2019高考英语语法突破四大篇第一部分专题2非谓语动词讲义.doc

1、1专题 2 非谓语动词非谓语动词的形式及句法功能种类 时态 主动 被动 主语 宾语 宾补 表语 定语 状语一般式 to do to be done进行式 to be doing不定式完成式 to have doneto have been done 一般式 doing being done动名词完成式 having donehaving been done 一般式 doing being done现在完成式 having donehaving been done 分词过去一般式done(vi.)表完成done(vt.)表被动与完成 非谓语动词的核心考点1.非谓语动词作状语(1)不定式作状语表示

2、目的I stopped the car to take a short break as I was feeling tired.不定式作结果状语表示出乎意料的结果，动词不定式前常加 only。2George returned after the war，only to be told that his wife had left him.(2)现在分词作状语一般式 doing表示动作和谓语动作同时或几乎同时发生，与句子的主语是主动关系。The sun began to rise in the sky，bathing the mountain in golden light.(主动关系)完成式

3、 having done表示动作发生在谓语动作之前。I got to the office earlier that day，having caught the 7：30 train from Paddington.被动式 having been done表示动作发生在谓语动作之前，与句子的主语是被动关系。Having been asked to work overtime that evening，I missed a wonderful film.(被动意义，非谓语动词的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前)(3)过去分词作状语过去分词作状语时，与句子主语之间是被动关系。Seen from the

4、top of the mountain，the city is very beautiful.(被动关系)2.非谓语动词作定语(1)现在分词作定语现在分词(短语)作定语与所修饰的名词之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系，表示该动作的主动和进行。Laura was away in Paris for over a week.When she got home，there was a pile of mails waiting for her.(2)不定式作定语不定式作定语表示未做的事情。His first book to be published next month is based on a true

5、 story.不定式作定语的特殊用法：下列词语后常接不定式作定语：chance，right，courage，promise，time，opportunity，way，the first，the second，the last，the only 等。不定式作定语和所修饰的名词在逻辑上有主谓关系。There is no one to look after her.不定式与被修饰的名词在逻辑上有动宾关系。She is now looking for a room to live in.3(3)过去分词作定语过去分词(短语)作定语与它所修饰的名词在逻辑上有被动关系，表示该动作的被动或完成。You ca

6、nnot accept an opinion offered to you unless it is based on facts.His first book published last month is based on a true story.注意：表示心理状态的动词-ing 形式，意为“令人的” ；动词-ed 形式，意为“(人)感到的” ，也可修饰体现内心感受的 look，expression，tears，smile，voice 等名词。3.非谓语动词作宾语(1)动词afford，promise，refuse，expect，hope，learn，offer，wish，want，fa

7、il，plan，agree，forget，like，prefer，decide，manage，try，arrange，determine，desire 等后面接不定式作宾语；动词 come，get，grow 后接不定式作宾语时，意为“逐渐地” 。David refused to accept my invitation.She has a hot temper，but you will grow to like her.注意：下列单词或短语后可接“疑问词不定式”作宾语：teach，decide，wonder，show，learn，forget，ask，find out，advise，discu

8、ss 等。I dont know how to deal with this kind of matter.(2)动词 admit，appreciate，avoid，consider(考虑)，delay，dislike，enjoy，escape，excuse，finish，imagine，keep，mind，miss，practise，risk，resist，suggest 等后要接动名词作宾语。Bill suggested holding a meeting on what to do for the Expo during the vacation.动词短语 cant stand， giv

9、e up，feel like，keep on，insist on，look forward to，put off，devote.to，object to，be busy (in)，get down to，have difficulty/trouble (in)， have a good/wonderful/hard time (in)，have fun等后要接动名词作宾语。I had great difficulty (in) finding the suitable food on the menu in that restaurant.介词后要接动名词作宾语，如 what about，ho

10、w about，be fond of，be good at等的介词后接动名词。注意 on/upon doing sth.as soon as 引导的从句，作此意讲时on/upon后也可以接名词。On his arrival/On arriving at the station，he found the train had just started.注意：表示一种倾向多接动名词作宾语；表示某一特定的或具体的行动，多接不定式作宾语。I like listening to music，but today I dont like to.4want，require，need 表“需要”讲，后用不定式时，

11、要用其被动形式；用动名词时，用其主动形式(表被动意义)。The patient required to be examined.The patient required examining.4.非谓语动词作主语(1)动名词作主语Hearing how others react to the book you have just read creates an added pleasure.It is no use crying over spilt milk.(动名词短语作主语，it 作形式主语)(2)不定式作主语To see is to believe.Seeing is believing

12、.It is important to respect people.(不定式短语作主语，it 作形式主语)5.非谓语动词作宾补(1)分词作补语的区别现在分词作宾补的两大特征：一是宾语与现在分词有主谓关系；二是现在分词所表示的动作正在进行。可接现在分词作宾补的动词(短语)常见的有：have，see，hear，find，get，leave，notice，watch，keep，start，set，catch，smell，feel，send，listen to，look at 等。I looked up and noticed a snake winding its way up the tree

13、to catch its breakfast.I wont have you speaking to your dad like that.I heard an English song being sung by a little girl when I passed by her room yesterday.(被动，正在进行)过去分词作宾补的两大特征：一是及物动词的过去分词作宾补与宾语有动宾关系；二是不及物动词的过去分词作宾补与宾语有主谓关系，多用来表示动作已完成。可接过去分词作宾补的动词有：have，see，hear，find，leave，want，make 等。Claire had

14、her luggage checked an hour before her plane left.I was surprised to find my hometown changed so much.(2)不定式作补语接带 to的不定式作宾补，此类动词(短语)有：advise，allow，ask，cause，command，encourage，expect，forbid，force，get，invite，leave，like，mean，order，permit，persuade，prefer，request，tell，want，warn，wish，call on，depend on/upo

15、n，long for，wait for 等。I didnt mean you to hear it.5Were all longing for the new term to begin.接不带 to的不定式作宾补的动词(短语)有：make，have，let 等使役动词以及see，watch，notice，observe，look at，feel，hear，listen to等感官动词。如果这些动词或短语用于被动语态，则 to不可省略。动词 help后的不定式符号 to可以省略，也可以保留。Let those in need understand that we will go all out

16、 to help them.She was seen to enter the managers office ten minutes ago.(3)with宾语宾补The man felt very happy with so many children sitting around him.John received an invitation to dinner，and with his work finished，he gladly accepted it.With a lot of difficult problems to settle，the newly-elected pres

17、ident is having a hard time.6.非谓语动词作表语(1)动名词作表语时，说明主语的内容。The queens work is laying eggs.(2)不定式作表语时，说明主语尚未发生的动作，或表示将来的动作。His ambition is to go to Harvard University.注意：现在分词或过去分词作表语时，通常为分词化的形容词。1.缺少非谓语动词的主动与被动意识Error!Error!2.缺少搭配意识Error!Error!3.缺少前后主语一致意识(误)Before handing in your test paper，it is nece

18、ssary to go over the whole paper.(正)Before handing in your test paper，you should go over the whole paper.6(正)Before you hand in your test paper，you should go over the whole paper.4.缺少结构意识Error!Error!考向 1 作宾语或补足语.单句语法填空1.I quickly lower myself， ducking my head to avoid looking(look) directly into his

19、 eyes.(2018全国)解析 动词 avoid后要接动名词作宾语。此处表示避免直接看他的眼睛，故用 looking。2.Once his message was delivered，he allowed me to stay (stay) and watch.(2018全国)解析 固定短语 allow sb.to do sth.允许某人做某事，应该用 to stay作宾补。3.I need a new passport so I will have to have my photograph taken(take).(2018天津)解析 句意为：我需要一个新护照，所以我得去让人给我拍照片。

20、本题考查非谓语动词作宾语补足语，宾语 my photograph与 take之间为被动关系，故用过去分词作宾语补足语。4.Fat and salt are very important parts of a diet.They are required to process(process) the food that we eat，to recover from injury and for several other bodily functions. (2017全国)解析 require sth./sb.to do sth.需要某物/某人做某事，此处用其被动语态结构，所以填动词不定式 t

21、o process作主语补足语。5.Fast food is full of fat and salt；by eating(eat) more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet.(2017全国)解析 表示方式的介词 by之后接动名词作宾语。6.This included digging up the road，laying(lay) the track and then building a strong roof over the top.(2017全国)解析 included 后

22、的 dig，lay，build 是三个并列的动作，根据 digging及 building可知，lay 也应用动名词形式作 included的宾语。7.But Sarah，who has taken part in shows along with top models，wants to prove(prove) that she has brains as well as beauty.(2017全国)解析 want to do sth.想要做某事，动词不定式作 want的宾语。78.In addition to their simple beauty，what makes the adob

23、e dwellings admirable is their ability to “air condition” a house without using(use) electric equipment.(2015全国)解析 介词 without之后的动词要用动名词形式。.单句改错(每小题仅有 1处错误)1.My grandpa said last summer they earned quite a lot by the sellsellingfish.(2018全国)解析 此处用动名词作介词 by的宾语。2.As a kid，I loved to watch cartoons，but

24、no matter how many times I asked to them，my parents would not let me.(2018全国)watchingwatch解析 ask to do sth.要求做某事。3.When summer comes，they will invite their students pick the fresh tovegetables！(2017全国)解析 invite sb.to do sth.邀请某人做某事。4.We can choose between staying at home and a trip.(2016全国)taketakin

25、g解析 此处为 between.and.结构，连接动名词短语作宾语，故此处也要用动名词形式，与前面保持一致。5.The position of the classroom with its view made me like I was feltfeeldreaming.(2015浙江)解析 make 后跟复合宾语，当宾补为动词且与宾语之间为逻辑上的主谓关系时，用动词原形。考向 2 作主语或表语.单句语法填空1.It took him a long time to acquire(acquire) the skills he needed to become a good dancer.(20

26、18天津)解析 句意为：他花了很长时间才获得成为一名好舞者所需要的各项技能。考查动词不定式作主语。在 It takes/took sb.some time to do sth.句型中，it 作形式主语，不定式短语作真正的主语。2.Traveling(travel) along the old Silk Road is an interesting and rewarding 8experience.(2018北京)解析 句意为：沿着古丝绸之路旅行是一次既有趣又有意义的经历。 “ along the old Silk Road”作主语，要用动名词。.单句改错(每小题仅有 1处错误)1.In th

27、eir spare time，they are in planting vegetables in their interestinginterestedgarden，which is on the rooftop of their house. (2017全国)解析 interesting 意为“有趣的” ，多指事物；interested 意为“感兴趣的” ，多指人。该句的主语是 they，故用 interested作表语。be interested in 意为“对感兴趣” 。2. tea in the late afternoon provides a bridge between lun

28、ch and HaveHavingdinner，which might not be served until 8 oclock at night.(2013新课标全国)解析 分析句式结构可知句子的主语应为 Have tea in the late afternoon这部分，动词原形不能作句子的主语，所以应该用动名词形式作主语。考向 3 作定语单句语法填空1.But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s，when I was the first Western TV report

29、er permitted(permit) to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.(2016全国)解析 因为句中已有谓语动词 was，故此处要用非谓语动词形式。因 permit与 reporter之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，所以用过去分词形式作后置定语。2.For 25 days，she never left her baby，not even to find something to eat(eat)！(2016四川)解析 不定式 to eat作定语，修饰前面的不定代词 someth

30、ing。句意为：25 天中，她寸步不离她的孩子，甚至不去找东西吃！3.Abercrombie&Kent，a travel company in Hong Kong，says it regularly arranges quick getaways here for people living(live) in Shanghai and Hong Kong.(2015全国)解析 句中已有谓语动词 arranges，故应考虑此处填非谓语动词。由于 live与其所修饰的名词 people之间为逻辑上的主谓关系，故用表示主动意义的现在分词形式作定语。4.A study of travelers con

31、ducted(conduct) by the website TripAdvisor names Yangshuo as one of the top 10 destinations in the world.(2015全国)解析 句意为：TripAdvisor 网站进行的一项对于旅行者的调查把阳朔列为世界十佳旅游目的地之一。根据句意和句子结构可知，study 与 conduct构成逻辑上的被动关系，故此9处应该使用过去分词作定语，修饰名词 study。考向 4 作状语.单句语法填空1.The government encourages farmers to grow corn instead

32、 of rice to improve(improve) water quality.(2018全国)解析 句意为：为了改善水质，政府鼓励农民种植玉米而不是大米。没有连词而且谓语动词是 encourages，故 improve应该用非谓语动词。此处用不定式作目的状语。故填 to improve。2.Ordinary soap，used(use) correctly，can deal with bacteria effectively.(2018北京)解析 因为句子中已有谓语动词，故此处要用非谓语动词形式。句子的主语与 use之间是被动关系，因此应该用过去分词作状语，used correctly

33、相当于 if it is used correctly这个条件状语从句的省略形式。句意为：普通的肥皂，如果使用得当，可以有效地清除细菌。3.Around 13,500 new jobs were created during the period，exceeding(exceed) the expected number of 12,000 held by market analysts.(2018江苏)解析 句意为：在这段时期创造了大约 13 500个新工作，超过了市场分析家认为的 12 000的预期数字。were created是谓语，因此 exceed只能用非谓语动词形式，句子的主语与

34、exceed之间为主动关系，因此用现在分词形式作伴随状语。4.Sixteen years earlier，Pahlsson had removed the diamond ring to cook(cook) a meal.(2017浙江)解析 Pahlsson 当时摘掉钻戒的目的是为了做饭，故用动词不定式作目的状语。5.Skilled workers also combine various hardwoods and metal to create(create) special designs.(2016全国)解析 句中已有谓语 combine，故此处应考虑填非谓语动词，combine

35、various hardwoods and metal的目的是 to create special designs，故填动词不定式作目的状语。6.The Chinese have used chopsticks for five thousand years.People probably cooked their food in large pots，using(use) twigs(树枝) to remove it.(2016全国)解析 第二句中已有谓语 cooked，且无其他连词，use 与主句主语存在主动关系，故填现在分词形式作方式状语。.单句改错(每小题仅有 1处错误)101.Eve

36、ryone was silent， to see who would be called upon to read his or waitwaitingher paragraph aloud.(2018全国)解析 分析句子结构可知，was 为谓语动词，主语 everyone与 wait之间为主谓关系，故用现在分词作状语。2.I might have to retire again next year just get some more of these tobiscuits.(2015陕西)解析 句意为：我也许明年得再退休一次，只是为了能得到更多的饼干。故此处用动词不定式表示目的。考向 5

37、固定搭配.单句语法填空1.But unlike her school friends,16-year-old Sarah is not spending half-term resting(rest).(2017全国)解析 spend time (in) doing sth.为固定搭配。2.If you find something you love doing outside of the office，youll be less likely to bring(bring) your work home.(2016全国)解析 固定表达 be likely to do.很可能做某事。3.Wh

38、en a new day breaks，the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough to cool(cool) the house during the hot day；at the same time，they warm up again for the night.(2015全国)解析 “形容词enough动词不定式”为常用句式。.单句改错(每小题仅有 1处错误)1.The instructor kept repeating the words， “Speed up！” “Slow down！” “left！”Tur

39、ningTurn(2017全国)解析 根据前面教练发出的两个指令可知，这三个属于并列结构，都是祈使句，都以动词原形开头。2.Weve been spending a lot of time in karaoke bars.(2015四川)singsinging解析 spend time (in) doing sth.花费时间做某事，为固定搭配。11.单句语法填空1.He suddenly appeared in class one day，wearing(wear) sunglasses.2.She wished that he was as easy to please(please) as

40、 her mother，who was always delighted with perfume.3.Built(build) in 1192，the bridge is over 800 years old.4.Collecting(collect) stamps seems to be his main hobby.5.I didnt talk much to the man sitting(sit) next to me.6.Weather permitting(permit)，well have an outing tomorrow.单句改错(每小题仅有 1处错误)1.I also

41、shared with my friends many photos in Beijing.takingtaken2.Well，I had better to stop now.3.I look forward to her again in the near future.seeseeing4. hungry，we built a fire by the lake and barbecued a fish.FeltFeeling5.We should find ways to reuse the water in washing.usingused.语法填空(非谓语动词专练)There is

42、 a wonderful story about a young girl who had no family and no one 1.to love(love) her.One day,2.feeling(feel) very sad and lonely，she was walking through a grassland when she noticed a small butterfly 3.caught(catch) in a thorny bush.The young girl carefully released the butterfly.Instead of 4.flyi

43、ng(fly) away，the little butterfly changed into a beautiful fairy.“In return for your wonderful kindness， ”the good fairy said to the girl， “I will give you any wish that you would like 5.to get(get).”The little girl thought for a moment and then replied， “I want to be happy.”6.Leaning(lean) toward h

44、er，the fairy whispered in her ear and then disappeared.With the little girl 7.growing(grow) up，there was no one in the land happier than she was.Everyone wanted to make themselves 8.told(tell) the secret of happiness by her.She would only smile and answer， “The secret of my happiness is that I liste

45、ned to a good fairy when I was a little girl.”When she was dying，the neighbors all gathered around her,9.fearing(fear) 12that her unbelievable secret of happiness would die with her.So they begged her 10.to tell(tell) them what the good fairy said.The lovely old woman simply smiled and said， “She told me that everyone，no matter how old or young，how rich or poor，had need of me.”