1、1专题二 阅读七选五全国卷 3 年考情分析卷别 体裁 题材 标题 文章长度 选项长度 挖空位置卷 说明文颜色在家庭设计中的作用无 249 72段首 1 题；段中3 题；段尾 1 题卷 说明文晨练给人们带来的好处无 211 66段首 2 题；段中2 题；段尾 1 题2018卷 说明文跳舞的力量与价值无 186 52段首 2 题；段中2 题；段尾 1 题卷 记叙文作者参与野营活动的经历无 220 68段首 2 题；段中2 题；段尾 1 题卷 说明文避免工作时被打扰的方法无 185 76段首 1 题；段中4 题2017卷 说明文如何建立好的生物钟无 235 57段首 1 题；段中3 题；段尾 1 题
2、卷 说明文密码方面的相关知识无 186 94段首 1 题；段中4 题卷 说明文如何建造自己的花园有 205 64段首 1 题；段中4 题2016卷 说明文如何选购和烹饪鱼无 194 49段首 1 题；段中4 题一、文本的选择考试说明对阅读七选五题型命题目的的表述为“主要考查考生对文章的整体内容和结构以及上下文逻辑意义的理解和掌握。 ”在选择文本材料的时候，命题人就要考虑文本内容的整体性和逻辑性。纵观近三年高考全国卷阅读七选五的选材，主要是以贴近考生生活或者考生感兴趣的说明文为主，偶尔出现记叙文(如 2017 年全国卷)。说明文文体的文章结构严谨、层次分明、条理清晰、逻辑严密。文中常含有 way
3、s, methods, skills, techniques, suggestions, tips, steps, how, how to do sth.等词，这些词都是关键性的提示词、总结词，有利于考生准确把握文章主旨。二、设空及选项的设置阅读七选五文中设五个空，依据挖空位置，可将 5 个题目分为段首题、段中题和段尾题；依据句子在文中的作用，可分为“主旨概括句(涉及文章整体内容)” “语段过渡句(反映文章结构)”和“细节注释句(反映上下文的逻辑关系)”三个类型。2阅读七选五的文章都给出七个备选项，七个选项都与短文相关，选项多为完整的句子，句型不一，长短不同，七个备选项通常由短到长排列。三、因
4、人而异的解题技法解答阅读七选五题目时，方法会因人而异，我们根据题型特点和平时的教学总结了三种比较实用的解题技法：常用技法、快捷技法和稳准技法。这三种技法各有特色，没有优劣之分，只有使用习惯不同。考生可依据自身学情和解题习惯灵活使用，既可以选择其中一种，也可以综合融会使用，适合自己的才是最好的。更何况，这三种技法的解题实质是相通的均需依照行文逻辑来判断。第一讲 阅读七选五常用解题技法“二步”解题法第一步：看位置定类型句子在段中的位置不同，所起的作用也不同。命题人之所以采用段首、段中和段尾三种挖空方式，正是利用挖空位置的暗示作用和挖空上下文的提示作用，来考查考生的逻辑思维能力。段首、段中、段尾题在
5、文中所起的作用可归纳为下表：挖空位置 逻辑关系 具体解读主旨句 常以段落小标题或主题句的形式出现。段首题承上启下句 此空处的答案能够将上段和下段的内容连贯起来。例证关系前后的某句是为了证明另一句而举的例子。例证的形式具有多样性，思维过程基本是归纳(从例子到观点)和推理(从观点到例子)。常见的表示例证关系的标志词语有：for example, for instance, in fact/as a matter of fact, actually, in other words/that is to say 等。转折关系若空格前后两句之间是逻辑上的逆转， 则空格处很有可能表示转折。表示转折关系的标
6、志词语有： but, however, yet, while/though/although, or/otherwise, on the contrary, instead, nevertheless(然而), still, in contrast/comparison, by comparison 等。因果关系表示因果关系的标志词语有：so, therefore, thus, consequently(结果), as a result (of), so/such .that ., so that .等。段中题递进关系若空格前后两句之间是逻辑上的层进关系，则空格处很有可能是个表示递进的句子。表
7、示递进关系的标志词语有：too, also, besides, further, furthermore, moreover, likewise, 3similarly, whats more, whats worse, in addition, as well, to make matters worse, not . but ., not only . but also 等。并列关系 表示并列关系的标志词语有：and, first(ly), second(ly); first, then/next; to begin with, some . others .; for one thing
8、, for another thing; then/next, finally/last 等。总结句 用于总结本段内容，常含有总结性的词语。段尾题承上启下句 此空处的答案能够将上段和下段的内容连贯起来。例 1 (2018全国卷节选)_40_ If you work out bright and early in the morning, you will be more likely to stick to healthy food choices throughout the day. Who would want to ruin their good workout by eating j
9、unk food? You will want to continue to focus on positive choices.AYou will stick to your diet.BYour quality of sleep improves.CYou prefer healthy food to fast food.DThere is no reason you should exercise in the morning.EYou can keep your head clear for 410 hours after exercise.FAfter you exercise, y
10、ou continue to burn calories throughout the day.GIf you are planning to do exercise regularly, or youre doing it now, then listen up!分析 设空处位于段首，应是该段落的小标题。该段的主要内容是“如果晨练，你就更有可能会坚持一整天吃健康的食物” ，故该段的主旨是“坚持健康饮食” ；再结合本段中的“healthy food” “junk food”与 A 项中的 diet 相关，故选 A。例 2 (2018全国卷节选)Your metabolism (新陈代谢) ge
11、ts a head start. _38_ If you work out in the mornings, then you will be getting the calorie (卡路里) burning benefits for the whole day, not in your sleep.AYou will stick to your diet.4BYour quality of sleep improves.CYou prefer healthy food to fast food.DThere is no reason you should exercise in the m
12、orning.EYou can keep your head clear for 410 hours after exercise.FAfter you exercise, you continue to burn calories throughout the day.GIf you are planning to do exercise regularly, or youre doing it now, then listen up!分析 设空处位于段中，属于段中题。这一段说的是晨练有助于人体的新陈代谢，能让你一整天都感受到晨练消耗卡路里带来的好处。F 项“晨练之后你还会在一天时间里继续消
13、耗卡路里”中的关键词“throughout the day”与文中的“the whole day”呼应。故选 F。例 3 (2018全国卷节选)The large color decisions in your rooms concern the walls, ceilings, and floors. Whether youre looking at wallpaper or paint, the time, effort and relative expense put into it are significant. _40_.AWhile all of them are usefulB
14、Whatever youre looking forCIf youre experimenting with a colorDSmall color choices are the ones were most familiar withEIts not really a good idea to use too many small color piecesFSo it pays to be sure, because you want to get it right the first timeGColor choices in this range are a step up from
15、the small ones in two major ways分析 该空位于段尾，应属于总结句。根据空前的“the time, effort and relative expense put into it are significant”可知，大型物品的颜色选择所需要的时间、精力、费用很大，这恰与 F 项构成因果关系。第二步：由类型定技法主旨概括题 主旨概括题主要考查考生对文章或段落进行概括的能力，它要求考生在阅读文章时，能够提炼其中心思想，体会作者的写作意图，充分运用概括能力提取文章的主题、观点以及作者的情感态度。这类题常以考查段落标题为主，设题位置一般在段首，有时总结性的语句也会出现在
16、段中或段尾。这类题有时也会考查整篇文章的主旨大意，即文章的主题句，一般会在首段设空。概括起来讲，命题人通常从两个方面设题：概括文章或段落的主题5句或结论性语句；段落标题。解答主旨概括题通常采用浏览的方式，即重点搜索本段的主题线索词并快速理清主旨大意，然后浏览选项，准确判定出与主旨大意匹配的选项。例 (2018全国卷)_39_ Studies found that people who woke up early for exercise slept better than those who exercised in the evening. Exercise energizes you, s
17、o it is more difficult to relax and have a peaceful sleep when you are very excited.AYou will stick to your diet.BYour quality of sleep improves.CYou prefer healthy food to fast food.DThere is no reason you should exercise in the morning.EYou can keep your head clear for 410 hours after exercise.FAf
18、ter you exercise, you continue to burn calories throughout the day.GIf you are planning to do exercise regularly, or youre doing it now, then listen up!分析 设空位于段首，应为本段主题句。主题句一般是对上文或下文内容的总结，快速浏览本段，本段提到 slept better, difficult to relax, a peaceful sleep，依据这些关键词汇可概括本段说的是晨练比晚上锻炼更能改善睡眠，因此选 B。语段过渡题 语段过渡题所涉
19、及的句子是过渡句，具有承上启下的作用，该题型主要考查考生对篇章的理解能力和对上下文之间逻辑关系的分析能力。其设空位置比较灵活，可位于段尾、段首或段中。解这类题通常可采用位置判断法。如果设空位于段首，要前瞻后望找提示，即阅读上一段结尾部分，通常正确答案与之衔接，并结合本段内容，看所选的答案是否能将两段内容连贯起来。如果设空位于段中，重点阅读该空的前一句和后一句，找出它们之间的逻辑关系或根据意义的连贯性得出答案；如果还没有把握，再分析该段的中心句。如果设空位于段尾，在选项中找不出与前文之间的关联时，可考虑与下一段开头之间的衔接。仔细阅读下一段开头几句，看是否能与所选选项紧密连接起来。例 (2018
20、全国卷) Medium color choices are generally furniture pieces such as sofas, dinner tables or bookshelves. _39_. They require a bigger commitment than smaller ones, and they have a more powerful effect on the feeling of a space.AWhile all of them are usefulBWhatever youre looking for6CIf youre experiment
21、ing with a colorDSmall color choices are the ones were most familiar withEIts not really a good idea to use too many small color piecesFSo it pays to be sure, because you want to get it right the first timeGColor choices in this range are a step up from the small ones in two major ways分析 设空处在段中，所填句子
22、应是过渡句。该空前一句主要内容是“medium color choices”，是 G 项中 “small ones”的升级。该空后一句介绍了两种方式的颜色选择，与 G 项中的“two major ways”相呼应，故选 G。细节线索题 细节线索类的试题要求考生更加注重文章中的细节，比如某个关键的单词或数字等。解答这类试题经常用到的方法有：词汇复现法、词汇同现法、代词线索法、逻辑关系线索法等。1词汇复现法复现法是保证文章前后衔接而经常使用的一种写作手段，即在文章中不同的位置对同一个概念进行重复描述，从而使得同样的意思在文章中不同的地方重复出现。复现的形式主要包括原词复现、同(近)义词复现、反义词
23、复现等。考生可利用文章的这一特点，在解题时注意选项中出现的与正文意思相同、相近或相反的词。例 (2018全国卷)_38_. Theyre the little spots of color like throw pillows, mirrors and baskets that most of us use to add visual interest to our rooms. Less tiring than painting your walls and less expensive than buying a colorful sofa, small color choices bri
24、ng with them the significant benefit of being easily changeable.AWhile all of them are usefulBWhatever youre looking forCIf youre experimenting with a colorDSmall color choices are the ones were most familiar withEIts not really a good idea to use too many small color piecesFSo it pays to be sure, b
25、ecause you want to get it right the first timeGColor choices in this range are a step up from the small ones in two major ways分析 解此题可运用词汇复现法，该空所在段最后一句中的“small color choices”是 D 项“Small color choices”的原词复现。故选 D。2词汇同现法7词汇同现是指属于同一词汇范畴或者某一领域的词汇在文章中同时出现，达到语意衔接的目的。一般来说，上下文中词汇的范畴越小，上下文的衔接关系越紧密。例 (2017全国卷)
26、I was, nevertheless, talked into going on another funfilled holiday in the wilderness._38_ Instead, we had a popup camper with comfortable beds and an air conditioner.My natureloving friends had remembered to bring all the necessities of life.AThis time there was no tent.BThings are going to be impr
27、oved.CThe trip they took me on was a rough one.DI was to learn a lot about camping since then, however.EI must say that I have certainly come to enjoy camping.FAfter the trip, my family became quite interested in camping.GThere was no shade as the trees were no more than 3 feet tall.分析 解此题可运用词汇同现法。该
28、空前面的部分说明了作者被说服参加另一次野营活动，而空后则说这次野营活动有舒服的床和空调，因此空处的论述应该是在“住宿”这一范畴内，几个选项中只有 A 项合适。3代词线索法英语文章中代词出现的频率极高，代词一般用来指代前面提及的名词，考生如果能巧妙地利用这样的指代关系或根据代词的单复数就可以准确而快速地解题。例 (2018全国卷) Over the years, there have been a number of different techniques to help designers approach this important point. _37_， they can get a
29、 little complex. But good news is that therere really only three kinds of decisions you need to make about color in your home: the small ones, the medium ones, and the large ones.AWhile all of them are usefulBWhatever youre looking forCIf youre experimenting with a colorDSmall color choices are the
30、ones were most familiar withEIts not really a good idea to use too many small color piecesFSo it pays to be sure, because you want to get it right the first timeGColor choices in this range are a step up from the small ones in two major ways分析 解此题可运用代词线索法。空格后的 they 指代上文中的 techniques，且与A 项中的 all of t
31、hem 相呼应，代入 A 项“尽管它们都很有用” ，符合语境，故选 A。84逻辑关系线索法一篇文章往往是一个有机的整体，各部分之间存在着一定的联系。从逻辑意义上来看，句子与句子之间常常有并列、顺承、递进、转折、总分、解释、因果、过渡、例证等关系，有时甚至包含不止一种这样的关系。因此，理解阅读材料时一定要把握文章脉络，弄清其中的逻辑关系。如果文中或选项中出现了逻辑关系词，考生就可以利用其来进行推理判断；如果文中或选项中未出现逻辑关系词，这就需要考生全面理解文章大意，根据上下文语境弄清文章内在的逻辑关系，作出正确的判断。例 1 (2017全国卷) If anyone had told me thr
32、ee years ago that I would be spending most of my weekends camping, I would have laughed heartily.Campers, in my eyes, were people who enjoyed insect bites, illcooked meals, and uncomfortable sleeping bags.They had nothing in common with me._36_The friends who introduced me to camping thought that it
33、 meant to be a pioneer .I was, nevertheless, talked into going on another funfilled holiday in the wilderness .We have done a lot of it since ._40(E)_ It must be true that sooner or later, everyone finds his or her way back to nature.I recommend that you find your way in style.AThis time there was n
34、o tent.BThings are going to be improved.CThe trip they took me on was a rough one.DI was to learn a lot about camping since then, however.EI must say that I have certainly come to enjoy camping.FAfter the trip, my family became quite interested in camping.GThere was no shade as the trees were no mor
35、e than 3 feet tall.分析 解此题可运用逻辑关系线索法。首句“如果三年前有人告诉我我会花大部分的周末时间去野营，我将会开怀大笑”使用了虚拟语气，预示了后面的转折关系。接着讲述了作者过去对野营的看法。由下文可知作者起初和后来对野营的态度不一样。D 项表示“但是，从那时起我就学习了很多关于野营的知识” ，however 与上文构成转折关系，因此是最佳选项。此题的关键是 however 这个逻辑关系词，承上启下，为下文内容作铺垫。例 2 (2016全国卷).Recall (回忆) your childhood memoriesOur model of what a garden sh
36、ould be often goes back to childhood. 9Grandmas rose garden and Dads vegetable garden might be good or bad, but thats not whats important. _39_ how being in those gardens made us feel. If youd like to build a powerful bond with your garden, start by taking some time to recall the gardens of your you
37、th. 40(G). Then go outside and work out a plan to translate your childhood memories into your grownup garden. Have fun.AKnow why you gardenBFind a good place for your own gardenCIts our experience of the garden that mattersDIts delightful to see so many beautiful flowersEStill others may simply enjo
38、y being outdoors and close to plantsFYou can produce that kind of magical quality in your own garden, tooGFor each of those gardens, write down the strongest memory you have分析 解此题可运用逻辑关系线索法。空格前说“但那不是重要的事情” ，由此可推测空格处会指出什么才是重要的，前后为顺承逻辑关系，C 项“我们做园艺工作的体验才是重要的”符合题意。故选 C 项。例 3 (2015全国卷).Unfortunately, wev
39、e all been victims of betrayal. Whether weve been stolen from, lied to, misled, or cheated on, there are different levels of losing trust. Sometimes people simply cant trust anymore. _37_ Its understandable, but if youre willing to build trust in a relationship again, we have some steps you can take
40、 to get you there.ALearn to really trust yourself.BIt is putting confidence in someone.CStop regarding yourself as the victim.DRemember that you can expect the best in return.ETheyve been too badly hurt and they cant bear to let it happen again.FThis knowledge carries over in their attitude toward t
41、heir future relationships.GSeeing the positive side of things doesnt mean youre ignoring what happened.分析 此题从行文逻辑上判断属因果关系。上句意为“有时候，人们简直无法再信任(别人)了” ，而本句应是解释人们无法信任别人的原因。故 E 项符合题意。10课堂应用体验 运用“二步解题法”解答下题(2017全国卷) Interruptions are one of the worst things to deal with while youre trying to get work done.
42、_36_， there are several ways to handle things.Lets take a look at them now._37_.Tell the person youre sorry and explain that you have a million things to do and then ask if the two of you can talk at a different time.When people try to interrupt you, have set hours planned and let them know to come
43、back during that time or that youll find them then._38_.It can help to eliminate (消除) future interruptions.When you need to talk to someone, dont do it in your own office._39_， its much easier to excuse yourself to get back to your work than if you try to get someone out of your space even after exp
44、laining how busy you are.If you have a door to your office, make good use of it._40_.If someone knocks and its not an important matter, excuse yourself and let the person know youre busy so they can get the hint (暗示) that when the door is closed, youre not to be disturbed.AIf youre busy, dont feel b
45、ad about saying noBWhen you want to avoid interruptions at workCSet boundaries for yourself as far as your time goesDIf youre in the other persons office or in a public areaEIts important that you let them know when youll be availableFIt might seem unkind to cut people short when they interrupt youG
46、Leave it open when youre available to talk and close it when youre not方法运用36选 B 本空位于段中，空前是句号，空后是逗号，空处应该是一个承上启下句。本题上文有关键词“Interruptions”和“get work done”，这和选项 B 中的“avoid interruptions”和“at work”属于词汇复现，故应选 B。37选 A 本空位于段首，空处应该是一个主题句。本题下文有关键词“youre sorry”和“have a million things to do”，这和选项 A 中的“saying no
47、”和“busy”属于同义表达，故应选 A。38选 E 本空位于段中，空格前后都是句号，应该是承上启下句。根据空格前后的两个句子，空格前说“当人们试图打扰你时，你要确定好时间，让他们知道什么时候回来找你或者你去找他们” ，空格后说“这样做能帮你消除未来受到打扰的可能” ，空格后11“It”指代空格处的内容，而 E 项“让他们知道你什么时候有空非常重要”与前后句衔接紧密，故应选 E。39选 D 本空位于段中，空前是句号，空后是逗号，空处应为承上启下句。根据上文“dont do it in your own office”可知，空格处与上文之间为转折关系。选项 D 中的“in the other persons office, in a public area”与上文中的“in your own office”在语义上相反，故应选 D。40选 G 本空位于段中，空格前后都是句号，空处应为承上启下句。本题上文关键信息“If you have a door to your office, make good use of it.”与选项 G 中的关键词“Leave it open, close it”等语义相近，其中代词 it 都是指代上文提到的“door” ，故应选 G 项。12
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