1、 IEC 62127-1Edition 1.0 2007-08INTERNATIONAL STANDARD Ultrasonics Hydrophones Part 1: Measurement and characterization of medical ultrasonic fields up to 40 MHz IEC62127-1:2007(E) THIS PUBLICATION IS COPYRIGHT PROTECTED Copyright 2007 IEC, Geneva, Switzerland All rights reserved. Unless otherwise sp
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9、nes Part 1: Measurement and characterization of medical ultrasonic fields up to 40 MHz INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION XCICS 17.140.50 PRICE CODEISBN 2-8318-9276-7 2 62127-1 IEC:2007(E) CONTENTS FOREWORD.5 INTRODUCTION.7 1 Scope and object8 2 Normative references .8 3 Terms, definitions an
10、d symbols 9 4 List of symbols .24 5 Measurement requirements 26 5.1 Requirements for hydrophones and amplifiers .26 5.1.1 Introduction .26 5.1.2 General .26 5.1.3 Sensitivity of a hydrophone26 5.1.4 Directional response of a hydrophone26 5.1.5 Effective hydrophone radius 27 5.1.6 Choice of the size
11、of a hydrophone active element 27 5.1.7 Bandwidth .28 5.1.8 Linearity 28 5.1.9 Hydrophone signal amplifier 29 5.1.10 Hydrophone cable length and amplifiers 29 5.2 Requirements for positioning and water baths .29 5.2.1 General .29 5.2.2 Positioning systems.30 5.2.3 Water bath.31 5.3 Requirements for
12、data acquisition and analysis systems .32 5.4 Recommendations for ultrasonic equipment being characterized .32 6 Measurement procedure.32 6.1 General .32 6.2 Preparation and alignment.33 6.2.1 Preparation33 6.2.2 Aligning an ultrasonic transducer and a hydrophone33 6.3 Measurement 33 6.4 Analysis 33
13、 6.4.1 Corrections for restricted bandwidth and spatial resolution 33 6.4.2 Uncertainties .33 7 Beam characterization34 7.1 General .34 7.2 Primary pressure parameters 35 7.2.1 General .35 7.2.2 Peak-compressional acoustic pressure and peak-rarefactional acoustic pressure 36 7.2.3 Spatial-peak rms a
14、coustic pressure .36 7.2.4 Non-linear propagation parameter .36 7.2.5 Intensity parameters using instantaneous acoustic pressure37 7.2.6 Intensity parameters using pulse-pressure-squared integral 37 7.2.7 Derived ultrasonic power .39 8 Requirements for specific ultrasonic fields40 62127-1 IEC:2007(E
15、) 3 8.1 General .40 8.2 Diagnostic fields40 8.2.1 Simplified procedures and guidelines.40 8.2.2 Pulsed wave diagnostic equipment 41 8.2.3 Continuous wave diagnostic equipment .41 8.3 Therapy fields .42 8.3.1 Physiotherapy equipment 42 8.3.2 Hyperthermia.42 8.4 Surgical fields .42 8.4.1 Lithotripters
16、 and pressure pulse sources for other therapeutic purposes .42 8.4.2 Low frequency surgical applications 43 8.5 Fields from other medical applications.43 9 Compliance statement 43 9.1 General .43 9.2 Maximum probable values .43 9.3 Sampling .44 Annex A (informative) General rationale 45 Annex B (inf
17、ormative) Hydrophones and positioning 47 Annex C (informative) Acoustic pressure and intensity.53 Annex D (informative) Voltage to pressure conversion .55 Annex E (informative) Correction for spatial averaging.60 Annex F (informative) Acoustic output parameters for multi-mode medical ultrasonic fiel
18、ds in the absence of scan-frame synchronization .62 Annex G (informative) Propagation medium and degassing .68 Annex H (informative) Specific ultrasonic fields69 Annex I (informative) Assessment of uncertainty in the acoustic quantities obtained by hydrophone measurements.72 Annex J (informative) Tr
19、ansducer and hydrophone positioning systems.74 Annex K (informative) Beamwidth midpoint method75 Bibliography76 Figure 1 Schematic diagram of the different planes and lines in an ultrasonic field (see also IEC 61828) 11 Figure 2 Schematic diagram of the method of determining pulse duration 35 Figure
20、 D.1 A flow diagram of the hydrophone deconvolution process .56 Figure D.2 Example of waveform deconvolution.59 Figure J.1 Schematic diagram of the ultrasonic transducer and hydrophone degrees of freedom 74 Table 1 Acoustic parameters appropriate to various types of medical ultrasonic equipment.34 T
21、able B.1 Typical specification data for hydrophones, in this case given at 1 MHz .52 Table C.1 Properties of distilled or de-ionized water as a function of temperature54 Table D.1 Method of conversion from a double- to a single-sided spectrum .57 4 62127-1 IEC:2007(E) Table D.2 Method of conversion
22、from a single- to a double-sided spectrum .58 Table F.1 Main parameters defined in IEC standards .63 Table F.2 List of parameters that are to be used or are to be deleted.64 Table K.1 dB beamwidth levels for determining midpoints 75 62127-1 IEC:2007(E) 5 INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION _ U
23、LTRASONICS HYDROPHONES Part 1: Measurement and characterization of medical ultrasonic fields up to 40 MHz FOREWORD 1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The
24、 object of IEC is to promote international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To this end and in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications, Technical Reports, Publicly Available Specifi
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26、iaising with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC collaborates closely with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by agreement between the two organizations. 2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters exp
27、ress, as nearly as possible, an international consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all interested IEC National Committees. 3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National Commi
28、ttees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of IEC Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are used or for any misinterpretation by any end user. 4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC Nation
29、al Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional publications. Any divergence between any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be clearly indicated in the latter. 5) IEC provides no m
30、arking procedure to indicate its approval and cannot be rendered responsible for any equipment declared to be in conformity with an IEC Publication. 6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication. 7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, serv
31、ants or agents including individual experts and members of its technical committees and IEC National Committees for any personal injury, property damage or other damage of any nature whatsoever, whether direct or indirect, or for costs (including legal fees) and expenses arising out of the publicati
32、on, use of, or reliance upon, this IEC Publication or any other IEC Publications. 8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is indispensable for the correct application of this publication. 9) Attention is drawn to the possibility
33、 that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of patent rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. International Standard IEC 62127-1 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 87: Ultrasonics. IEC 62127-1, IEC 62127-2 and IEC 6
34、2127-3 are being published simultaneously. Together these cancel and replace IEC 60866:1987, IEC 61101:1991, IEC 61102:1991, IEC 61220:1993 and IEC 62092:2001. The text of this standard is based on the following documents: Enquiry draft Report on voting 87/352/CDV 87/371/RVC Full information on the
35、voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on voting indicated in the above table. 6 62127-1 IEC:2007(E) This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. A list of all parts of IEC 62127 series, published under the general title Ultrasonic
36、s Hydrophones, can be found on the IEC website. NOTE Words in bold in the text are defined in Clause 3. The committee has decided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged until the maintenance result date indicated on the IEC website under “http:/webstore.iec.ch“ in the data relat
37、ed to the specific publication. At this date, the publication will be reconfirmed; withdrawn; replaced by a revised edition; or amended. A bilingual version of this publication may be issued at a later date. 62127-1 IEC:2007(E) 7 INTRODUCTION The main purpose of this part of IEC 62127 is to define v
38、arious acoustic parameters that can be used to specify and characterize ultrasonic fields propagating in liquids, and, in particular, water, using hydrophones. Measurement procedures are outlined that may be used to determine these parameters. Specific device related measurement standards, for examp
39、le IEC 61689, IEC 61157, IEC 61847 or IEC 62359, can refer to this standard for appropriate acoustic parameters. The philosophy behind this standard is the specification of the acoustic field in terms of acoustic pressure parameters, acoustic pressure being the primary measurement quantity when piez
40、oelectric hydrophones are used to characterize the field. Of course, if other measurement devices come into use in the future, a new standard with additional definitions and procedures will be necessary. Examples of such devices would be thermistors, thermocouples or optical hydrophones. Intensity p
41、arameters are specified in this standard, but these are regarded as derived quantities that are meaningful only under certain assumptions related to the ultrasonic field being measured. 8 62127-1 IEC:2007(E) ULTRASONICS HYDROPHONES Part 1: Measurement and characterization of medical ultrasonic field
42、s up to 40 MHz 1 Scope and object This part of IEC 62127 specifies methods of use of calibrated hydrophones for the measurement in liquids of acoustic fields generated by ultrasonic medical equipment operating in the frequency range up to 40 MHz. The objectives of this standard are: to define a grou
43、p of acoustic parameters that can be measured on a physically sound basis; to define a second group of parameters that can be derived under certain assumptions from these measurements, and called derived intensity parameters; to define a measurement procedure that may be used for the determination o
44、f acoustic pressure parameters; to define the conditions under which the measurements of acoustic parameters can be made in the frequency range up to 40 MHz using calibrated hydrophones; to define procedures for correcting, for limitations caused by the use of hydrophones with finite bandwidth and f
45、inite active element size. NOTE 1 Throughout this standard, SI units are used. In the specification of certain parameters, such as beam areas and intensities, it may be convenient to use decimal multiples or submultiples. For example beam area may be specified in cm2and intensities in W/cm2or mW/cm2
46、. NOTE 2 The hydrophone as defined may be of a piezoelectric or an optic type. The introduction however implies that optical hydrophones are not covered. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the e
47、dition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. IEC 60050-801:1994, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary Chapter 801: Acoustics and electroacoustics IEC 60565, Underwater acoustics Hydrophones Calibration in the fre
48、quency range 0,01 Hz to 1 MHz IEC/TR 60854:1986, Methods of measuring the performance of ultrasonic pulse-echo diagnostic equipment IEC 61689, Ultrasonics Physiotherapy systems Performance requirements and methods of measurement in the frequency range 0,5 MHz to 5 MHz IEC 61828, Ultrasonics Focusing
49、 transducers Definitions and measurement methods for the transmitted fields IEC 61846, Ultrasonics Pressure pulse lithotripters Characteristics of fields 62127-1 IEC:2007(E) 9 IEC 61847, Ultrasonics Surgical systems Measurement and declaration of the basic output characteristics IEC 62127-2, Ultrasonics Hydrophones Part 2: Calibration for ultrasonic fields up to 40 MHz IEC 62127-3, Ultrasonics Hydrophones Part 3: Properties of
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