ASTM B988-2018 Standard Specification for Powder Metallurgy (PM) Titanium and Titanium Alloy Structural Components.pdf

1、Designation: B988 18Standard Specification forPowder Metallurgy (PM) Titanium and Titanium AlloyStructural Components1This standard is issued under the fixed designation B988; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the yea

2、r of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers powder metallurgy (PM) struc-tural components fabricated from:1.1.1 Commercially pure

3、(CP) (that is, unalloyed) titaniumpowder,1.1.2 Pre-alloyed powders.1.1.3 Mixtures of elemental powders or mixtures of elemen-tal powders and pre-alloyed powders.1.2 This specification covers:1.2.1 Grade 1 PMUnalloyed titanium,1.2.2 Grade 2 PMUnalloyed titanium,1.2.3 Grade 3 PMUnalloyed titanium,1.2.

4、4 Grade 4 PMUnalloyed titanium,1.2.5 Grade 5 PMTitanium alloy (6 % aluminum, 4 %vanadium),1.2.6 Grade 9 PMTitanium alloy (3 % aluminum, 2.5 %vanadium),1.2.7 Ti-6Al-4V PM Low Interstitial (LI),1.2.8 Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn PM.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. No other units o

5、f measurement are included in thisstandard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicabi

6、lity of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the W

7、orld Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2B243 Terminology of Powder MetallurgyB311 Test Method for Density of Powder Metallurgy (PM)Materials Containing Less Than Two Percent PorosityB348 Specification for Titanium and Titanium All

8、oy Barsand BilletsB923 Test Method for Metal Powder Skeletal Density byHelium or Nitrogen PycnometryB962 Test Methods for Density of Compacted or SinteredPowder Metallurgy (PM) Products Using ArchimedesPrincipleE8/E8M Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Ma-terialsE29 Practice for Using Sign

9、ificant Digits in Test Data toDetermine Conformance with SpecificationsE539 Test Method forAnalysis of TitaniumAlloys by X-RayFluorescence SpectrometryE1409 Test Method for Determination of Oxygen and Nitro-gen in Titanium and Titanium Alloys by Inert Gas FusionE1447 Test Method for Determination of

10、 Hydrogen in Tita-nium and Titanium Alloys by Inert Gas Fusion ThermalConductivity/Infrared Detection MethodE1941 Test Method for Determination of Carbon in Refrac-tory and Reactive Metals and TheirAlloys by CombustionAnalysisE2371 Test Method for Analysis of Titanium and TitaniumAlloys by Direct Cu

11、rrent Plasma and Inductively CoupledPlasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (Performance-Based Test Methodology)E2626 Guide for Spectrometric Analysis of Reactive andRefractory Metals (Withdrawn 2017)33. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsDefinitions of powder metallurgy termscan be found in Terminology B243.1Th

12、is specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B09 on MetalPowders and Metal Powder Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcom-mittee B09.11 on Near Full Density Powder Metallurgy Materials.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2018. Published November 2018. Originallyapproved in 2

13、013. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as B988 13. DOI:10.1520/B988-18.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onth

14、e ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international stan

15、dard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.14. Or

16、dering Information4.1 Orders for components under this specification shouldinclude the following information, or portions of it, as agreedto between purchaser and producer:4.2 Grade or alloy composition (see Section 6 and Table 1).4.3 Mechanical properties (see Section 8 and Table 2).4.4 Density (se

17、e 7.1).4.5 Component description (see Section 9).4.6 Processing route (see Section 5).4.7 Certification (see Section 12).4.8 SamplingSample size for determining chemical com-position will be decided by purchaser and producer. Methodsfor chemical analysis are referenced in 10.1.1.4.9 Number of tensil

18、e tests required as mutually agreedupon by purchaser and producer.5. Materials and Manufacture5.1 Structural components may be fabricated from powdersby processing to a near-net or net shape with final machiningperformed if required. Powders may include titanium, pre-alloyed titanium alloys, master

19、alloys, and other elementalpowders. The consolidation method shall be sufficient toachieve the final mechanical properties specified. The process-ing method may include any combination of cold compaction(for example, cold isostatic pressing, uniaxial pressing), pow-der roll compaction, hot compactio

20、n (for example, hot isostaticpressing, powder forging, and pneumatic isostatic forging),sintering, and heat treatment.6. Chemical Composition6.1 Chemical composition shall conform to the require-ments of Table 1. The purchaser may negotiate with theproducer for other chemical requirements.6.2 Chemic

21、al analysis shall be made in accordance with TestMethods E2371, E1409, E1447, E1941; alternatively, TestMethod E539, or any other standard method mutually agreedupon between the purchaser and producer. Alternative tech-niques are discussed in Guide E2626.7. Physical Properties7.1 DensityThis specifi

22、cation covers high-and full-densityparts with no interconnected porosity.7.2 Minimum density shall be sufficient to meet the me-chanical properties of Table 2 or as specified in the purchaseorder or contract.7.3 Density shall be determined in accordance with TestMethods B311, B923,orB962.NOTE 1Refer

23、 to Refs (1-11)4for supplemental material propertyinformation.8. Mechanical Properties8.1 Tensile tests shall be performed using standardized testbars in accordance with Test Methods E8/E8M produced fromthe same powder lot as the components.8.2 Alternatively, when standardized test bars are notavail

24、able, or when specified by the purchaser, testing may beperformed on material extracted from actual components of thesame lot.NOTE 2Test specimens may be machined from PM parts or blanks.The test results, however, may differ from compacted test specimens.9. Dimensions, Mass, and Permissible Variatio

25、ns9.1 Dimensions and tolerances of the structural componentsshall be indicated on drawings accompanying the purchaseorder or contract.10. Sampling10.1 Chemical Analysis:10.1.1 A sample from the lot shall be analyzed in accor-dance with Test Methods E2371, E1409, E1447 and E1941.Alternatively, Test M

26、ethod E539 or any other standard methodmutually agreed upon between the purchaser and producer maybe used. Definitions of powder metallurgy terms (for example,“lot”) can be found in Terminology B243.10.1.2 Compliance to the chemical compositions identifiedin Table 1 is required unless otherwise spec

27、ified by purchaser.4The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis standard.TABLE 1 Chemical Composition RequirementsANOTE 1Additional compositions may be added with future revisions.Composition, Weight % N, max C, max H, max Fe O, max Al V Sn Cu Cr NbResidualm

28、ax ea.Grade 1 PM 0.03 0.08 0.015 0.20 max 0.18 0.1Grade 2 PM 0.03 0.08 0.015 0.30 max 0.25 0.1Grade 3 PM 0.05 0.08 0.015 0.30 max 0.35 0.1Grade 4 PM 0.05 0.08 0.015 0.50 max 0.40 0.1Grade 5 PM (Ti-6Al-4V) 0.05 0.08 0.015 0.40 max 0.30 5.506.75 3.504.50 0.1Grade 9 PM (Ti-3Al-2.5V) 0.03 0.08 0.015 0.2

29、5 max 0.30 2.503.50 2.003.00 0.1Ti-6Al-4V, LIB0.03 0.08 0.0125 0.25 max 0.20 5.506.75 3.504.50 0.1Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn 0.04 0.1 0.015 0.351.0 0.30 5.06.0 5.06.0 1.52.5 0.351.0 0.1AFor the purpose of determining conformance with this specification, measured values shall be rounded “to the nearest unit” in t

30、he last right-hand digit used in expressingthe specification limit in accordance with the rounding method of Practice E29. The specified elements of the chemical composition for the Grades in Table 1 referencethe chemical compositions from Specification B348.BLI = low interstitial.B988 18210.2 Mecha

31、nical Testing:10.2.1 Compliance to the mechanical properties identifiedin Table 2 is required unless otherwise specified in purchaseorder or contract. Tensile testing shall be performed in confor-mance with Test Methods E8/E8M. The purchaser and pro-ducer should determine the number of tensile tests

32、 required.10.2.2 Test bars shall be produced by the same processingroute as the components.10.3 Density shall be measured in accordance with TestMethods B311, B923,orB962.11. Inspection11.1 Products will be free of defects that are observable byvisual examination and detrimental to usage, such as se

33、ams,laminations, pits, cracks, and surface inclusions.12. Certification12.1 The producer shall supply at least one copy of thereport certifying that the material has been manufactured,inspected, sampled and tested in accordance with the require-ments of this specification, and that the results of ch

34、emicalanalysis, tensile, and other tests meet the requirements of thisspecification for the grade specified. When specified in thepurchase order or contract, a report of test results shall befurnished.12.2 Basic chemical composition as shown in Table 1 willbe tested and reported. Additional elements

35、 will be measuredand reported as requested by purchaser.13. Keywords13.1 CIP; cold isostatic pressing; compaction; HIP; hotisostatic pressing; PIF; pneumatic isostatic forging; powderforging; powder metallurgy; powder roll compaction; pre-alloyed powder; sinter; structural components; Ti Grade 1; Ti

36、Grade 2; Ti Grade 3; Ti Grade 4; Ti-6Al4V; Ti-6A1-6V-2Sn; Ti3Al2.5V; titanium; titanium alloys; titanium powderREFERENCES(1) Froes, F. H. and Williams, J. C., “Titanium Alloys: PowderMetallurgy,” Encyclopedia of Materials Science and Engineering,Vol7, T-Z MIT Press, 1986, pp. 50895094.(2) Titanium a

37、nd Titanium Alloys Source Book, “Powder Metallurgy,”ASM, 1982, pp. 280288.(3) Metals Handbook Ninth Edition Volume 7 Powder Metallurgy, “Tita-nium Alloys,” ASM 1984, pp. 41, 44, 254, 394, 435, 437, 449, 468,469, 512, 513, and 752.(4) Kubel, E. J., Jr., “Titanium NNS Technology Shaping Up,” AdvancedM

38、aterials and Processes Inc. Metal Progress, February 1987, pp.4650.(5) Abkowitz, S. and Weihrauch, P., “Trimming the Cost of MMCs,”Advanced Materials and Processes, July 1989, pp. 3134.(6) Abkowitz, S., Churrus, G. J., Fujishiro, S., Froes, F. H., and Eylon, D.,“Titanium Alloy Shapes from Elemental

39、Blend Powder and Tensileand Fatigue Properties of Low Chloride Compositions,” in Confer-ence Proceedings Titanium Net Shape Technologies, The Metallurgi-cal Society of AIME, Los Angeles, CA, February 1984, pp. 107120.(7) Thellmann, E. L. “Great Potential for Titanium Powder Metallurgy,”Metal Powder

40、Report, Vol 34, No. 6, June 1980, pp. 260261.(8) Brosius, E. S., Malek, J. C., Peter, N. K., and Trzcinski, M. J.,“Blended Elemental Powder Titanium for Automotive Applications,”Metal Powder Report, Vol 42, No. 11, November 1987, pp. 768773.(9) Will, R. H. and Paul, O., “Potential Titanium Airframe

41、Applications,”in Powder Metallurgy for High Performance Applications, SyracuseUniversity Press, 1972, pp. 333349.(10) Hanson, A. D., Runkle, J., Widmer, R., and Hebeisen, J., “TitaniumShapes from Elemental Blends,” International Journal of PowderMetallurgy, Vol 26, No. 2, 1990, pp. 157164.(11) Abkow

42、itz, S.M., Abkowitz, S., Fisher, H., and Main, D. H., “Afford-able PM Titanium Microstructures, Properties and Products” inAdvances in Powder Metallurgy or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ 184