对我们说谎。6. It isvedthat.It is reported that our team has won the gold medal. 据报道我们队获得了金牌。177. It seems/appears/happens that.It seemed that he had known the truth. 看来他已经知道了真相。8. It matters/doesnt matter that.It matters a lot whether he will agree to our plan. 他是否同意我们的计划关系重大。9. It is no use/no g
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