1、1十三、主旨大意段落大意题(2018江苏，B)In the 1760s，Mathurin Roze opened a series of shops that boasted(享有) a special meat soup called consomm.Although the main attraction was the soup，Rozes chain shops also set a new standard for dining out，which helped to establish Roze as the inventor of the modern restaurant.To
2、day，scholars have generated large amounts of instructive research about restaurants.Take visual hints that influence what we eat：diners served themselves about 20 percent more pasta(意大利面食 ) when their plates matched their food.When a dark-colored cake was served on a black plate rather than a white
3、one，customers recognized it as sweeter and more tasty.Lighting matters，too.When Berlin restaurant customers ate in darkness，they couldnt tell how much theyd had：those given extra-large shares ate more than everyone else，but were none the wiserthey didnt feel fuller，and they were just as ready for de
4、ssert.Time is money，but that principle means different things for different types of restaurants.Unlike fast-food places，fine dining shops prefer customers to stay longer and spend.One way to encourage customers to stay and order that extra round：put on some Mozart(莫扎特).When classical，rather than po
5、p，music was playing， diners spent more.Fast music hurried diners out.Particular scents also have an effect：diners who got the scent of lavender(薰衣草) stayed longer 2and spent more than those who smelled lemon，or no scent.Meanwhile，things that you might expect to discourage spending“bad” tables，crowdi
6、ng，high pricesdont necessarily.Diners at bad tablesnext to the kitchen door，sayspent nearly as much as others but soon fled.It can be concluded that restaurant keepers need not “be overly concerned about bad tables， ” given that theyre profitable.As for crowds，a Hong Kong study found that they incre
7、ased a restaurants reputation，suggesting great food at fair prices.And doubling a buffets price led customers to say that its pizza was 11 percent tastier.语篇解读 本文是一篇说明文，主要通过引入现代餐馆的鼻祖马蒂兰罗兹制订的标准以及学者对于餐馆的研究来介绍现代餐馆在经营中影响食客消费的几个要素：视觉要素餐具、灯光、听觉要素音乐 、嗅觉要素 气味、其他要素桌位、拥挤程度和价格。本文旨在通过现代餐馆的经营理念，让考生了解西方现代餐馆的经营之道。
8、58.The underlined phrase “none the wiser” in Paragraph 3 most probably implies that the customers were .A.not aware of eating more than usual B.not willing to share food with othersC.not conscious of the food quality D.not fond of the food provided答案 A解析 词义猜测题。根据第三段中的“.those given extra-large shares
9、 ate more than everyone else，but were none the wiser they didnt feel fuller.”可知，那些被给以大份饭菜的食客比其他人吃得多，但他们没觉得更饱，这说明在黑暗的就餐环境下，食客并不清楚自己多吃了多少，所以此处的 none the wiser是“不清楚，不知道”之意。故选 A项。59.How could a fine dining shop make more profit?A.Playing classical music.B.Introducing lemon scent.C.Making the light brigh
10、ter.D.Using plates of larger size.答案 A解析 细节理解题。根据第四段中的“When classical，rather than pop，music was playing，diners spent more.”可知，当演奏古典音乐而不是流行音乐的时候，食客们会3花更多的钱。spent more 就是对题干中 make more profit的语意转化。故选 A项。60.What does the last paragraph talk about?A.Tips to attract more customers.B.Problems restaurants
11、are faced with.C.Ways to improve restaurants reputation.D.Common misunderstandings about restaurants.答案 D解析 段落大意题。根据最后一段首句中的“things that you might expect to discourage spendingbadtables，crowding，high pricesdont necessarily”可知，你可能认为会打消你消费的念头的东西位置“不好”的桌位、拥挤和价格高未必如此(指在某些人看来，这些不利因素未必不会带来利润的增加)。由此可知，作者认为
12、这些对于餐馆的常见观点是一种误解，故选 D项。一、题型解读段落大意类题型多在说明文和议论文中进行考查，这类文章涉及多种话题如社会文化类、科普说明类等。设问形式常有：(1)What does the last paragraph talk about?(2)The main idea of the second paragraph probably is .(3)What is the main idea of the first paragraph?(4)The first paragraph is mainly about .二、解题技巧“首尾兼顾”知段意首 尾 兼 顾 知 段 意(1)段首
13、：说明文和议论文中的主题句常在段首句(2)段尾：先表述细节，后归纳概括，段落中心在段尾关 键 点 ： 抓 住 段 落 的 主 题 句(3)段中间：先用一句或几句话引出要表达的主题，再陈述主题，再论述细节，即引出主题段落中心再论述(4)没有明显段落中心时，需概括段落内容，总结段落中心4例如：【真题感悟】 中第 60题，根据文章最后一段第一句“Meanwhile，things that you might expect to discourage spendingbad tables，crowding，high pricesdont necessarily.”可知，你认为可能会影响人们消费的因素如
14、：不好的桌子、拥挤以及高价等不一定会影响人们的消费，然后依次举例进行了证明，所以本段主要讲的是人们对于饭店的几个误解，故选 D。A“Its expensive to be poor.” I heard the last words of my interview with CNNs Don Lemon as if someone else were speaking them.July 9,2014 was my 32nd birthday.I was supposed to be out with friends，having found the rare babysitter for my
15、 twins.Instead，I was on national television.It wasnt right；it wasnt me.I was the mommy blogger who sometimes did funny things that attained a few thousand hits to my blog or Facebook page.Now I had television and literary agents calling me.People were thinking this thing was worth money.When my essa
16、y about driving to a food bank in my husbands Mercedes went famous，people immediately started heralding(宣称) me as an “overnight success”.It was true in its way.The success itself was overnight.What people dont realize is that the luck of going famous was based on a mountain of hard work，on years of
17、effort.Theres a frustrating truth to success in the Internet age：In order for your work to reach an audience，someone with power has to give it a chance， and in order for someone with power to give it a chance，it has to have an audience.And before any of that can happen，you have to believe in yoursel
18、f enough to keep going even when all you get in return is rejection.Just as I was about to give up：Boom! Suddenly， one piece out of thousands finally hit.But even with the Mercedes food bank essay，it wasnt an easy sell.Id written that piece months before and sent it to every place I could think of.R
19、adio silence， The Washington Post itself rejected me.Eventually The Post sent it along to its new online section PostEverything.And it got noticed.Within hours of hitting the site，it became PostEverythings top story.The Washington Post moved it to the main page，where it became the No.1 story of the
20、day，then of the month，then of the year.It now stands as The Posts most read story in its history，according to my editor 5there.I just keep reminding myself that the way of the Internet success is：belief in yourself，someone in power giving you a chance，and audience participation.Now，a month after the
21、 original post，I have redoubled my writing efforts，using my 15-minute fame to get my essay seen by larger publications.1.What can we learn from the passage?A.CNN is the first media that found the authors essay.B.The author who was born in 1982 must be good at writing.C.People think what the author w
22、rites is the thing that they want in their life.D.The author asked others to look after her twins to take part in a birthday party.答案 B解析 推理判断题。根据第一段中的“July 9,2014 was my 32nd birthday.”及下文“When my essay about driving to a food bank in my husbands Mercedes went famous，people immediately started hera
23、lding(宣称) me as an overnight success.”可以判断作者出生于 1982年，由于自己写的一篇文章而出名，故可推断出作者擅长写作。2.Whats the basic element in getting success in the authors opinion?A.A good quantity of great efforts.B.A great amount of good luck.C.Topics suitable for the public.D.Modern Internet technique.答案 A解析 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“What
24、people dont realize is that the luck of going famous was based on a mountain of hard work，on years of effort.”可知人们不知道的是，成名的运气是建立在艰苦奋斗的基础上的，作者认为成名需要大量的努力和付出。3.It can be inferred that the Mercedes food bank essay .A.was the authors first essayB.was first recognized by RadioC.appeared on The Washington
25、 Post easilyD.also received many rejections答案 D解析 推理判断题。根据第四段内容可以判断在这篇文章出名前遭到了许多的拒绝。64.Whats the main idea of Paragraph 5?A.Why the authors essay got No.1 in The Washington Post history.B.How the authors essay got No.1 in The Washington Post history.C.What edition the authors essay appeared on The W
26、ashington Post.D.Where the authors essay first appeared.答案 B解析 段落大意题。根据第五段的内容可知本段主要描述的是作者在华盛顿邮报史上的第一篇文章是如何成为 No.1的。5.What kind of person does the author belong to?A.A person with luck and courage.B.A person with good communication technique.C.A person with confidence and effort.D.A person with effor
27、t and wealth.答案 C解析 推理判断题。根据作者的成名之路及最后一段的描述“belief in yourself，someone in power giving you a chance，and audience participation.Now，a month after the original post，I have redoubled my writing efforts，using my 15-minute fame to get my essay seen by larger publications.”可知作者是一名非常自信并非常勤奋和努力的作家。BHow frus
28、trating is it when a pipe bursts，and you have to wait hours for a worker to come and replace or repair it？How about standing helplessly on the side of the road with a flat tire？Or when your little kids plastic train breaks apart?Researchers at the CIDETECCentre for Electrochemical Technologies in Sa
29、n Sebastian，Spain，may have just created a quick fix for all of these headaches.They created a polymer called “Terminator”，which can bind itself back together even after being sliced.Natural polymers are everywhere.They make up the shells that protect small sea creatures such as lobsters and shrimps.
30、Theyre in the silk blouse your grandmother so loves and the DNA that makes you.In nature，many polymers heal themselves when broken or sliced.Think of your skin when you have a small cutas the two sides of the cut bind back together，you can see a self-healing polymer in action.7Synthetic，or man-made，
31、polymers are just as common.Scientists started creating nylon and synthetic rubber to make up for the shortage of silk and rubber during World War . PVC，polyester and many forms of plastic soon followed.As much as synthetic polymers imitate natural polymers，theyve always lacked one important feature
32、，the ability to heal themselvesuntil now.“Terminator is the first man-made self-healing polymer， ” the Spanish scientists reported in the Sept.13 issue of the journal Materials Horizons.In the research lab，the researchers cut the polymer in half with a knife.Then they made the two halves touch each
33、other and allowed them to stand at room temperature，without applying any pressure.“Terminator” started self-healing within an hour.It was ninety-seven percent healed within two hours，and completely joined together after twenty-two hours.Once it had repaired itself，the scientists were able to pull it
34、 by hand，with no breaks or tears.The researchers say this breakthrough will allow them to create stronger sealants，paints，adhesives and more.This could eventually lead to self-repairing pipes，bicycle tires and Barbie dolls，among a million other possibilities.语篇解读 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了西班牙科学家研制出的一种能够自我修复的材
35、料“终结者” 。6.By asking a series of questions in Paragraph 1，the author mainly intends to show .A.the difficulties of repairing household itemsB.the unpleasant experiences in everyday lifeC.the shortcomings of man-made polymersD.the poor quality of plastic products答案 C解析 推理判断题。文章在第一段提到的 a pipe bursts，a
36、flat tire和 your little kids plastic train breaks apart三件烦心事都是关于合成聚合物的缺陷：破裂之后不能自我修复。故正确答案为 C。7.Which of the following is TRUE of polymers?A.All natural polymers can heal themselves.B.Natural polymers can be found in silk and skin.8C.Synthetic polymers Are used only in a limited way.D.Synthetic polyme
37、rs are made from natural polymers.答案 B解析 细节理解题。由第三段中的“Theyre in the silk blouse your grandmother so loves”和“Think of your skin.polymer in action”可知，蚕丝和皮肤中都含有天然聚合物。故正确答案为 B。8.What do we know about “Terminator”？A.It is made up of two parts.B.It heals itself completely in several hours.C.It can repair
38、itself under normal conditions.D.It must be pulled apart soon after self-healing.答案 C解析 细节理解题。由倒数第三段中的“.allowed them to stand at room temperature，without applying any pressure.”可知， “终结者”能够在常规条件下进行自我修复。故正确答案为 C。9.The last paragraph mainly discusses .A.the safety of “Terminator”B.the various uses of “
39、Terminator”C.the raw materials of “Terminator”D.the characteristics of “Terminator”答案 B解析 段落大意题。最后一段主要讲述了“终结者”的多种用途。故选 B。10.Which of the following can be the best title of this passage?A.Uses of Synthetic Polymers are RediscoveredB.Natural Polymers Are Not Easy to ImitateC.The First Self-healing Pol
40、ymer Was Created in a Spanish LabD.“Terminator” May Be a New Treatment for Headaches答案 C解析 标题归纳题。西班牙科学家研制了一种能够自我修复的合成聚合物“终结者” ，它被切断之后能够很快恢复原状。故 C项作本文标题最佳。题型组合练(十六).单项填空91.This toy，which is intended to help develop childrens ，is very popular with children and their parents.A.identity B.similarityC.cr
41、eativity D.anxiety答案 C解析 句意为：这种玩具非常受孩子和父母的欢迎，它旨在帮助提高孩子的创造力。identity身份；similarity 相似性；creativity 创造性；anxiety 忧虑。根据句意可知选C。2.As an environmentalist，he has been making a(n) study of ecology for decades.A.automatic B.dynamicC.romantic D.systematic答案 D解析 句意为：作为一名环保主义者，他已经对生态学进行了二十几年系统性的研究。make a systemati
42、c study of对进行系统性研究。故选 D。3.On the first day of school，the headmaster usually all the students at the assembly，encouraging them to live their dreams.A.announces B.addressesC.delivers D.advocates答案 B解析 address sb. 向致辞，演讲。故选 B。4.Being overweight can also give rise to a lot of psychological problems， tho
43、se of physical health.A.apart from B.rather thanC.regardless of D.thanks to答案 A解析 句意为：除了那些身体健康方面的问题，超重也可能引起很多的生理问题。apart from除之外；rather than而不是；regardless of不顾；thanks to多亏。根据句意选 A。5.The Chinese Womens Volleyball Team won the championship again in the 2016 Rio Olympic Games after an interval of twelv
44、e years， all the Chinese of the everlasting “Womens Volleyball Spirit”.A.reminded B.to be remindedC.reminding D.having reminded10答案 C解析 remind sb. of sth. 使某人想起某事。该处用现在分词短语作结果状语。故选 C。6.The sustainable development is a simple idea，but that is difficult to put into practice.A.it B.that C.one D.this答案
45、C解析 one 此处作为不定代词，替代单数可数名词。onean idea。7.The Beijing opera，one of the great treasures of the Chinese culture，is popular with the old Chinese，but it doesnt the younger generation.A.correspond to B.cater toC.subscribe to D.submit to答案 B解析 cater to sb. /sth. 迎合某人/某物的需要。迎合年轻一代的需要。故选 B。8.It never occurred
46、to me he put forward at the conference could be approved by the government.A.that how B.which whatC.that what D.what that答案 C解析 It never occurred to sb. that.为固定句型，it 是形式主语，that 引导真正的主语从句。he put forward at the.也是一个主语从句，连接词引导主语从句并且在从句中作宾语，故用 what。9.Whats wrong，Jane？You seem to be worn out.Yeah.I to m
47、eet the deadline for my term paper recently.I want to sleep for a hundred years now.A.have tried B.triedC.had tried D.have been trying答案 D解析 由句末的 recently提示，可知用现在完成进行时，强调动作的持续性。10.Parkour(跑酷) is a very popular sport among the youngsters in cities， the only equipment required is a good pair of shoes.
48、A.which B.thatC.where D.what答案 C11解析 先行词 sport为抽象化地点，从句中缺少地点状语，故用 where引导定语从句。.完形填空(2018黑龙江齐齐哈尔二模)My daughter brought her four dogs over to my house though I keep two of my own.For a few hours then the house was full of 11 .There was running，barking and growling.Toys were chased after，laps were 12 o
49、n and faces were licked.Now that they have thoroughly 13 themselves out，all six dogs are napping 14 and the cat finally came out of hiding again.I have had dogs as my 15 for almost all of my life here.They have given me a 16 and friendship that no amount of money could ever 17 .Of course，they have had their flaws too.Their breath hasnt 18 been the best.Nor has their body 19 .They sometimes have def
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