ACI 350 4R-2004 Design Considerations for Environmental Engineering Concrete Structures《环境工程混凝土结构的设计注意事项》.pdf

1、ACI 350.4R-04 became effective February 27, 2004.Copyright 2004, American Concrete Institute.All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by anymeans, including the making of copies by any photo process, or by electronic ormechanical device, printed, written, or oral,

2、or recording for sound or visual reproductionor for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in writingis obtained from the copyright proprietors.ACI Committee Reports, Guides, Standard Practices, andCommentaries are intended for guidance in planning,designing, executing

3、, and inspecting construction. Thisdocument is intended for the use of individuals who arecompetent to evaluate the significance and limitations of itscontent and recommendations and who will acceptresponsibility for the application of the material it contains.The American Concrete Institute disclai

4、ms any and allresponsibility for the stated principles. The Institute shall notbe liable for any loss or damage arising therefrom.Reference to this document shall not be made in contractdocuments. If items found in this document are desired by theArchitect/Engineer to be a part of the contract docum

5、ents, theyshall be restated in mandatory language for incorporation bythe Architect/Engineer.350.4R-1It is the responsibility of the user of this document toestablish health and safety practices appropriate to the specificcircumstances involved with its use. ACI does not make anyrepresentations with

6、 regard to health and safety issues and theuse of this document. The user must determine theapplicability of all regulatory limitations before applying thedocument and must comply with all applicable laws andregulations, including but not limited to, United StatesOccupational Safety and Health Admin

7、istration (OSHA)health and safety standards.Design Considerations for Environmental Engineering Concrete StructuresACI 350.4R-04Environmental engineering concrete structures provide conveyance, storage,and treatment of water, wastewater, and other materials. This report outlinesspecial design consid

8、erations such as loads, stability, joint details, andspecial design conditions that are unique to these types of structures aswell as ancillary structures. Keywords: buoyancy; clarifier; contraction; design; expansion; filler;flood; flotation; forces; hazardous; ice; impact; joint; load; overturning

9、;reservoir; safety; sealant; sliding; stability; tank; tension; torque; vibration;waterstop; weights.TABLE OF CONTENTSChapter 1General, p. 350.4R-21.1Scope1.2Related documentsChapter 2Design loads, p. 350.4R-22.1Floor live loads2.2Contained fluid and sludge loads2.3External earth loads2.4External fl

10、uid loads2.5Environmental loads2.6Other design loadsChapter 3Stability considerations, p. 350.4R-63.1Flood considerations3.2Sliding and overturning considerationsChapter 4Special design conditions, p. 350.4R-94.1Load combinations4.2Expansion and contraction conditions4.3Foundation conditionsReported

11、 by ACI Committee 350James P. Archibald*William IrwinJerry ParnesJon B. ArdahlKeith W. Jacobson Andrew R. PhilipJohn W. Baker Dov Kaminetzky Narayan M. PrachandWalter N. BennettM. Reza Kianoush Satish K. SachdevSteven R. Close David G. Kittridge William C. SchnobrichAnthony L. Felder Dennis C. Kohl

12、John F. SeidenstickerCarl A. GentryNicholas A. Legatos William C. ShermanClifford Gordon|Larry G. Mrazek Lawrence J. ValentinePaul Hedli Javeed A. Munshi Miroslav VejvodaJerry A. Holland Paul Zoltanetzky, Jr.Charles S. HanskatChairLawrence M. TabatSecretary*Committee Secretary while this document wa

13、s being prepared.Committee Chair while this document was being prepared.Co-chair of subcommittee that prepared this document.Members of subcommittee that prepared this document.|Deceased.350.4R-2 ACI COMMITTEE REPORT4.4Design and detailing considerations4.5Vibration conditions4.6Hazardous design con

14、ditions 4.7Corrosive conditions4.8Construction conditionsChapter 5Joints in concrete, p. 350.4R-135.1General5.2Construction joints5.3Movement joints5.4Waterstops5.5Joint fillers5.6 Joint sealantsChapter 6References, p. 350.4R-156.1Referenced standards and reports6.2Cited referencesCHAPTER 1GENERAL1.

15、1ScopeThis report outlines design considerations that are uniqueto environmental engineering concrete structures and associatedbuildings. Environmental engineering concrete structures aredefined in ACI 350 as concrete structures intended forconveying, storing, or treating water, wastewater, or other

16、nonhazardous liquids, and for the secondary containment ofhazardous liquids. Applicable building codes and otherindustry standards should be consulted for load and designconsiderations not included herein. The engineer shouldcheck with the local building department to confirm theapplicable building

17、code for the project location and determineif there are any local amendments.The structural design recommendations given hereinshould be regarded as common industry practice and arerecommended for general use. Any special structuralfeatures, unusual loading conditions, or unusual exposureconditions

18、may require special design considerations toachieve a higher level of performance than implied by theseminimum recommendations. 1.2Related documentsEnvironmental engineering concrete structures should bedesigned and constructed in conformance with ACI 350/350R, 350.1, 350.2R, and 350.3. References 1

19、 through 3 mayalso be useful in the design of liquid-containing structures.CHAPTER 2DESIGN LOADS2.1Floor live loadsFloor live loads in equipment and process areas generally takeinto account fixed equipment weights, stored material loads, andnormal live loads due to personnel and transient loads. Flo

20、or liveloads should account for installation, operation, and maintenanceof equipment, and possible modifications or changes in use. During installation or maintenance, portions of equipmentmay be laid down at various locations on the floor. For example,heavy electrical equipment may be temporarily p

21、laced near thecenter span of a floor during installation or maintenance, eventhough its final location may be near support locations.Weights of concrete bases for equipment may also beincluded in floor live loads, and consideration should be givento weights of piping, valves, and other equipment acc

22、essoriesthat may be supported by the floor slab. Consequently,conservative uniform live loads are recommended.Information on estimated equipment weights and footprintsshould be obtained so that design floor live loads can be verified.The engineer may consider distribution of the equipmentloads over

23、an area greater than the footprint dimensionsusing engineering judgment. Because actual equipmentweights from various equipment suppliers may vary,conservative estimates of equipment weights should beused. A minimum floor live load of 150 lb/ft2(7.2 kPa) iscommonly used for slabs that support equipm

24、ent. Heavierlive loads are common in electrical equipment rooms. Generally,stairways and walkways should be designed for a minimum liveload of 100 lb/ft2(4.8 kPa). Where loads on catwalks areexpected to be limited, a minimum live load of 40 lb/ft2(1.9 kPa)may be used in accordance with ASCE 7.Large

25、pieces of equipment may be assembled in their finalfixed location. While temporary laydown of individual pieces ofequipment should still be considered, it may be permissible toconsider the total weight of the equipment only in its fixedlocation on the floor. Additionally, operational loads should be

26、considered with the equipment in its fixed location. Operationalloads may include thrusts, torques, contained fluids or sludge, orimpact. For example, supports for vertical turbine pumps shouldinclude the weight of the vertical column of water in the riser,and sludge press loads should include the w

27、eight of the sludgebeing processed in the press.In areas where chemicals or other materials are stored, themaximum weight of stored material should be determinedbased on the height and density or specific gravity of thematerial and its container(s). The material densities listed inTable 2.1(a) and (

28、b) may be used for estimating applicableloads. ASCE 7 may be referenced for other common materialdensities and floor live loads. Chemicals can be deliveredand stored by a variety of methods and mediums, includingbags, barrels, bottles, cylinders, drums, kegs, pails, rail cars,sacks, totes, or trucks

29、. The engineer should confirm thedelivery method and storage method for design.Caution should be used in applying floor live load reductionsas permitted by building codes, due to the greater likelihoodof simultaneous distributed loading in some equipment andchemical storage areas. Consider the poten

30、tial change of useof adjacent areas when setting the floor live load. It is preferableto use the same design live load in adjacent areas wherepractical. Floor live loads should be posted as indicated inthe applicable building code and should be identified on thedesign drawings.2.2Contained fluid and

31、 sludge loadsThe principal applied loads on liquid-containmentstructures are due to the fluid pressures on the walls andslabs caused by the contained fluids. The following densitiesare conservative values for calculating equivalent fluid pressuresof common environmental materials encountered that ma

32、ybe used in structural design:Raw sewage 63 lb/ft3(1000 kg/m3)ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING CONCRETE STRUCTURES 350.4R-3Grit excavated from grit chamber 110 lb/ft3(1800 kg/m3)Digested sludge, aerobic 65 lb/ft3(1000 kg/m3)Digested sludge, anaerobic 70 lb/ft3(1100 kg/m3)Thickened or dewatered sludge 63 to

33、 85 lb/ft3(1000 to 1400 kg/m3)(depending on moisture content)Fluid loads should be considered for both the normal fluidlevels and for the worst-case fluid level. One such worst-casedesign condition is where the fluid is at the top of thecontainment structure or at the level at which overflowwould oc

34、cur elsewhere in the hydraulic system, such thathigh fluid levels could not occur at the location beingevaluated. Many liquid-containment structures haveencountered such overflow conditions in the past. Thecode-required load factors and environmental durabilityfactors apply to normal maximum fluid l

35、evels. Code-requiredTable 2.1(a)Densities in inch-pound units of chemical for structural design (refer to Reference 4 for listing of selected chemicals)Chemical Density, lb/ft3Chemical Density, lb/ft3Acetic acid 65 (liquid) Fluosillicic acid 79 (liquid at 30%)Activated carbon Powder 8 to 28; average

36、 12 Hydrochloric acid 73 (liquid at 35%)Activated silica Approximately 90 (liquid) Hydrofluoric acid 73 (liquid at 55%)Alum, liquid 83 (liquid at 60 F) Hydrogen peroxide 75 (liquid at 50%)Aluminum ammonia sulfate 70 (granular or powder) Methanol 98 (liquid)Aluminum chloride solution 72 (liquid) Oxyg

37、en 71 (liquid)Aluminum potassium sulfate 70 (granular or powder) Phosphoric acid 98 (liquid at 75%) Aluminum sulfate60 to 75 (granular, powder); 84 (liquid at 50%)Polyaluminum chloride 91 (liquid at 5%)Ammonia, anhydrous 43 (liquid at 28 F) Polyelectrolyte or polymer Dry 88; liquid 62 to 92Ammonia,

38、aqua (ammonium hydroxide) 56 (liquid at 60 F) Polyphosphate (zinc orthophosphate) 80 to 100 (liquid)Ammonia silicoflouride 80 (crystals) Potassium aluminum sulfate 67 (crystals)Ammonium aluminum sulfate (ammonium alum)75 (crystals) Potassium permanganate102 (powder); 64 (3% solution)Ammonium sulfate

39、 60 (damp); 49 to 64 (dry) (crystals) Sodium aluminateHigh-purity 50; standard60 (powder, crystals); 98 (45% solution)Barium carbonate 52 to 78 (powder) Sodium bicarbonate 62 (granular, powder)BentonitePowder 45 to 60;granules 75 Sodium bisulfate 70 to 85 (powder, crystals)Bromine 194 (liquid) Sodiu

40、m carbonate (soda ash)Dense 65; medium 40; light 30 (granular, powder)Calcium carbonatePowder 35 to 60; granules 115 Sodium chlorideRock 60; crystal 78; powder 66 Calcium hydroxide (hydrated lime) 20 to 50 (powder) Sodium chlorite 80 (25% solution)Calcium hypochlorite Granules 80; powder 32 to 52 So

41、dium fluoridePowder 65 to 100; granules crystal 106Calcium oxide (quick lime, pebble lime)55 to 70; 60 typical hopper load (pebbles)Sodium fluorosilicate 72 (powder)Carbonic acid (carbon dioxide solution) 62 (liquid)Sodium hexametaphosphate (sodium polysulfate)Glass 64 to 100; powder and granular 44

42、 to 60 Chlorinated lime 50 (powder) Sodium hydroxidePellets 70; flakes 46 to 62; 95 (50% solution)Chlorine 92 (liquid) Sodium hypochlorite 76 (liquid at 15%)Citric acid 77 (liquid at 50%) Sodium silicate 88 (liquid)Copper sulfate Crystal 90; powder 68 Sodium silicoflourideGranular 85 to 105; powder-

43、granular 60 to 96Diatomaceous earthNatural 5 to 18; calcined 6 to 13; flux-calcined 10 to 25(fibrous material)Sodium sulfate70 to 100(crystals, powder)Disodium phosphateCrystal hydrate 90;anhydrous 64Sodium sulfitePowder 80; granular 107; liquid 82 (at 12.5%)Dolomitic hydrated lime 30 to 50 (powder)

44、 Sodium thiosulfate 60 (granules, crystals)Dolomitic limePebble 65;ground or lump 50 to 65;powder 37 to 65; average 60 Sulfur dioxide 89.6 at 32 F (liquid)Ferric chloride93 (liquid); crystal 64;anhydrous 45 to 60Sulfuric acid 115 (liquid)Ferric sulfate 72 (granular) Tetrasodium pyrophosphateCrystal

45、50 to 70; powder 46 to 68Ferrous chloride 86 (liquid at 35%) Trisodium phosphateCrystal 60; monohydrate 65; anhydrous 70Ferrous sulfate 66 (granular, powder)350.4R-4 ACI COMMITTEE REPORTfactors intended to improve durability may not be applicableto worst-case load conditions.For enclosed liquid-cont

46、ainment structures, considerationshould also be given to internal positive or negative air pressurescaused by rapid filling or emptying of the containment structure.Positive and negative air pressures can also be caused byinduced ventilation, such as for odor control. The worst-casedesign for negati

47、ve pressure may be due to pipe rupture andrapid drawdown of the tank contents, and the maximum positivepressure is related to the maximum fill rate of the equipment.Generally, suitably sized gooseneck vents should beprovided at top slabs to alleviate significant variations inTable 2.1(b)Densities in

48、 metric units of chemicals for structural design (refer to Reference 4 for listing of selected chemicals)Chemical Density, kg/m3Chemical Density, kg/m3Acetic acid 1000 (liquid) Fluosillicic acid 1300 (liquid at 30%)Activated carbonPowder 100 to 450;average 190Hydrochloric acid 1200 (liquid at 35%)Ac

49、tivated silica Approximately 1400 (liquid) Hydrofluoric acid 1200 (liquid at 55%)Alum, liquid 1300 (liquid at 16 C) Hydrogen peroxide 1200 (liquid at 50%)Aluminum ammonia sulfate 1100 (granular or powder) Methanol 1600 (liquid) Aluminum chloride solution 1200 (liquid) Oxygen 1100 (liquid)Aluminum potassium sulfate 1100 (granular or powder) Phosphoric acid 1600 (liquid at 75%)Aluminum sulfate960 to 1200 (granular,powder); 1300 (liquid at 50%)Polyaluminum chloride 1500 (liquid at 51%)Ammonia, anhydrous 690 (liquid at 33 C) Polyelectro