1、1第一层级|抓牢“词法”保基本分第一讲 名词和冠词在高考中，语法填空和短文改错重点考查名词的单复数、不可数名词、名词与其他词类的词性转化等。在语法填空和短文改错中，解答有关名词的题目时，一要根据在句中所作的成分确定是否使用名词。名词在句中常用作主语、宾语、表语或定语等。二要根据名词前的数词、量词、冠词等修饰语的情况以及主谓一致原则来确定名词单复数。(一)考点练悟(用所给词的适当形式填空)It was late at night. Two 1._ (German) were sleeping in their room when suddenly, one of them, Mrs. Green
2、, was woken up and found a thief slipping into their room to try his luck. She had three thousand 2._ (dollar) in her pocket. “What should I do? Many 3._ (thief) usually bring 4._ (knife) with them， ” she thought in 5._ (silent). After two 6._ (minute) search, the thief happened to touch a sports su
3、it. It seemed as if he found there was someone in the room, so he went out to the next room where two 7._ (Frenchman) were sleeping. When he was looking for 8._ (money) or some 9._ (jewel) in the next room, Mrs. Green woke up her husband quickly and called the police. And then the thief knew what ha
4、d happened. He was so scared that he took out a knife. Just then the police showed up. Before the thief ran away, the police caught him. For Mrs. Green, it was really an unusual 10._ (experience)答案：1.Germans 2.dollars 3.thieves 4.knives 5.silence 6.minutes 7.Frenchmen 8.money 9.jewels/jewelry 10.exp
5、erience(二)快捷技法思考趋向 解题规则21.填名词的单复数若提示词是名词，分析句子成分后发现词性不需要改变，此时应考虑填名词的单复数。1.不定冠词 a, an 后用名词单数形式。(如题 10)2.有数词或 these, those, several, many, all, both 等词修饰时名词用复数形式。(如题 1,2,3,7,9)3.名词前有 one of 时用名词复数形式。4.如果空格处作主语，且谓语动词是单数形式，则空格处应填名词单数形式；若谓语动词是复数形式，则空格处应填名词复数形式。5.不可数名词没有复数形式。(如题 8)2.填名词的所有格提示词为名词时，如果作定语表示“
6、的” ，则一般考查名词的所有格。(如题 6)1.单数名词和不以 s 结尾的复数名词通常在词尾加s。2.以 s 或 es 结尾的名词复数，形式为 s或 es。3.复合名词中，一般在最后一个词的词尾加s，如 her brotherinlaws character。3.派生为名词作句子的主语、宾语(包括介词的宾语)时，一般设空处填名词。(如题 5)(三)重点强化1可数名词复数的规则变化：(1)一般情况下在词尾直接加s(2)以 s, x, ch, sh 结尾的名词，在词尾加es(3)以辅音字母加 y 结尾的名词，将 y 变为 i，再加es(4)以元音字母加 y 结尾的名词，在词尾直接加s(5)以 o
7、结尾的名词，无生命的常在词尾加s，如 pianos, photos；有生命的在词尾加es，如 potatoes, heroes 等(6)以 f 或 fe 结尾的名词，多数变 f 或 fe 为 v，再加es。如knifeknives，leafleaves (如题 3,4)；少数直接加s，如 roofroofs, gulfgulfs2可数名词复数的不规则变化：(1)单复数同形的名词：sheep, deer, Chinese, Japanese, means (手段), works (工厂), series (系列)等(2)复数形式有特殊变化的名词：criterion 标准criteria mous
8、e 老鼠micephenomenon 现象phenomena foot 脚；英尺feetmedium 传播媒介media child 孩子children(一)考点练悟3下文中共有 6 处错误，每句中最多有一处。请找出并改正。Recently, a famous basketball player has caused public angry by writing on the Great Wall. In fact, this happens in many place of interest. I have some suggestion to solve this problem. F
9、irst, make more poster to inform the public of the damage of graffiti (涂鸦). Besides, punishments, such as a fine, are necessary to tourists with such bad behavior. Also, I think its helpful to put up some boards along the tourist attraction where tourists are permitted to leave messages.Im sure with
10、 our effort, more and more people will become concerned about protecting cultural relics.答案：第一句：angryanger第二句：placeplaces第三句：suggestionsuggestions第四句：posterposters第六句：attractionattractions第七句：effortefforts(二)快捷技法思考趋向 解题规则1.名词的数与格的错用根据名词前的修饰成分或者名词本身，判定名词的数与格是否正确。1.可数名词前由不定冠词 a 或 an 修饰，一般用单数形式，由数词、量词修
11、饰一般用复数形式。2.不可数名词没有复数形式。3.有些词既可用作可数名词也可用作不可数名词，应注意具体语境。4.表示“的”意义时应用所有格形式。2.名词与形容词、名词与动词的错用结合语境分析句子成分，由所充当的句子成分判断词性的正误。1.名词一般在句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语。2.作表语时，与主语构成同位关系一般用名词，形容词一般是对主语的描述。3.在冠词、所有格或介词后一般用名词。冠词是语法填空题的常考点，经常考查不定冠词a，an 和定冠词 the 的基本用法和固定搭配。解答冠词类题目时，首先需要明确设空处是表示特指还是泛指，如果是前者用 the，后者则需要再判断用 a 还是an。短文改错中
12、的冠词类题目，除了判断是表示特指4还是泛指外，还需要注意单数可数名词前必须有冠词。同时对常见的固定搭配中的冠词也要熟练掌握。(一)考点练悟(用冠词填空)When I walked down 1._ Third Avenue, as 2._ rule, I used to look into the windows of 3._ old shop that sold old and beautiful things. Since I often took my walk after the closing time, I cupped my hands against 4._ windows t
13、o get 5._ small look at the treasures inside.Some things looked as if they had not been noticed for 6._ long time, but I knew their beauty was still there beneath their own surface. I even thought they were 7._ most beautiful that I had ever seen. That was how I felt about old people, too. I knew th
14、eir value, and it hurt me when others missed it. I was raised by my grandmother and given 8._ deep sense of the value of experience. Taught to behave well, my sister and I respected other people, regardless of their age or color. My grandmother was loved by all 9._ people around her. She was known t
15、o be 10._ wise and kind woman, who was able to do things well even in her last years.Old people should be treated as fine gold. They may be gradually tarnished (失去光泽) by age, but they can be polished with respect. You might be surprised by their bright and shining qualities.答案：1.the 2.a 3.an 4.the 5
16、.a 6.a 7.the 8.a 9.the 10.a(二)快捷技法 思考趋向如何确定填冠词如果空格后有名词(短语)而且二者搭配在一起表示泛指或特指含义，或者有序数词、最高级、表示特指意义的比较级等形式，那么空格处一般是填冠词。 解题规则如何确定填什么冠词1不定冠词 a/an 的常考点(1)表示泛指，相当于“a certain” 。(如题 3,6,10)(2)表示类指，指某类中的“任何一个” 。(3)表示量指，但数的概念没有 one 强烈。(4)表示“每” ，相当于 per，用于价格、速度、频率等表达中。(5)考查固定搭配中的不定冠词。(如题 2,6)(6)和具有某些特征、状态或情感的抽象名词
17、连用表示具体的概念。(如题 5,8)2定冠词 the 的常考点5(1)特指某人或某物。(如题 4,9)(2)用于最高级或序数词前或由 only, very, same 等修饰的名词前。(如题 1,7)(3)和形容词、过去分词连用，表示一类人或事物。(4)用在“逢十”的年代前，表示“在某世纪几十年代” 。(5)定冠词常用在一些固定搭配中。(一)考点练悟下文中共有 8 处错误，每句中最多有两处。请找出并改正。Zhou Yan is the Senior Three student. Last week, he went to see doctor because his arms and fing
18、ers hurt. The doctor told him a fact that he had an “mobile phone disease”. Zhou sent messages to his friends with his mobile phone all time, even in bed. Zhou started to do badly in all a exams because he spent so much time on his mobile phone. He didnt stop using a mobile phone until his arms hurt
19、. Yang Ling, who is a expert from a health center, said students should try to use their mobile phones less, especially at school. 答案：第一句：thea第二句：doctor 前加 a第三句：athe; ana第四句：all 后加 the第五句：athe第六句：athe第七句：第一个 aan(二)快捷技法 思考趋向1决定冠词对与错的关键在于它和后面的名词在意思上是否构成了一种正确的搭配关系，这种搭配在句中是否合情、合理、合“法” ，这应该是思维的第一步。那么，是泛指
20、还是特指就成为验证正确与否的重要标准。2如果在句中出现含有名词的短语或固定搭配时，一定要警惕冠词的多余或缺失。在固定搭配中，有的用不定冠词 a/an，有的用定冠词 the，而有的则不带任何冠词，如：in a hurry, as a result; on the contrary, in (the) charge of; at first, in fact 等等，这些都需要我们平时加强记忆和积累。 解题规则1冠词的错用(1)a 和 an 的错用。元音音素前用 an，辅音音素前用 a。6(2)不定冠词和定冠词的错用。表示特指时用定冠词 the；表示泛指时用不定冠词 a(n)。注意固定搭配中冠词的使
21、用情况。2冠词的缺失与多余(1)单数可数名词前冠词的缺失。一般来说，单数可数名词前应有相应的冠词，表示泛指用 a(n)，表示特指用 the。(2)冠词的多余。可数名词复数或不可数名词表示泛指意义时不用冠词。除此之外，还要注意常用固定搭配中冠词的缺失与多余。课堂应用体验 .语法填空(2018武汉调研)The energy that so many outsiders feel when they are in China comes not just from the hurrying footsteps that can _1_ (see) everywhere. It also comes
22、from a sense that it is used for something bigger.A few years ago, I interviewed Zhang Xin, a young man from a _2_ (deep) poor agricultural province in central China. His parents were wheat _3_ (farmer) and lived in a tiny oneroom house next to the fields. He _4_ (graduate) from Tsinghua University
23、and gotten a job as a software engineer at Huawei. His success, Zhang told me one day, had changed his family forever, _5_ (keep) his families away from hard labor forever. Not his parents. Not his children. That kind of life was over.Multiply that young mans story by millions, _6_ you will get a se
24、nse that this once very backward society has become _7_ forwardlooking country. A smart American who lived in China for years put it this way: “China is making a great effort to become _8_ it has not yet become. It is upwardly mobile, proudly so.”Proudly so, because as Zhang understood, hard work to
25、day means a much _9_ (good) life decades from now for _10_ (he) later generations and the country.语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。作者通过采访一位出身贫苦、清华大学毕业的张先生，说明了知识能够改变命运、改变家庭。1be seen 考查被动语态。that 引导的是定语从句，修饰先行词 footsteps，并且在从句中作主语；定语从句中主语与动词 see 之间是被动关系，所以要用被动语态；因空前为情态动词 can，故填 be seen。2deeply 考查副词。空处修饰形容词 poor，要用副词。deep
26、 作副词讲时意为“在深处，深深地” ；deeply 作副词讲时，意为“非常” ，根据语境可知，此处应填 deeply。3farmers 考查名词复数。他的父母都是种植小麦的农民，根据语境可知空处应用7名词；再根据空前的 His parents were 可知，空处应用名词复数。4had graduated 考查动词时态。根据 and 之后的 gotten 可知，这里要用完成时；大学毕业的动作是在“interviewed”这个过去的动作之前发生的，所以要用过去完成时。5keeping 考查非谓语动词。keep 与主语 His success 之间是逻辑上的主动关系，故此处用现在分词短语作状语，对
27、谓语动词 had changed 进行补充说明。6and 考查连词。此处是“祈使句and陈述句”固定句型，故空处应填 and。7a 考查冠词。此处泛指一个国家，要用不定冠词，且 forwardlooking 的发音以辅音音素开头，故用不定冠词 a。8what 考查名词性从句。空处引导表语从句，并在表语从句中作 become 的宾语，表示“什么” ，所以要用 what。9better 考查形容词的比较级。根据空前的 much，并结合语境可知，此处要用比较级。10his 考查代词。空处作定语，修饰后面的名词 later generations，所以要用形容词性物主代词。.短文改错(2018贵阳监测
28、)There was a farmer who sell a pound of butter to a baker. One day the baker decided to weigh the butter to see that he was getting a pound and he was found that he was not. This angered him and he took the farmer from court. The judge asked farmer if he was using any measure. The farmer replied, “Y
29、our Honor, I am innocently. I dont have a proper measure, and I do have a scale (秤) ” The judge asked, “Then how do you weigh the butter？” The farmer replied, “Your Honor, long before the baker started buying butter from me, I have been buying a pound of breads from him.Every day when the baker brings the bread, I put it on the scale and give her the same weight of butter. If anyone was to blame, it is the baker.”答案：第一句：sellsold第二句：thatif/whether; 去掉第二个 was第三句：fromto第四句：asked 后加 the第五句：innocentlyinnocent第六句：andbut第八句：breadsbread第九句：herhim第十句：wasis8
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