ASTM D1937-2018 Standard Test Method for Carbon Black Pelleted&x2014 Mass Strength.pdf

1、Designation: D1937 13D1937 18Standard Test Method forCarbon Black, PelletedMass Strength1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1937; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number

2、 in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of the mass strength of pelleted carbon black. It is designed to determine the forcerequired to pac

3、k a cylindrical column withof pelleted carbon black. The results of this test are believed to relate to the ability ofthe carbon black to flow in bulk handling systems.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.3 T

4、his standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior

5、to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barrier

6、s to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1799 Practice for Carbon BlackSampling Packaged ShipmentsD1900 Practice for Carbon BlackSampling Bulk ShipmentsD4483 Practice for Evaluating Precision for Test Method Standards in the Rubber and Carbon Black Manufacturing Industr

7、ies3. Summary of Test Method3.1 A sample of carbon black is placed in a vertical cylinder and pressed with a plunger for 10 s after which the bottom of thecylinder is opened, whereupon all of the carbon black either falls out the bottom or forms a ring or bridge in the cylinder. Theprocess is repeat

8、ed with a new sample until the minimum force required for the carbon black to form a ring or bridge is found.The resultant force is called mass strength and is reported in Newtons (lbf).4. Significance and Use4.1 Mass strength gives an indication of the flowability in bulk handling. It is affected b

9、y pellet properties such as hardness, size,shape, and especially fines content. Due to the influence of other variables, the user and the producer must determine an acceptablemass strength level.5. Apparatus5.1 Mass Strength Tester, 3 with a flat compression cylinder of 50.8 mm (2 in.) pression cham

10、ber comprising:5.1.1 Hollow Compression Cylinder, of 95.25 mm (3.75 in.) depth and 52.4 mm (2.06 in.) diameter, made of stainless steel.5.1.2 Plunger, of 50.8 mm (2 in.) diameter and a central bore of 12.7 mm (0.5 in.) diameter and 19 mm (0.75 in.) depth, madeof stainless steel.1 This test method is

11、 under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D24 on Carbon Black and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D24.51 on Carbon Black PelletProperties.Current edition approved June 1, 2013Nov. 1, 2018. Published July 2013November 2018. Originally approved in 1962. Last previous edition approved in 2

12、0122013 asD1937 12.D1937 13. DOI: 10.1520/D1937-13.10.1520/D1937-18.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM w

13、ebsite.3 The sole source For information about known sources of supply of the mass strength tester known to the committee at this time is Titan Specialties, Inc., P.O. Box 2316,Pampa, TX 79066-2316. Test Method instruments, D1937 84 contains details for the construction of this apparatus. If you are

14、 aware of alternative suppliers, please providethis information to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,please contactASTM International at serviceastm.org.1 which you may attend.This document is not an

15、ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In

16、 all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States15.1.3 Force Application Mechanism, allowing the application of a control

17、lable force onto the plunger.5.2 Calibrating Block, made from a cylindrical wooden shaft, 47 mm (1.8 in.) in diameter and 250 mm (10 in.) long.5.3 Platform Scale, 4 to 50-kg (100 lb) capacity with a sensitivity of 0.1 kg (0.02 lb) for air pressure gage calibration.5.2 Overflow Cup to Fit Around Cyli

18、nder, Powder Funnel, normally part of the apparatus delivery.to completely fill the cylinder.5.3 Spatula, with a straight edge of at least 55 mm (2.2 in.).5.4 Brush, approximately 40 mm (1.5 in.), stiff bristle.6. Sampling6.1 Samples shall be taken in accordance with Practices D1799 or D1900.7. Cali

19、bration7.1 Remove the original faceplate from the pressure gage and replace with a blank plate made from aluminum or other suitablematerial.7.2 Place the platform scale under the cylinder. With the sliding door in an open position, pass the calibrating block throughthe cylinder so it will rest on th

20、e platform of the platform scale. The top of the calibrating block shall be near the cylinder top.The calibrating block must fit freely in the cylinder and not bind against any inside surface. Adjust the platform scale for zeroposition with the calibrating block in place. Mark the zero position on t

21、he blank plate.7.3 Adjust the air-flow regulator until the needle on the air pressure gage has moved from rest or zero position, to one-third ormore of total gage capacity.7.4 Activate the timer, allowing the plunger to press against the calibrating block. Measure the equivalent mass produced bythe

22、plunger with the platform scale.7.5 Repeat 7.4, adjusting the regulator until even multiples of 50 N or 10 lbf are obtained. Mark the plate at these values.7.6 Between each 50 N or 10 lbf mark on the plate, place graduations representing each 10 N or 2 lbf. This may be done frommeasurement, since th

23、e gage should be linear in calibration. Check these marks for accuracy with the platform scale.7.1 From this calibrated gage plate, another gage plate may be prepared by making the graduations coincide with thosemeasured on the calibrated plate. All graduations shall be checked with the platform sca

24、le for accuracy.The manufacturer willtypically calibrate the instruments measurement system before delivery. Load cells are typically calibrated or verified using areference load cell or calibrated masses, or both. Traceability is recommended for all calibration devices. Follow themanufacturers reco

25、mmendations for calibration frequency and procedure.7.8 The calibrated air pressure gage shall be recalibrated at least once a month, or more frequently as deemed necessary.8. Procedure8.1 CleanCompress the cylinder with a brush to remove any adhering carbon black. With the sliding door closed and t

26、heoverflow cup in position, pour carbon black pellets into the cylinder until an excess of pellets forms a cone above the rim. Levelthe surface with a single sweep of a straightedge or spatula held perpendicular to, and in firm contact with the top of the cylinder.The top surface of the carbon black

27、 column shall be level to prevent unequal pressure on the column.sample using a mass strengthtester per the manufacturer instructions. A general procedure for compressing carbon black involves the following steps:8.1.1 Clean the cylinder with a brush to remove any adhering carbon black. With the sli

28、ding door (cylinder trap door) closedand the funnel in position, pour carbon black pellets into the cylinder until an excess of pellets forms a cone above the rim. Levelthe surface with a single sweep of a straightedge or spatula held perpendicular to, and in firm contact with the top of the cylinde

29、r.The top surface of the carbon black column shall be level to prevent unequal pressure on the column.8.1.2 Select the force to be applied. The setting for the initial press is discretionary and is based usually on lab experience.NOTE 1Soft pellets with irregular shape and high fines tend to have lo

30、w mass strength. For these materials an initial setting of 100 N or 20 lbf issuggested. More spherical pellets with higher pellet hardness and low fines tend to have high mass strength. For these materials an initial setting of 250N or 50 lbf is suggested.8.1.3 Activate the plunger, to start the com

31、pression. The timer shall be set to allow a total plunger application time of 10 s onthe sample.8.1.4 After the plunger returns to the rest position above the sample, open the sliding door carefully and observe the inside ofthe cylinder. If no black remains in the cylinder, the end point has not bee

32、n reached. The test is then repeated on untested portionsof the sample using successively higher pressures following the test sequence in 8.1.1 8.1.4.NOTE 2The increments of increased force are discretionary. Steps of 50 or 100 N (10 or 20 lbf) are appropriate.8.2 Select the force to be applied by a

33、djusting the air-flow regulator until the calibrated gage indicates the desired value. Thesetting for the initial press is discretionary and is based usually on lab experience.D1937 182NOTE 1Soft pellets with irregular shape and high fines tend to have low mass strength. For these materials an initi

34、al setting of 100 N or 20 lbf issuggested. More spherical pellets with higher pellet hardness and low fines tend to have high mass strength. For these materials an initial setting of 250N or 50 lbf is suggested.8.3 Press the timer switch activating the mechanism, allowing air flow to the air cylinde

35、r. The timer shall be set to allow a totalplunger application time of 10 s on the sample.8.4 After the plunger returns to the rest position above the sample, open the sliding door and observe the inside of the cylinder.If no black remains in the cylinder, the end point has not been reached. The test

36、 is then repeated on untested portions of the sampleusing successively higher pressures following the test sequence in 8.1 8.4NOTE 2The increments of increased force are discretionary. Steps of 50 or 100 N (10 or 20 lbf) are appropriate.8.2 Once a bridge of pressed carbon black is formed, the end po

37、int has been reached or exceeded. An additional test should beperformed at a lower pressure lower pressure(s) in increments of 25 N (5 lbf) to confirm the end point has not been exceeded. Theend point is the lowest number of newtonsNewtons (pounds-force) required to produce a ring or bridge of press

38、ed carbon blackin the cylinder.9. Report9.1 Report the following information:9.1.1 Proper identification of the sample and,9.1.2 Result obtained from an individual determination reported to the nearest 25 N (5 lbf).10. Precision and Bias10.1 These precision statements have been prepared in accordanc

39、e with Practice D4483. Refer to this practice for terminologyand other statistical details.10.2 The precision results in this precision and bias section give an estimate of the precision of this test method with thematerials used in the particular interlaboratory program described below. The precisi

40、on parameters should not be used foracceptance or rejection testing of any group of materials without documentation that they are applicable to those particularmaterials and the specific testing protocols of the test method. Any appropriate value may be used from Table 1.10.3 A type 1 inter-laborato

41、ry precision program was conducted as detailed in Table 1. Both repeatability and reproducibilityrepresent short-term (daily) testing conditions. The testing was performed using two operators in each laboratory performing thetest once on each material on each of two days (total of four tests).10.4 T

42、he results of the precision calculations for this test are given in Table 1. The materials are arranged in ascending “meanlevel” order.10.5 RepeatabilityThe pooled relative repeatability, (r), of this test has been established as 15.5 %. Any other value in Table1 may be used as an estimate of repeat

43、ability, as appropriate. The difference between two single test results (or determinations)found on identical test material under the repeatability conditions prescribed for this test will exceed the repeatability on an averageof not more than once in 20 cases in the normal and correct operation of

44、the method. Two single test results that differ by morethan the appropriate value from Table 1 must be suspected of being from different populations and some appropriate action taken.NOTE 3Appropriate action may be an investigation of the test method procedure or apparatus for faulty operation or th

45、e declaration of a significantdifference in the two materials, samples, and so forth, which generated the two test results.TABLE 1 Precision Parameters for ASTM D1937, Carbon Black, PelletedMass Strength (Type 1 Precision)NOTEUnits = N (lbf)Material Period Number ofLaboratoriesMeanLevelSr r (r) SR R

46、 (R)LS Carcass Spring 2004 26 42.9(9.6)3.8(0.86)10.8(2.43)25.2 % 24.7(5.56)70.0(15.73)163.1 %N774 Fall 2002 16 62.4(14.0)5.0(1.12)14.1(3.17)22.6 % 39.6(8.91)112.2(25.21)179.7 %HS Tread Fall 2003 28 102.5(23.0)6.5(1.46)18.3(4.12)17.9 % 55.3(12.42)156.4(35.16)152.6 %SRB6C Spring 2003 28 103.6(23.3)6.9

47、(1.54)19.4(4.36)18.7 % 46.2(10.39)130.9(29.42)126.3 %SRB6A Fall 2004 36 262.8(59.1)8.3(1.87)23.5(5.29)9.0 % 92.6(20.81)262.0(58.90)99.7 %Average 114.8(25.8)Pooled Values 6.3(1.41)17.8(4.00)15.5 % 56.5(12.69)159.8(35.93)139.2 %D1937 18310.6 ReproducibilityThe pooled relative reproducibility, (R), of

48、this test has been established as 139.2 %. Any other value inTable 1 may be used as an estimate of reproducibility, as appropriate. The difference between two single and independent testresults found by two operators working under the prescribed reproducibility conditions in different laboratories o

49、n identical testmaterial will exceed the reproducibility on an average of not more than once in 20 cases in the normal and correct operation ofthe method. Two single test results produced in different laboratories that differ by more than the appropriate value from Table 1must be suspected of being from different populations and some appropriate investigative or technical/commercial action taken.10.7 BiasIn test method terminology, bias is the difference between an average test value and the reference (true) test propertyvalue. Reference value