2019高考英语语法突破四大篇第二部分专题1名词讲义.doc

1、1名词名词、形容词和副词在语法填空中的考查在语法填空中，对于名词的考查主要涉及可数名词的复数、名词的所有格以及词形变换；形容词和副词相关的词形变换以及形容词和副词的比较等级考查较为频繁。应对策略1.首先要弄清名词的数与格，即名词是否该用复数，是否要用所有格；其次，注意有关名词的构词法，即有关名词的词形变换。2.作表语(系动词之后)、定语(修饰名词)或宾语补足语(表性质状态)时，通常用形容词形式。注意常考动词分词的形容词化，其形容词的形式有：-ing 结尾的和-ed 结尾的两种。3.若括号中所给的是形容词或副词，有可能考查其比较等级或最高级；注意 than 或比较级的修饰词等标志性词或上下文中暗

2、含的比较；其次还要注意一些特殊句式，如：the比较级.，the比较级.， “否定词(cant/couldnt)比较级”表示最高级等。名词、形容词和副词在短文改错中的考查短文改错中对于名词的考查最可能考查名词的数与格；其次名词的考查还会涉及词形变换方面的错误。对于形容词和副词的考查主要涉及词性混乱或错用(含-ed 形容词与-ing形容词之间的误用)、修饰词错用或多余以及比较等级的误用等方面。应对策略1.遇到名词首先注意区分它是可数名词还是不可数名词；其次还可以根据名词前的修饰语或谓语动词的单复数来判断。此外，还要注意名词的所有格以及名词的句法功能，判断是否存在词性转换方面的错误。2.对于形容词和

3、副词的考查，注意以下几点：(1)作定语、表语、补语，用形容词；(2)作状语，修饰动词、形容词、副词、全句，用副词；(3)注意比较级与最高级的比较对象或范围；单音节形容词的比较级前，不可再加 more；(4)注意 many，much，(a) few，(a) little；very，so，(n)ever，hardly 等修饰词的用法。专题 1 名词框架结构图2名词的分类个体名词 表示单个人或物的名词可数名词集体名词 表示若干个人或物的名词物质名词 表示无法分为个体的物质、材料的名词普通名词不可数名词抽象名词表示性质、状态、行为、情感、心理等抽象概念的名词专有名词表示洲、国、地、人名等表示团体、机构

4、、组织、节日、报刊、朝代等的名称名词的核心考点1.可数名词的数这里主要讲其不规则变化。(1)单、复数同形。如：means，aircraft，deer，fish，Chinese，Japanese，sheep，works(工厂)。(2)合成名词的复数。如：boyfriendboyfriends，go-betweengo-betweens(中间人)，grown-upgrown-ups；passer-bypassers-by，looker-onlookers-on；woman doctorwomen doctors。(3)只有复数形式的名词。此类名词往往以复数形式出现，表示“衣服” “工具”等的总称，

5、不能用具体的数字修饰，也不能加不定冠词 a/an，但可以用 a pair of/two pairs of，many 等修饰。如：clothes 衣服，tights 紧身裤，jeans 牛仔裤，pajamas 睡衣，pants(长)裤子，shorts 短裤，socks 短袜，stockings 长袜，trousers 裤子，glasses 眼镜，chopsticks 筷子，compasses 圆规，pincers 钳子，scissors 剪刀，scales 天平等；另外一类总是以复数形式出现，但不能用具体的数字修饰，也不能用 a/an，a pair of 等修饰，只能用 many，a great

6、 many, a lot of 等修饰。如：belongings 所有物，congratulations 祝贺，contents 目录，earnings 收入，fireworks 烟火，goods 商品，leavings 剩余物，pains 辛劳，spirits 情绪，savings 积蓄，stairs 楼梯，surroundings 环境，wages 工资，arms 武器等。(4)集体名词的数。有些集体名词通常只用作复数，如：people，cattle，police；有些名3词只用作单数，如：machinery，furniture，mankind，jewellery；有些名词既可用作单数又可

7、用作复数，单数看作整体，复数看作集体的各个成员。如：The crew is large.船员人数很多(指整体)。The crew are all tired.船员们都累坏了(指个体)。2.不可数名词的数(1)一般说来抽象名词为不可数名词，但当抽象名词表示具体的东西时，可用作可数名词且词义发生变化，主要类型如下：抽象名词表示具有某种特性、状态、感情情绪的人或事。抽象名词(不可数) 具体化(表达个体概念时，是可数名词)in surprise 惊讶地 a surprise 一件令人惊讶的事win success 获得成功 a success 一个(件)成功的人(事)win honour 赢得荣誉 a

8、n honour 一个 (件)引起尊敬的人(事)failure 失败 a failure 一个(件)失败的人(事)by experience 靠经验 an experience 一次经历with pleasure 乐意 a pleasure 一件乐事抽象名词与 a(n)连用，淡化了抽象概念，转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。A knowledge of English is a must in international trade.Would you like to have a walk (swim，bath，talk) with me?It is a waste of time r

9、eading such a novel.She made an apology to her mother for her wrong doings.(2)有些物质名词是不可数名词，但表示数量或种类时，可以用作可数名词。如：some coffee 一些咖啡，a coffee 一杯咖啡，three coffees 三杯咖啡；some drink一些饮料，a drink 一杯饮料， three drinks 三杯饮料； his hair 他的头发，a few grey hairs 几根白发；glass 玻璃，a glass 一只玻璃杯。3.名词所有格(1)-s 所有格the boys mother

10、，the childrens toys，the teachers books，Lucy and Lilys bedroom(共用)，Lucys and Lilys bedrooms(各自的)(2)“of名词”所有格the roof of the house，the cover of the book，the name of the girl，a picture of my father(3)双重所有格a friend of my brothers(one of my brothers friends)，a picture of my 4fathers(one of my fathers pic

11、tures)(4)-s 所有格的特殊表示形式有：用于表示人的名词或表集体、机构的名词后，如：Toms home，the doctors，the companys new factory 等。用于表示时间、距离、价格、重量等的名词后，如：todays newspaper，five minutes walk(drive)，five pounds weight，ten dollars worth of coffee。用于表示国家、世界、城市等地方的名词后，如：the worlds population，Chinas industry，New Yorks parks。(5)所有格的句法功能表所有关系

12、Jacks brother表主谓关系 Mr Wangs praise表动宾关系 the famous stars admirers表修饰关系 a doctors degree表同位关系(只用 of 所有格)the city of Beijing4.名词的功能(1)可作主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语Mary is to meet you at the airport.My brother is a worker.He bought a new book.We made him monitor of our class.(2)作定语英语中有些名词没有其对应的同根形容词，这些名词可以直接用来作定语修饰

13、另一个名词。分类意义air pollution 空气污染coffee cup 咖啡杯body language 身体语言road accident 交通事故the Nobel Prize 诺贝尔奖时间、地点、称呼等Doctor Jack 杰克医生Professor Li 李教授evening school 夜校winter sleep 冬眠5表目的、来源、材料、所属意义reception desk 接待台sports field 田径场stone table 石桌color TV 彩电(3)作状语名词作状语多为表时间或距离等概念的名词。The war lasted eight years.(4

14、)作同位语Tom，our monitor，left school last year.1.书面表达中对于复数名词易疏漏-s 或-esError!Error!2.部分名词的复数变化错误如：familys，knifes，difficultys，pianoes，heros，woman doctors，tooths，childrens，medias。3.部分词性易混作名词动词误作名词 形容词误作名词动词 名词 形容词 名词succeed success honest honestyaffect effect healthy health4.可数与不可数名词混淆不可数 可数take action tak

15、e measuressome advicesome suggestionstake exercise eye exercisesmake progress make mistakesinformation contributions6考向 1 名词的数与格.单句语法填空1.Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 which showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and

16、early deaths from all causes(cause).(2018全国)解析 cause 表示“原因，起因”时是可数名词，前面有 all，故填 cause 的复数形式。2.Making Chinese dishes(dish) is seen as especially troublesome.(2018浙江)解析 中式菜肴有很多种，故此处用 dish 的复数形式。3.This trend has had some unintended side effects(effect) such as overweight and heart disease. (2017全国)解析 s

17、ide effect 副作用，由前面的 some 和下文中的两个例子 overweight and heart disease 可知名词 effect 用复数形式 effects。4.In 1863 the first underground passenger railway in the world opened in London.It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible crowds(crowd) on the roads above as they travelled to

18、and from work.(2017全国)解析 crowd 是可数名词，且前面没有限定词，故应用复数形式。5.She has turned down several invitations(invitation) to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies.(2017全国)解析 several 几个，其后的可数名词要用复数形式。6.Last October，while tending her garden in Mora，Sweden，Lena Pahlsson pulled out a handful of small c

19、arrots(carrot) and was about to throw them away.(2017浙江)解析 a handful of 一把，几个，后接可数名词的复数形式。a handful of carrots 几个胡萝卜。7.The nursery team switches him every few days(day) with his sister so that while one is being bottle-fed，the other is with mumshe never suspects.(2016全国)解析 few 用来修饰可数名词复数，故答案为 days。e

20、very few days 每隔几天。8.Recent studies(study) show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks regularly.(2016全国)7解析 根据后面的谓语动词 show 可知，主语应该是复数形式。.单句改错(每小题仅有 1 处错误)1.The classroom is a place for learning and that includes learning from textbooks，and as well.(2018全国)mistakemistakes解析

21、mistake 是可数名词，此处所指的“错误”不止一个，应用复数形式。2.When I was little， night was our family game night.(2018全国)FridaysFriday解析 Friday morning/afternoon/night 星期五的上午/下午/晚上。3.After supper，we would play card games of all in the sitting room. sortsorts(2018全国)解析 of all sorts 各种各样的。4.The instructor kept repeating the ，

22、 “Speed up！” “Slow down！” “Turn wordwordsleft！”(2017全国)解析 根据后面引号内的内容可知 word 应该用复数形式 words。5.Besides，they often get some useful from the Internet.(2017全informationsinformation国)解析 information 是不可数名词，没有复数形式。6.If we go on a trip abroad，we can broaden our view and gain we knowledgesknowledgecannot get f

23、rom books.(2016全国)解析 knowledge 为不可数名词，没有复数形式。7.The teenage from 13 to 19 were the most difficult time for me.(2016全yearyears国)8.The we breathe in is getting dirtier and dirtier.(2015全国)airsair解析 由后面的定语从句 we breathe in 可知，此处先行词的意思是“空气” ，air 当“空气”讲时为不可数名词。句中的 be 动词 is 也是提示。故把 airs 改为 air。9.As I told y

24、ou last time，I made three new here.(2015四川)friendfriends解析 名词 friend 为可数名词，其前有 three 修饰，需要用复数形式，故把 friend 改成friends。810.My old classroom was interesting because three of the classroom were sidesidesmade of glass.(2015浙江)解析 名词 side 为可数名词，且前面有 three 修饰，故 side 要用复数形式 sides。考向 2 词形变换之名词.单句语法填空1.My name

25、is Mireya Mayor.Im a scientist(science) who studies animals such as apes and monkeys.(2018全国)解析 由空后的 who 可知，定语从句的先行词是表示人的名词。scientist 科学家。2.This switch has decreased pollution(pollute) in the countrys major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.(2018全国)解析 decrease 降低，减少，后接名词作

26、宾语，pollute 的名词形式是 pollution。3.Researchers have found that there is a direct link between the increase in food eaten outside the home and the rise in weight(weigh) problems.(2018浙江)解析 此处应用名词作定语修饰 problems，weight problems 意为“体重问题” 。4.This development was only possible with the introduction(introduce)

27、of electric-powered engines and lifts.(2017全国)解析 空格前是 the，其后接名词。introduce 的名词形式是 introduction。5.She is determined to carry on with her education(educate).(2017全国)解析 形容词性物主代词 her 应该用来修饰名词，educate 的名词形式是 education。6.Chengdu has dozens of new millionaires，Asias biggest building，and fancy new hotels.But

28、 for tourists like me，pandas are its top attraction(attract).(2016全国)解析 空格前有形容词和物主代词，因此要用名词形式。7.Then，handle the most important tasks first so youll feel a real sense of achievement(achieve).(2016全国)解析 介词 of 后要用名词作宾语。固定表达 a sense of achievement 成就感。8.Some people think that the great Chinese scholar C

29、onfucius，who lived from roughly 551 to 479 B.C.，influenced the development(develop) of chopsticks.(2016全国)解析 空前有冠词，此处应用名词作动词的宾语。9.In addition to their simple beauty，what makes the adobe dwellings admirable 9is their ability(able) to “air condition” a house without using electric equipment.(2015全国)解析

30、 形容词性物主代词 their 之后应当用名词，故将 able 转化为其名词形式 ability。.单句改错(每小题仅有 1 处错误)1.My uncle tells me that the key to his success is .(2016全国)honesthonesty解析 由句意“他成功的关键是诚信”可知应当用名词形式。2.This made for the in the porcelain industry.(2013新课标全国)growgrowth解析 定冠词 the 后面应跟名词形式，故 grow 应改为 growth。.单句语法填空1.He had witnessed to

31、o many deaths(die) and wounds at the Battle of Solferino in Italy four years earlier，in which 40,000 people were killed，wounded or missing.2.Apples new machine，the Lisa，proved to be an expensive failure(fail).3.I ran into my neighbor，Dennis，yesterday afternoon.He asked if I wanted two tickets to the

32、 theater.He had season tickets but couldnt go to this performance(perform).4.Tourism should also advance the wealth and happiness(happy) of local inhabitants.5.These people have made great contributions(contribute) to China with their work.6.They get advice from “strangers(strange)”.When they need a

33、dvice，they dont usually go to people they know.7.My first impression(impress) of him was that he was a kind and thoughtful young man.8.Those who suffer from headache will find they get relief(relieve) from this medicine.9.Why do you choose to work in an international travel agency?Well，you know，Engl

34、ish is my strength(strong).So it is my best choice.10.I made a decision(decide) to look at the flight monitors to see if there was an earlier flight to San Francisco.10.单句改错(每小题仅有 1 处错误)1.Within the next few ，my grandfather also caught a fish.minuteminutes2.You told me the of different plants and th

35、eir characteristics.namenames3.Mom，I know I have never expressed my to you before.thankthanks4.The food was wonderful with reasonable prices，and we enjoyed several local .dishdishes5.Another way is to watch our everyday use of water and at home.electricelectricity6.From the time I was about four unt

36、il I was about six，I destroyed each of my .toytoys7.We，as well as ， cannot live without water and neither agriculture nor animalanimalsindustry can go without it.8.In early January this year，the rate of UFO reports was steady，around three per .weeksweek9.Tom was having much getting up in the morning

37、 and was always late troublestroublefor work.10.It felt very strange to travel without any .luggagesluggage.语法填空(名词专练)Born on August 23,1988 in America，Jeremy Shu-How Lin is a professional basketball 1.player(play) with the Huston Rockets 2.of the National Basketball Association (NBA).But，to some de

38、gree，many Chinese fans and 3.coaches(coach) take him as a Chinese guy or at least are willing to imagine him as 4.a Chinese just because he has a typical Chinese face and his parents were born in China.Jeremy Lin has recently become 5.a success and attracted the worlds attention，which gives Chinese

39、people a lot of 6.imagination(imagine) and 7.pride(proud).As we know，in most 8.peoples(people) eyes，Jeremy is a miracle.In June,2012， when Jeremy took his third trip to China，a large crowd came 11to meet him，among whom there were various fans including some 9.families(family)，some children and even some 10.women(woman) players.