1、 HANDLING AND STORAGE OF GYPSUM PANEL PRODUCTS: A GUIDE FOR DISTRIBUTORS, RETAILERS, AND CONTRACTORS (GA-801-07) This guide was developed by the Gypsum Association to help train employees of distributors, lumber yards, home centers, drywall contractors and others who may handle gypsum panel products
2、. Understanding and following the recommendations in this guide will help minimize damage to gypsum panel products during handling, shipment, and storage so they reach their destination in good condition for the final user. Workers handling gypsum panel products shall follow strict work and safety r
3、ules, and procedures to protect their own health and safety and the well-being of others in the work area. Being aware of proper handling techniques helps reduce damage to property and equipment as well as the gypsum panel products being handled. The procedures in this guide shall be followed for th
4、e safe and protective handling, loading, shipment, and storage of gypsum panel products. Local, state or federal laws or agency rules differing from the recommendations in this guide shall take precedence. The Gypsum Association and its member companies do not warrant or otherwise guarantee that fol
5、lowing the procedures detailed in this guide will result in completely safe, effective, and satisfactory handling of gypsum panel products; no responsibility for accidents or goods damaged through handling may be assigned to the Association or its member companies. The Gypsum Association disclaims a
6、ny liability or responsibility for personal, property, or goods damage arising from recommended procedures described or shown in this guide. CHARACTERISTICS OF GYPSUM PANEL PRODUCTS Gypsum panel products is the general name for a family of sheet products consisting essentially of gypsum, a low densi
7、ty mineral found throughout the world. Gypsum board is manufactured with paper surfaces. Other gypsum panel products are either fiber reinforced or are manufactured with glass mat facers. Fiber reinforced gypsum panels are unfaced and have cellulose fiber in the gypsum core. Gypsum panel products ar
8、e flexible but will crack or break if bent beyond their stress limits. The edges and ends of the boards are susceptible to damage if dropped or struck by a hard object. Gypsum panel products may sag or warp if they become wet or are improperly supported while stored. Gypsum panel products should bea
9、r the trademark or brand name, applicable ASTM standard or other designation, and the manufacturer, or supplier for whom the product is manufactured. Product identification markings may appear on the board surface, end bundling tape, or a separate sheet in bulk shipments. Printed in U.S.A. 1 Copyrig
10、ht Gypsum Association 2007. All rights reserved. The endtape of most gypsum board is printed with a Universal Product Code (UPC). While actual placement of the UPC on the endtape is at the discretion of each manufacturer, one UPC bar code identifies only one piece of gypsum board in the bundle. Stan
11、dards Most gypsum panel products are defined by one of the following ASTM standards. Gypsum Wallboard ASTM C 1396/C 1396M Gypsum Lath ASTM C 1396/C 1396M Gypsum Sheathing Board ASTM C 1396/C 1396M Gypsum Backing Board, Gypsum Coreboard, and Gypsum Shaftliner Board ASTM C 1396/C 1396M Gypsum Base for
12、 Veneer Plasters ASTM C 1396/C 1396M Water-Resistant Gypsum Backing Board ASTM C 1396/C 1396M Exterior Gypsum Soffit Board ASTM C 1396/C 1396M Predecorated Gypsum Board ASTM C 1396/C 1396M Gypsum Ceiling Board ASTM C 1396/C 1396M Fiber-Reinforced Gypsum Panels ASTM C 1278/C 1278M Glass Mat Gypsum Su
13、bstrate for Use as Sheathing ASTM C 1177/C 1177M Glass Mat Water-Resistant Gypsum Backing Board ASTM C 1178/C 1178M Glass Mat Gypsum Panels ASTM C 1658/C 1658M Employees of distributors and retailers shall become familiar with the various types of gypsum panel products so that the correct board will
14、 be delivered to the customer. HANDLING AND STORAGE Special care shall be exercised when loading, securing shipments, warehousing, or otherwise handling gypsum panel products. Safety Tips for Handling Stacks of gypsum panel products are very heavy and can become unstable if proper stacking and handl
15、ing procedures are not followed. Workers shall always be extremely careful when stacking or working in an area where gypsum panel products are stacked. For example, a 4 ft (1220 mm) wide by 12 ft (3660 mm) long by 1/2 in. (12.7 mm) thick gypsum board can weigh over 80 pounds (36 kg); this means a st
16、ack of only 25 of these boards weighs over a ton (900 kg). Heavy equipment is frequently used to move, stack, load, stock, or otherwise handle gypsum panel products. Only trained, qualified, and properly certified drivers may operate this equipment. Suitable safety measures shall always be followed
17、when operating or working around these machines. Procedures and techniques presented in this guide shall be followed to handle gypsum panel products properly. Workers who are inexperienced in using any of the tools or equipment in the procedures described, or are uncertain about the safety of these
18、procedures for a particular activity or undertaking, shall consult with someone who is skilled or certified in this area of work before beginning. Seeking help from a more experienced worker or supervisor when uncertain about proper safety measures can safeguard against possible injury. Time, materi
19、al, property, and equipment can Printed in U.S.A. 2 Copyright Gypsum Association 2007. All rights reserved. also be preserved. Safe work practices can make the job easier and more enjoyable as well as help prevent harmful and costly accidents. Remember and follow the safety tips below while handling
20、 gypsum panel products. Work in pairs whenever possible. Lift carefully with good techniques by using the legs, not the back. Stack gypsum panel products flat not on edge or end. Wear a dust mask when conditions warrant. Ground electrical power tools properly. Select and use the correct tool for eac
21、h job. Ensure that all tools are in good repair. Protect eyes with safety glasses or goggles when necessary. Proceed at a deliberate but steady pace. Always take precautions and time to make sure the work is done safely. Wear other personal protective devices and clothing such as a hard hat, gloves,
22、 safety shoes, etc. Storage Gypsum panel products shall be stored in a warehouse or other suitable structure where they will not be exposed to inclement weather or to temperatures that frequently exceed 125F (52C). Stacks of gypsum panel products shall be stored supported evenly on a firm, dry, leve
23、l, and structurally sound floor. Stacks of gypsum panel products shall be limited to a maximum height of 17 feet (5 m). Gypsum panel products shall always be stored flat. Gypsum panel products shall not be stored in areas of excessive humidity nor shall they be stored beneath overhead equipment whic
24、h may have a tendency to drip grease, oil, or water. Gypsum panel products shall not be left in heavy traffic areas or where they can be damaged by lift trucks and other warehouse equipment, nor shall they be stored at aisle intersections. If panels are stored at aisle junctions because of absolute
25、necessity, corner protectors constructed of sheet metal or similar suitable materials shall be used. Exposure of gypsum panel products to rain and other high moisture levels may result in water stains, discoloration, mold, paper delamination, and sag. This sensitivity of most gypsum panel products t
26、o adverse moisture conditions requires that gypsum panel products NOT be stored outdoors without complete protection from the weather. The plastic covering provided for product protection during shipment on rail flatcars or flatbed trucks is not suitable for storage of the gypsum panels and shall be
27、 removed upon arrival at the destination prior to warehouse storage. Failure to remove this plastic covering can result in damage to the gypsum panels due to moisture, condensation, wet product, and/or mold. The Gypsum Association does NOT recommend outside storage of gypsum panel products. Printed
28、in U.S.A. 3 Copyright Gypsum Association 2007. All rights reserved. Support Risers Units of gypsum panel products shall be supported properly to minimize sagging. Precautions shall be taken in construction and placement of support members (known as risers or spacers). Figure 1 shows risers that are
29、easily and inexpensively constructed from strips of gypsum panels. If units of gypsum panel products shall be stored on a floor that may be subject to dampness, bottom risers shall be wood or plastic. All risers shall be of uniform height to ensure that the gypsum panel products are supported evenly
30、. The most common size of risers is 3 in. (76 mm) wide by 3 in. (76 mm) high by the width of the gypsum panel product. Figure 1 Typical Gypsum Risers Where permanent storage locations are designated for different lengths and types of board, appropriate signs shall be permanently posted. Additionally
31、, the floor shall be marked to indicate where each length and type of gypsum panel products is to be stored. Riser locations may be painted on the floor to show proper riser spacing for the length of gypsum panel product in each space. MINOR alterations in the location of risers are sometimes requir
32、ed to adapt to spacing of lift truck forks. When absolutely necessary, it is permissible to move risers a few inches in either direction as long as the number of risers is not reduced, the maximum distance between risers is not exceeded, and vertical riser alignment is maintained. Since environmenta
33、l concerns dealing with the reduction of the solid waste stream going to landfills make it increasingly difficult to dispose of worn-out gypsum risers. Distributors, retailers, and others who move gypsum may wish to construct permanent risers of wood or purchase plastic risers. Printed in U.S.A. 4 C
34、opyright Gypsum Association 2007. All rights reserved. Preventing Sagging Gypsum Panel Products One of the most common problems created by improper storage is sagging. Careful placement of risers as shown in Figure 2 will help minimize this problem. Figure 3 shows how sagging results when risers are
35、 placed improperly. Storage under these adverse conditions for an extended period may cause permanent distortion of the gypsum panel products, thereby rendering them useless and causing a loss to the owner. Figure 2 Correct Riser Alignment Note that risers are aligned vertically so that loads are tr
36、ansferred directly to the floor. Figure 3 Incorrect Riser Alignment Note the sag resulting from misalignment of risers. A good stock rotation plan and inventory control system will help avoid minor sagging problems. If minor sagging does occur, the gypsum panel products may be straightened by using
37、the following method. Restack the panels and move the risers about four to six inches closer together than the recommended interval shown in Figure 4. Add evenly spaced risers as necessary to ensure that the entire stack is adequately supported. Risers shall be vertically aligned. The sagging will b
38、e reduced within several days. The horizontal distance between risers shall not exceed 28 in. (700 mm). The recommended placement of risers for storage of various lengths of gypsum panel products is detailed in Figure 4. Long-term storage patterns require additional risers. Gypsum panel products sho
39、uld not be stored in high humidity areas; however, if such a storage area is used, additional risers shall be used. Printed in U.S.A. 5 Copyright Gypsum Association 2007. All rights reserved. Figure 4 Suggested Placement of Risers for Storage of Gypsum Panel Products Note: 14 ft (4270 mm) long panel
40、s shall be supported on not less than 6 risers and 16 ft (4880 mm) long panels shall be supported on not less than 7 risers. Manual Handling Gypsum panel products shall always be handled carefully by two or more people. Gypsum panel products shall be delivered to the job site as near to the time the
41、y will be used as possible. Individuals delivering gypsum panel products to jobsites should ensure that they are carried, not dragged, to the place of storage or installation to prevent damage to finished edges. When panels are moved manually, the panels shall be supported by the edges and shall nev
42、er be carried flat. Mechanical Handling Because of the bulky and heavy nature of gypsum panel products, they are almost always handled mechanically in warehouses, staging areas, storage, etc. Lift trucks are typically used to move stacks of gypsum panel products. Boom trucks are normally used to del
43、iver gypsum panel products. Lift truck drivers shall be trained and licensed to operate lift trucks in accordance with regulator requirements. Printed in U.S.A. 6 Copyright Gypsum Association 2007. All rights reserved. Although any lift truck in good condition can be used to move gypsum panel produc
44、ts, lift trucks with appropriate weight capacity ratings shall always be used to move units of board. A lift truck with a minimum 15,000 lb (6,800 kg) capacity is preferred for handling gypsum panel products. Special forks are available to minimize the possibility of damage caused by a fork that con
45、tacts the bottom sheet of a stack of gypsum panel products. These forks feature rounded or beveled edges and a slightly exaggerated taper to the tip of the fork. Cushioning material applied to the load-face of the forks will minimize damage to the edge of the panels. Non-marking rubber or polyethyle
46、ne backing pads installed on the back of the forks are recommended to absorb the impact between the fork uprights and the load. Cushioning the load face will reduce the incidence of panel edges being crushed or marred by the fork uprights. Side shifting forks may be less likely to damage units of pa
47、nels and help prevent shifting or “inter-leafing” during transit. Fork spacing shall be adequate for the length of panel products being carried. If only one length of gypsum panel products is handled, lift trucks with nonadjustable forks may be suitable. However, for maximum flexibility in handling
48、gypsum panel products of varying lengths, forks shall be mounted on carriages which permit operators to adjust the distance between forks. Fork spacing shall be about one half the length of the panels being handled so that a maximum of four feet of panel extends beyond the forks on either end. A car
49、riage spread in the range of 46 to 84 inches (1170 2130 mm) is suitable for carrying the most common lengths of gypsum panel products. Great care shall be exercised by the lift truck operator when moving units of gypsum panel products. Even with padded fork backs, the impact between a moving lift truck and a stack of gypsum panel products may damage the edges of the panels. Operators shall practice easing up to the stack to be lifted to avoid unduly bumping the stacks. Units of gypsum panel products shall not be divided by lift truck forks with
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