IEC 61400-2-2013 Wind turbines - Part 2 Small wind turbines《风力涡轮机 第2部分 小型风力涡轮机》.pdf

1、 IEC 61400-2 Edition 3.0 2013-12 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD NORME INTERNATIONALE Wind turbines Part 2: Small wind turbines Eoliennes Partie 2: Petits arognrateurs IEC61400-2:2013 colourinsideTHIS PUBLICATION IS COPYRIGHT PROTECTED Copyright 2013 IEC, Geneva, Switzerland All rights reserved. Unless other

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15、.ch/csc Si vous dsirez nous donner des commentaires sur cette publication ou si vous avez des questions contactez-nous: csciec.ch. IEC 61400-2 Edition 3.0 2013-12 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD NORME INTERNATIONALE Wind turbines Part 2: Small wind turbines Eoliennes Partie 2: Petits arognrateurs INTERNATION

16、AL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION COMMISSION ELECTROTECHNIQUE INTERNATIONALE XF ICS 27.180 PRICE CODE CODE PRIX ISBN 978-2-8322-1284-4 Registered trademark of the International Electrotechnical Commission Marque dpose de la Commission Electrotechnique Internationale Warning! Make sure that you obtained

17、 this publication from an authorized distributor. Attention! Veuillez vous assurer que vous avez obtenu cette publication via un distributeur agr. colourinside 2 61400-2 IEC:2013 CONTENTS FOREWORD . 9 1 Scope 11 2 Normative references 11 3 Terms and definitions 12 4 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 2

18、1 4.1 General 21 4.2 Symbols . 21 4.3 Coordinate system . 25 5 Principal elements . 26 5.1 General 26 5.2 Design methods . 27 5.3 Quality assurance 27 I Design evaluation 29 6 External conditions 29 6.1 General 29 6.2 SWT classes 29 6.3 Wind conditions . 30 6.3.1 General 30 6.3.2 Normal wind conditi

19、ons . 30 6.3.3 Extreme wind conditions . 32 6.4 Other environmental conditions 36 6.4.1 General 36 6.4.2 Other normal environmental conditions . 37 6.4.3 Other extreme environmental conditions . 37 6.5 Controlled test conditions . 38 6.6 Electrical load conditions . 38 6.6.1 General 38 6.6.2 For tur

20、bines connected to the electrical power network . 38 6.6.3 For turbines not connected to the electrical power network . 38 7 Structural design . 39 7.1 General 39 7.2 Design methodology 39 7.3 Loads and load cases 39 7.3.1 General 39 7.3.2 Vibration, inertial and gravitational loads 39 7.3.3 Aerodyn

21、amic loads . 39 7.3.4 Operational loads . 40 7.3.5 Other loads . 40 7.3.6 Load cases . 40 7.4 Simplified loads methodology . 40 7.4.1 General 40 7.4.2 Load case A: normal operation . 42 7.4.3 Load case B: yawing . 43 7.4.4 Load case C: yaw error . 44 7.4.5 Load case D: maximum thrust . 44 7.4.6 Load

22、 case E: maximum rotational speed . 44 61400-2 IEC:2013 3 7.4.7 Load case F: short at load connection 44 7.4.8 Load case G: shutdown (braking) . 44 7.4.9 Load case H: extreme wind loading 45 7.4.10 Load case I: parked wind loading, maximum exposure 46 7.4.11 Load case J: transportation, assembly, ma

23、intenance and repair 47 7.5 Simulation modelling 47 7.5.1 General 47 7.5.2 Power production (DLC 1.1 to 1.5) 48 7.5.3 Power production plus occurrence of fault (DLC 2.1 to 2.3). 49 7.5.4 Normal shutdown (DLC 3.1 and 3.2) . 49 7.5.5 Emergency or manual shutdown (DLC 4.1) . 49 7.5.6 Extreme wind loadi

24、ng (stand-still or idling or spinning) (DLC 5.1 to 5.2) . 49 7.5.7 Parked plus fault conditions (DLC 6.1) 50 7.5.8 Transportation, assembly, maintenance and repair (DLC 7.1) . 50 7.5.9 Load calculations 50 7.6 Load measurements. 50 7.7 Stress calculation 50 7.8 Safety factors. 51 7.8.1 Material fact

25、ors and requirements . 51 7.8.2 Partial safety factor for loads 52 7.9 Limit state analysis 52 7.9.1 Ultimate strength analysis . 52 7.9.2 Fatigue failure 53 7.9.3 Critical deflection analysis 53 8 Protection and shutdown system . 54 8.1 General 54 8.2 Functional requirements of the protection syste

26、m 54 8.3 Manual shutdown . 54 8.4 Shutdown for maintenance . 55 9 Electrical system . 55 9.1 General 55 9.2 Protective devices 55 9.3 Disconnect device 56 9.4 Earthing (grounding) systems 56 9.5 Lightning protection . 56 9.6 Electrical conductors and cables 56 9.7 Electrical loads 56 9.7.1 General 5

27、6 9.7.2 Battery charging . 56 9.7.3 Electrical power network (grid connected systems) . 57 9.7.4 Direct connect to electric motors (e.g. water pumping) 57 9.7.5 Direct resistive load (e.g. heating) 57 9.8 Local requirements 57 10 Support structure . 58 10.1 General 58 10.2 Dynamic requirements . 58

28、10.3 Environmental factors 58 4 61400-2 IEC:2013 10.4 Earthing . 58 10.5 Foundation . 58 10.6 Turbine access design loads 58 11 Documentation requirements . 58 11.1 General 58 11.2 Product manuals 59 11.2.1 General 59 11.2.2 Specification . 59 11.2.3 Installation 60 11.2.4 Operation . 60 11.2.5 Main

29、tenance and routine inspection 61 11.3 Consumer label 62 12 Wind turbine markings . 62 II Type testing. 63 13 Testing 63 13.1 General 63 13.2 Tests to verify design data . 63 13.2.1 General 63 13.2.2 Pdesign, ndesign, Vdesign and Qdesign63 13.2.3 Maximum yaw rate 64 13.2.4 Maximum rotational speed 6

30、4 13.3 Mechanical loads testing 64 13.4 Duration testing . 65 13.4.1 General 65 13.4.2 Reliable operation 66 13.4.3 Dynamic behaviour . 68 13.4.4 Reporting of duration test . 69 13.5 Mechanical component testing . 70 13.5.1 General 70 13.5.2 Blade test . 70 13.5.3 Hub test 71 13.5.4 Nacelle frame te

31、st 71 13.5.5 Yaw mechanism test . 71 13.5.6 Gearbox test . 71 13.6 Safety and function 71 13.7 Environmental testing 72 13.8 Electrical 72 Annex A (informative) Variants of small wind turbine systems 73 A.1 General 73 A.2 Example 1: power forms. 73 A.3 Example 2: blades . 73 A.4 Example 3: support s

32、tructures 73 Annex B (normative) Design parameters for describing SWT class S . 75 Annex C (informative) Stochastic turbulence models 76 C.1 General 76 C.2 Exponential coherency model 77 C.3 Von Karman isotropic turbulence model . 77 Annex D (informative) Deterministic turbulence description 79 6140

33、0-2 IEC:2013 5 Annex E (informative) Partial safety factors for materials . 81 E.1 General 81 E.2 Symbols . 81 E.3 Characteristic value versus design values 81 E.4 Material factors and requirements 82 E.4.1 General 82 E.4.2 Composites 83 E.4.3 Metals 85 E.4.4 Wood 85 E.5 Geometry effects . 88 E.6 Re

34、ference documents 89 Annex F (informative) Development of the simplified loads methodology 90 F.1 Symbols used in this annex 90 F.2 General 91 F.3 Caution regarding use of simplified equations 91 F.4 General relationships . 92 F.5 Reference documents 100 Annex G (informative) Example of test reporti

35、ng formats . 101 G.1 Overview 101 G.2 Duration test 101 G.2.1 General 101 G.2.2 Table summarizing the duration test results 101 G.2.3 Plot showing any potential power degradation 102 G.3 Power/energy performance 102 G.3.1 General 102 G.4 Acoustic noise test . 105 Annex H (informative) EMC measuremen

36、ts 106 H.1 Overview 106 H.2 Measurement for radiated emissions 106 H.3 Measurements of conducted emissions 108 H.4 Reference documents 108 Annex I (normative) Natural frequency analysis . 110 Annex J (informative) Extreme environmental conditions . 112 J.1 Overview 112 J.2 Extreme conditions 112 J.3

37、 Low temperature 112 J.4 Ice . 112 J.5 High temperature . 113 J.6 Marine . 113 Annex K (informative) Extreme wind conditions of tropical cyclones . 114 K.1 General 114 K.2 Using SWT classes in tropical cyclone areas . 114 K.3 Extreme wind conditions 114 K.3.1 Definition of tropical cyclones . 114 K.

38、3.2 General features of tropical cyclones 114 K.3.3 Extreme wind conditions . 115 K.4 Stochastic simulation (Monte Carlo simulation) 116 K.5 Reference documents 117 6 61400-2 IEC:2013 Annex L (informative) Other wind conditions 120 L.1 General 120 L.2 Typical situations . 120 L.3 Directionally depen

39、dent flow 120 L.4 Inclined flow . 120 L.5 Turbulence . 122 L.6 Extreme wind direction changes . 125 L.7 Gust factors . 126 L.8 Reference documents 127 Annex M (informative) Consumer label 128 M.1 General 128 M.2 Administration 128 M.2.1 General 128 M.2.2 Test summary report . 128 M.2.3 Publication o

40、f labels . 129 M.2.4 Wind turbine variants 129 M.3 Tests for labelling 129 M.3.1 General 129 M.3.2 Duration test . 129 M.3.3 Power curve and reference annual energy 130 M.3.4 Acoustic noise test . 130 M.4 Label layout . 130 M.5 Reference documents 130 Bibliography 133 Figure 1 Definition of the syst

41、em of axes for HAWT . 25 Figure 2 Definition of the system of axes for VAWT . 26 Figure 3 IEC 61400-2 decision path . 28 Figure 4 Characteristic wind turbulence . 32 Figure 5 Example of extreme operating gust (N=1, Vhub= 25 m/s) 33 Figure 6 Example of extreme direction change magnitude (N = 50, D =

42、5 m, zhub= 20 m) 35 Figure 7 Example of extreme direction change transient (N = 50, Vhub= 25 m/s) 35 Figure 8 Extreme coherent gust (Vhub= 25 m/s) (ECG) . 35 Figure 9 The direction change for ECD 36 Figure 10 Time development of direction change for Vhub= 25 m/s . 36 Figure E.1 Normal and Weibull di

43、stribution 82 Figure E.2 Typical S-N diagram for fatigue of glass fibre composites (Figure 41 from reference E.2) . 84 Figure E.3 Typical environmental effects on glass fibre composites (Figure 25 from reference E.2) . 84 Figure E.4 Fatigue strain diagram for large tow unidirectional 0 carbon fibre/

44、vinyl ester composites, R = 0,1 and 10 (Figure 107 from reference E.2) 84 Figure E.5 S-N curves for fatigue of typical metals . 85 Figure E.6 Fatigue life data for jointed softwood (from reference E.5) 86 Figure E.7 Typical S-N curve for wood (from reference E.5) . 86 61400-2 IEC:2013 7 Figure E.8 E

45、ffect of moisture content on compressive strength of lumber parallel to grain (Figure 4-13 from reference E.6) 87 Figure E.9 Effect of moisture content on wood strength properties (Figure 4-11 from reference E.6) . 87 Figure E.10 Effect of grain angle on mechanical property of clear wood according t

46、o Hankinson-type formula (Figure 4-4 from reference E.6) . 88 Figure G.1 Example power degradation plot . 102 Figure G.2 Example binned sea level normalized power curve . 103 Figure G.3 Example scatter plot of measured power and wind speed . 104 Figure G.4 Example immission noise map 105 Figure H.1

47、Measurement setup of radiated emissions (set up type A) 107 Figure H.2 Measurement setup of radiated emissions (set up type B) 107 Figure H.3 Measurement setup of conducted emissions (setup type A) 108 Figure H.4 Measurement setup of conducted emissions (setup type B) 108 Figure I.1 Example of a Cam

48、pbell diagram . 111 Figure K.1 Comparison of predicted and observed extreme winds in a mixed climate region (after Isihara, T. and Yamaguchi, A.) 117 Figure K.2 Tropical cyclone tracks between 1945 and 2006 . 119 Figure L.1 Simulation showing inclined flow on a building (courtesy Sander Mertens) 121

49、 Figure L.2 Example wind flow around a building . 122 Figure L.3 Turbulence intensity and wind speed distribution, 5 m above treetops in a forest north of Uppsala, Sweden, during Jan-Dec 2009 . 123 Figure L.4 Turbulence intensity and wind speed distribution, 69 m above treetops in a forest north of Uppsala, Sweden, during 2009 (limited data for high wind speeds) . 123 Figure L.5 Turbu