ASTM D5681-2018 Standard Terminology for Waste and Waste Management.pdf

1、Designation: D5681 18Standard Terminology forWaste and Waste Management1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5681; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses i

2、ndicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology contains standard definitions of termsused in the general area of waste and waste management. It isintended to promote understanding by provi

3、ding precise tech-nical definitions of terms used in the standards developed byCommittee D34 and its subcommittees.1.2 Terms used only within an individual standard, andhaving a meaning unique to that standard, may be defined orexplained in the terminology section of that individual stan-dard.1.3 Th

4、is standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 T

5、his international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trad

6、e (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1129 Terminology Relating to WaterD4439 Terminology for GeosyntheticsD4448 Guide for Sampling Ground-Water Monitoring WellsD4547 Guide for Sampling Waste and Soils for VolatileOrganic CompoundsD4646 Test Method for 24-h Batch-Type Measure

7、ment ofContaminant Sorption by Soils and SedimentsD4790 Terminology of Aromatic Hydrocarbons and RelatedChemicalsD4874 Test Method for Leaching Solid Material in a Col-umn ApparatusD5120 Test Method for Inhibition of Respiration in Micro-bial Cultures in the Activated Sludge Process (Withdrawn2014)3

8、D5231 Test Method for Determination of the Compositionof Unprocessed Municipal Solid WasteD5285 Test Method for 24-Hour Batch-Type Measurementof Volatile Organic Sorption by Soils and Sediments(Withdrawn 2008)3D5368 Test Methods for Gravimetric Determination of TotalSolvent Extractable Content (TSEC

9、) of Solid WasteSamples (Withdrawn 2014)3D5369 Practice for Extraction of Solid Waste Samples forChemical Analysis Using Soxhlet Extraction (Withdrawn2016)3D5468 Test Method for Gross Calorific and Ash Value ofWaste Materials (Withdrawn 2016)3D5660 Test Method for Assessing the Microbial Detoxifica-

10、tion of Chemically Contaminated Water and Soil Using aToxicity Test with a Luminescent Marine Bacterium(Withdrawn 2014)3D5679 Practice for Sampling Consolidated Solids in Drumsor Similar ContainersD5680 Practice for Sampling Unconsolidated Solids inDrums or Similar ContainersD5743 Practice for Sampl

11、ing Single or MultilayeredLiquids, With or Without Solids, in Drums or SimilarContainersD5744 Test Method for Laboratory Weathering of SolidMaterials Using a Humidity CellD5745 Guide for Developing and Implementing Short-TermMeasures or Early Actions for Site RemediationD5746 Classification of Envir

12、onmental Condition of Prop-erty Area Types for Defense Base Closure and Realign-ment FacilitiesD5759 Guide for Characterization of Coal Fly Ash andClean Coal Combustion Fly Ash for Potential UsesD5792 Practice for Generation of Environmental Data Re-lated to Waste Management Activities: Development

13、ofData Quality Objectives1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on WasteManagement and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.94 on Terminol-ogy.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2018. Published November 2018. Originallyapproved in 1995. Last previous edition appr

14、oved in 2017 as D5681 17. DOI:10.1520/D5681-18.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last appr

15、oved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization

16、 established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1D5956 Guide for Sampling Strategies for HeterogeneousWastesD6008 Practice for Conducting Environmen

17、tal Baseline Sur-veysD6044 Guide for Representative Sampling for Managementof Waste and Contaminated MediaD6051 Guide for Composite Sampling and Field Subsam-pling for Environmental Waste Management ActivitiesD6063 Guide for Sampling of Drums and Similar Containersby Field PersonnelD6250 Practice fo

18、r Derivation of Decision Point and Confi-dence Limit for Statistical Testing of Mean Concentrationin Waste Management Decisions (Withdrawn 2018)3D6270 Practice for Use of Scrap Tires in Civil EngineeringApplicationsD6311 Guide for Generation of Environmental Data Relatedto Waste Management Activitie

19、s: Selection and Optimiza-tion of Sampling DesignD6323 Guide for Laboratory Subsampling of Media Relatedto Waste Management Activities (Withdrawn 2018)3D6346 Guide for Accepting, Segregating, and PackagingMaterials Collected Through Household Hazardous WasteProgramsD6538 Guide for Sampling Wastewate

20、r With AutomaticSamplersD6582 Guide for Ranked Set Sampling: Efficient Estimationof a Mean Concentration in Environmental Sampling(Withdrawn 2012)3D6661 Practice for Field Collection of Organic Compoundsfrom Surfaces Using Wipe SamplingD6700 Practice for Use of Scrap Tire-Derived FuelD6759 Practice

21、for Sampling Liquids Using Grab and Dis-crete Depth SamplersD6842 Guide for Designing Cost-Effective Sampling andMeasurement Plans by Use of Estimated Uncertainty andIts Components in Waste Management Decision-Making(Withdrawn 2015)3D6956 Guide for Demonstrating and Assessing Whether aChemical Analy

22、tical Measurement System Provides Ana-lytical Results Consistent with Their Intended UseD6982 Practice for Detecting Hot Spots Using Point-Net(Grid) Search PatternsE135 Terminology Relating to Analytical Chemistry forMetals, Ores, and Related MaterialsE177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and

23、 Bias inASTM Test MethodsE456 Terminology Relating to Quality and StatisticsE702 Specification for Municipal Ferrous ScrapE708 Specification for Waste Glass as a Raw Material for theManufacture of Glass ContainersE711 Test Method for Gross Calorific Value of Refuse-Derived Fuel by the Bomb Calorimet

24、er (Withdrawn2011)3E828 Test Method for Designating the Size of RDF-3 Fromits Sieve Analysis (Withdrawn 2009)3E850 Guide for Characterization of Inorganic ProcessWastes for Use as Structural FillE856 Definitions of Terms and Abbreviations Relating toPhysical and Chemical Characteristics of Refuse De

25、rivedFuel (Withdrawn 2011)3E868 Test Methods for Conducting Performance Tests onMechanical Conveying Equipment Used in ResourceRecovery Systems (Withdrawn 2013)3E884 Practice for Sampling Airborne Microorganisms atMunicipal Solid-Waste Processing FacilitiesE889 Test Method for Composition or Purity

26、of a SolidWaste Materials StreamE897 Test Method for Volatile Matter in theAnalysis Sampleof Refuse-Derived Fuel (Withdrawn 2011)3E929 Test Method for Measuring Electrical Energy Require-ments of Processing Equipment (Withdrawn 2014)3E943 Terminology Relating to Biological Effects and Envi-ronmental

27、 FateE949 Test Method for Total Moisture in a Refuse-DerivedFuel Laboratory Sample (Withdrawn 2011)3E953/E953M Practice for Fusibility of Refuse-Derived Fuel(RDF) AshE955 Test Method for Thermal Characteristics of Refuse-Derived Fuel Macrosamples (Withdrawn 2017)3E959 Test Method for Characterizing

28、the Performance ofRefuse Size-Reduction EquipmentE1138 Terminology for Technical Aspects of Products Li-ability Litigation (Withdrawn 1995)3E1248 Practice for Shredder Explosion ProtectionE1266 Practice for Processing Mixtures of Lime, Fly Ash,and Heavy Metal Wastes in Structural Fills and OtherCons

29、truction ApplicationsE1527 Practice for Environmental Site Assessments: Phase IEnvironmental Site Assessment ProcessE1528 Practice for Limited Environmental Due Diligence:Transaction Screen Process3. Significance and Use3.1 This terminology defines terms and specialized mean-ings of terms in the sub

30、ject areas of waste and management ofwaste.3.2 This terminology is not intended for subjects other thanwaste and waste management. For terms applicable to othersubject areas, the appropriate terminology standard(s) shouldbe consulted. See the current edition of the Compilation ofASTM Standard Defini

31、tions4and the list of terminologystandards cited therein.3.3 Standards relating to subcategories of waste or wastemanagement may use terms defined more narrowly than thoseincluded here. The more specialized terminology standardsrelating to the applicable specific subcategory, or terms definedwithin

32、individual standards, or both, should be consulted forthe exact meaning intended within a given standard.3.4 The Thesaurus on Resource Recovery Terminology(Special Technical Publication (STP) 832)5contains manyterms and may be useful for those not listed in terminology4Compilation of ASTM Standard D

33、efinitions, ASTM, 8th edition, 1994.5Thesaurus on Resource Recovery Terminology, ASTM STP 832, ASTM, 1983.D5681 182standards. However, a definition in a standard terminologyshall be considered governing when the term is used in thesense or meaning defined therein.3.5 Statistical terms are not define

34、d in this terminology tothe extent that the terms, when used regarding waste andmanagement of waste, have the same meanings as in PracticeE177 or Terminology E456.3.6 Regulatory terms are often developed by regulatoryagencies for special regulatory purposes and may have techni-cal content or meaning

35、 different from terms defined herein.When a regulatory term exists that differs in meaning from aterm given here, the regulatory term should be considered totake precedence for regulatory matters.4. Terminologyaccepts, nthe output stream from a materials separationdevice that contains the highest co

36、ncentration (purity) of thecomponents that the device is designed to separate.accuracy, ncloseness of a measured value to the true or anaccepted reference or standard value. E135, D6311acid producing potential (AP), nthe potential for a solidmaterial sample to produce acidic effluent, based on thepe

37、rcent of sulfide contained in that sample as iron-sulfidemineral (for example, pyrite or pyrrhotite). The AP iscommonly converted to the amount of calcium carbonaterequired to neutralize the resulting amount of acidic effluentproduced by the oxidation of contained iron sulfide minerals;it is express

38、ed as the equivalent tons of calcium carbonateper 1000 tons of solid material. The AP is therefore calcu-lated by multiplying the percent of sulfide contained in thematerial by a stoichiometric factor of 31.25. D5744action level (AL)the level above or below which will lead tothe adoption of one of t

39、wo alternative actions. D6956adiabatic calorimeter, na calorimeter that has a jackettemperature adjusted to follow the calorimeter temperatureas closely as possible so as to maintain zero thermal head.D5468air dryinga process of partial drying of RDF-3 to bring itsmoisture content near to equilibriu

40、m with the atmosphere inthe room in which the sieving is to take place. E828air dryinga process of partial drying of RDF to bring itsmoisture content near to equilibrium with the atmosphere inwhich further reduction, division, and characterization of thesample are to take place. In order to bring ab

41、out theequilibrium, the RDF is usually subjected to drying undercontrolled temperature conditions ranging from 30 to 40C.E949analysis, nthe activity to determine the proximate andultimate analysis, fuel value and size specification of TDF.D6700analysis of variance (ANOVA), na statistical method ofde

42、composing (or breaking down) the total variance andestimating or testing its contributing component variancesfor statistical significance. D6842analytethe constituent to be measured. D6956analytical unit, nthe actual amount of the sample materialanalyzed in the laboratory. D6044applicable or relevan

43、t and appropriate requirements(ARAR)those requirements, cleanup standards, standardsof control, and other substantive environmental protectionrequirements, criteria, or limitations promulgated underfederal or state law that show either a direct correspondenceor address problems or situations suffici

44、ently similar at a siteto show that they are well suited for application. D5745asbestossix naturally occurring fibrous minerals found incertain types of rock formations. Of the six, the mineralschrysotile, amosite, and crocidolite have been most com-monly used in building products. When mined andpro

45、cessed, asbestos is typically separated into very thinfibers. Because asbestos is strong, incombustible, andcorrosion-resistant, asbestos was used in many commercialproducts beginning early in this century and peaking in theperiod from World War II into the 1970s. When inhaled insufficient quantitie

46、s, asbestos fibers can cause serious healthproblems. D6008asbestos-containing material (ACM)any material or prod-uct that contains more than 1 % asbestos. D6008as-determined basis, nanalytical data obtained from ananalysis sample after conditioning and preparation whichrepresent the numerical values

47、 obtained at the particularmoisture and ash level in the sample at the time of analysis.ash, nthe residue remaining after ignition of a substance asdetermined by definite prescribed methods.DISCUSSIONAsh may not be identical in composition or quantitywith the inorganic substances present in the anal

48、ysis sample beforeignition.as-received basis, ntest data calculated to the condition ofthe sample as it arrived in the laboratory and before anylaboratory processing or conditioning.attribute, na quality of samples or a population. D5956,D6311auxiliary variable, nthe secondary characteristic or mea-

49、surement of interest.DISCUSSIONIn ranked set sampling, information contained in anauxiliary variable is useful for ranking the samples. This ranking maymimic the rankings of the samples with respect to the values of theprimary variable when there is correlation between the auxiliaryvariable and the primary variable. Auxiliary information may includevisual inspection, inexpensive quick measurement, knowledge ofoperational history, previous site data, or any other similar information.D6582balanced design, na statistical study where replication ineach of the leve