1、1专题 12 名词性从句【2019 年高考考纲解读】名词性从句是高考常考的语法项目,主要考查对连接词的正确把握。分析历年各地的高考试题不难发现,连接代词 what 的用法是考查的热点。另外,在同位语从句中,经常考查 that 的用法。除此之外,其他连接词的用法以及从句的语序也时有考查。【重点、难点剖析】一、几种易混的从句的辨别定语从句、名词性从句和状语从句有时候在形式上很相似,下面提供一些区分的方法:1定语从句与同位语从句定语从句与前面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系;而同位语从句是用来说明前面名词的内容的。that 在定语从句中充当句子成分,可指物或人;而同位语从句中的 that 在从句中不充当任
2、何句子成分,只起连接作用。请比较:(1)The news (that/which) he told us was exciting.(定语从句,that/which 在从句中作宾语,还可以被省略)(2)The news that our team has won is exciting.(同位语从句,that 从句是说明 news 的内容的,that 在从句中不作任何成分,但不能被省略)辨析判断是定语从句还是同位语从句可以用“加词”的方法,即在名词和从句之间加入一个 be 动词,如果句子意思成立,则是同位语从句,否则,则是定语从句。如上面第二句,加上 be 动词后:The news is th
3、at our team has won.句子意思成立,所以是同位语从句。而第一句,加上 be 动词后:The news is that he told us.意思不成立,因此不是同位语从句。【特别提醒】一般情况下,同位语从句紧跟在它所说明的名词的后面,可是有的时候,为了表达的需要,名词与从句之间被另外一些内容分隔开了,叫做“分隔同位语从句”。对于这类同位语从句,一定要根据句意,找准它所说明的名词。2定语从句与状语从句请看两组句子:第一组:区分 such.as.和 such.that.2(1)The new storybook is written in such easy English as
4、 beginners can understand.(2)The new storybook is written in such easy English that beginners can understand it.这两句话只有一词之差,但语法结构大相径庭:第一句是 as 引导的定语从句,as 相当于that/which(但不能用 that/which),在从句中作 understand 的宾语。第二句是结果状语从句,that 在从句中不作成分。结论:当从句缺少句子成分时,用 such.as.;当从句不缺少句子成分时,用 such.that.。第二组:选用 in which, wher
5、e 填空(1)He left the key _ he had been an hour before.(2)He left the place _ he lived for many years.分析:第一句只能填 where, where 引导的是地点状语从句,修饰主句中的谓语动词。此处 where 不可换成 in which,因为 in which 只能引导定语从句,本句中根本就没有先行词(后面的从句不是修饰 key的)。第二句填 where 或 in which。根据句意可知,后面的句子是对名词 place 的修饰,因此此句是定语从句。二、that 与 what 的区别that 引导名
6、词性从句,在从句中不作任何成分,that 本身无意义,只起连接作用。what 引导名词性从句时,在从句中可以作主语、宾语、表语等,what 表示“的东西或事情”。请比较:What I need is more time.(what 引导主语从句,在从句中作宾语)That I need more time to do the work is very clear.(that 引导主语从句,在从句中不作任何成分)The village is no longer what it used to be.(what 引导表语从句,在从句中作表语)I had no idea what we should
7、do next.(what 引导同位语从句,在从句中作宾语)He will tell us what he saw in London.(what 引导宾语从句,在 从句中作宾语)精析名词性从句中区分 that 与 what 的关键是:分析句子结构,看从句是否缺少句子成分。如果不缺成分,就用 that,如果缺少句子成分(主语、宾语、表语等),且表示“的东西或事情”就用 what。三、who, whoever 与 no matter who 的区别引导名词性从句,在句中作主语时用 who,意思是“谁”,含有疑问意味,whoever 意为“无论谁”,不含有疑问意味。whoever 在引导名词性从句
8、时,相当于 anyone who,其中 who 引导一个定语从句紧随其后。3另外,whoever 还可以引导让步状语从句,这时 whoever 相当于 no matter who,但是 no matter who只能引导让步状语从句。请比较:1Who has taken away my bag is unknown.谁拿走了我的包还不知道。(若用 whoever 显然句意不通)2Whoever breaks the law will be punished.无论谁违反法律都要受到惩罚。(whoever 表达的语气强烈)3Im not going to let you in, no matter
9、 who you are.Im not going to let you in, whoever you are.(根据句意“我不会让你进去的,不管你是谁”,后面是一个让步状语从句,故用 no matter who 或者 whoever)【特别提醒】whever 既可引导名词性从句,又可引导让步状语从句。引导名词性从句时,whoeveranyone who; whomeveranyone whom; whateveranything that; whicheveranything/anyone that; whoseverany one whose。Whichever he likes wil
10、l be given to him.Anything that he likes will be given to him.无论他想要哪个都可以给他。You should give the book back to whosever name(anyone whose name) is on the cover of it.你该把书还给任何一个他的名字在封面上的人。【方法技巧】做题时,具体思路如下:通读全句,首先考虑是不是某种句型,如强调句型;题干句若是疑问句,首先把它恢复为正常语序;观察设空的前前后后,确定相关从句的性质;确定从句性质后,回忆相关从句的用法特点,从而作出取舍;注意标点符号和并
11、列连词(and, but)的作用;将选项代入句子,看前后是否语意贯通。【题型示例】题型 1、主语从句【例 1】(2017江苏卷改编) _is known to us all is that Want Meng got three golden medals in Vancouver Winter Olympics.【解析】考查主语从句。what 在主语从句中作 is 的主语。【答案】What4【举一反三】(2017北京卷改编) _I want to tell you is the deep love and respect I have for my parents.【答案】What【变式探究
12、】 【2016北京】24.Your support is important to our work . _ you can do helps.A. However B. Whoever C. Whatever D. Wherever【答案】C【解析】题目考查主语从句。helps 是谓语, “_ you can do”是主语部分,即主语从句,在主语从句中,do 后缺少宾语,表示“任何事情” ,因此用 whatever 引导,故选 C。【变式探究】Some people believe has happened before or is happening now will repeat its
13、elf in the future.解析 考查主语从句。句意:有些人相信,无论以前发生过什么,或者现在发生着什么,都会 在未来重现。主语从句中缺少主语,用 whatever 做主语。 【举一反三】The question is not _ a country has an aircraft carrier, but _ a country does with the aircraft carrier.【答案】whether; what 【变式探究】Id like to start my own businessthats _ Id do if I had the money.Awhy Bwhe
14、n Cwhich Dwhat【答案】D【解析】句意:我想自己做生意那是我如果有钱就会做的事情。从句中的 do 是及物动词,缺少宾语,所以将 A 和 B 排除,这两个选项在从句中常常作状语。which 引导名词性从句时,意为“哪个,哪些” ,不合逻辑,故用 what。【变式探究】Im afraid hes more of a talker than a doer,which is _ he never 5finishes anything.Athat Bwhen Cwhere Dwhy【答案】D【解析】很显然,前文所说的(他是一个空谈家而不是一个实干家)是下文(他一事无成)的原因,由此可知应该选
15、 why。 【变式探究】Part of the reason Charles Dickens loved his own novel, David Copperfield,was _ it was rather closely modeled on his own life.Awhat Bthat Cwhy Dwhether【答案】B【解析】that 引导的名词性从句在句中作表语,且 that 不充当句子的任何成分。其他选项不合题意。【拓展提高】1引导词有连词 that(that 不可省),whether;代词有 who,whom,what,which;副词when,where,how,why
16、 等。如:The problem is that we didnt get in touch with him.2as if,because 也可引导表语从句。It was because I got up late.注意:当主语是 reason 时,表语从句要用 that引导而不是 because。例如:The reason why he was late was that he missed the train this morning.whether 可引导表语从句,但与之同义的 if 却通常不用于引导表语从句。【误区警示】1误判从句类型例 1、Word came that free souvenirs would be given to _ comes first. 易错警示:学生易误判为定语从句从而误填 who。 2误判句子结构例 2、The notice came around two in the afternoon _ the meeting would be postponed. 易错警示:学生易误判为定语从句而误填 when。 6答案:that 这是一个同位语从句。
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