ASTM D5798-2018a Standard Specification for Ethanol Fuel Blends for Flexible-Fuel Automotive Spark-Ignition Engines.pdf

1、Designation: D5798 18D5798 18aStandard Specification forEthanol Fuel Blends for Flexible-Fuel Automotive Spark-Ignition Engines1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5798; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revisi

2、on, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This specificat

3、ion covers the requirements for automotive fuel blends of ethanol and gasoline for use in ground vehiclesequipped with ethanol fuel blend flexible-fuel spark-ignition engines. Fuel produced to this specification contains 51 % to 83 %by volume ethanol. This fuel is for use in flexible-fuel vehicles a

4、nd is sometimes referred to at retail as “Ethanol Flex-Fuel.”Appendix X1 discusses the significance of the properties specified.1.2 The vapor pressure of ethanol fuel blends is varied for seasonal climatic changes. Vapor pressure is increased at lowertemperatures to ensure adequate flexible-fuel veh

5、icle operability. Ethanol content and selection of hydrocarbon blendstock areadjusted by the blender to meet these vapor pressure requirements.1.3 This specification formerly covered Fuel Ethanol (Ed70-Ed85) for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engines, also knowncommercially as E85. The nomenclature “fuel

6、 ethanol” has been changed to “ethanol fuel blends” to distinguish this product fromdenatured fuel ethanol Specification D4806. To facilitate blending of ethanol fuel blends that meet seasonal vapor pressurerequirements, a new lower minimum ethanol content has been established.1.4 The United States

7、government has established various programs for alternative fuels. Many of the definitions of alternativefuel used by these programs may be more restrictive than the requirements of this specification. See 4.1.2.1 for additionalinformation on alternative fuels containing ethanol.1.5 The values state

8、d in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.1.5.1 ExceptionThe values given in parentheses are for information only.1.6 The following safety hazard caveat pertains only to the test method portion, 8.1.8, of this specification. This standard doesnot purport to address all of the safety concerns,

9、 if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standardto establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recogniz

10、ed principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D86 Test Method for Distil

11、lation of Petroleum Products and Liquid Fuels at Atmospheric PressureD130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petroleum Products by Copper Strip TestD381 Test Method for Gum Content in Fuels by Jet EvaporationD525 Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Gasoline (Induction Period Method)D161

12、3 Test Method for Acidity in Volatile Solvents and Chemical Intermediates Used in Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, and RelatedProductsD1688 Test Methods for Copper in WaterD3231 Test Method for Phosphorus in Gasoline1 This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products,

13、Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is under the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D02.A0.02 on Oxygenated Fuels and Components.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2018Dec. 1, 2018. Published October 2018December 2018. Originally approved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 20172018as D5798 17.D

14、5798 18. DOI: 10.1520/D5798-18.10.1520/D5798-18A.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This documen

15、t is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as app

16、ropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United St

17、ates1D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum ProductsD4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and LubricantsD4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum ProductsD4306 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers for Tests Affected by T

18、race ContaminationD4806 Specification for Denatured Fuel Ethanol for Blending with Gasolines for Use asAutomotive Spark-Ignition Engine FuelD4814 Specification for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine FuelD4953 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Gasoline and Gasoline-Oxygenate Blends (Dry Method)D5191 Te

19、st Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Mini Method)D5453 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur in Light Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, Diesel Engine Fuel,and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet FluorescenceD5501 Test Method for Determination of Ethanol and Methanol Content in F

20、uels Containing Greater than 20% Ethanol by GasChromatographyD5854 Practice for Mixing and Handling of Liquid Samples of Petroleum and Petroleum ProductsD6423 Test Method for Determination of pHe of Denatured Fuel Ethanol and Ethanol Fuel BlendsD7039 Test Method for Sulfur in Gasoline, Diesel Fuel,

21、Jet Fuel, Kerosine, Biodiesel, Biodiesel Blends, and Gasoline-EthanolBlends by Monochromatic Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD7319 Test Method for Determination of Existent and Potential Sulfate and Inorganic Chloride in Fuel Ethanol and Butanol byDirect Injection Suppressed Ion

22、 ChromatographyD7328 Test Method for Determination of Existent and Potential Inorganic Sulfate and Total Inorganic Chloride in Fuel Ethanolby Ion Chromatography Using Aqueous Sample InjectionD7667 Test Method for Determination of Corrosiveness to Silver byAutomotive Spark-Ignition Engine FuelThin Si

23、lver StripMethodD7671 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Silver by Automotive SparkIgnition Engine FuelSilver Strip MethodD7757 Test Method for Silicon in Gasoline and Related Products by MonochromaticWavelength Dispersive X-ray FluorescenceSpectrometryD7795 Test Method for Acidity in Ethanol and Etha

24、nol Blends by TitrationD7923 Test Method for Water in Ethanol and Hydrocarbon Blends by Karl Fischer TitrationE203 Test Method for Water Using Volumetric Karl Fischer TitrationE1064 Test Method for Water in Organic Liquids by Coulometric Karl Fischer Titration2.2 Government Standards:3United States

25、Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40, Part 802.3 SAE Papers:4SAE 2007014006 A Model for Estimating Vapor Pressures of Commingled Ethanol Fuels3. Terminology3.1 For general terminology, refer to Terminology D4175.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 denaturants, nmaterials added to ethanol to make it unsuitable fo

26、r beverage use under a formula approved by aregulatory agency to prevent the imposition of beverage alcohol tax.3.2.1.1 DiscussionDenaturants are only those materials added by the denaturer to comply with the approved formula; any materials absorbed laterare not denaturants. D48063.2.2 denatured fue

27、l ethanolethanol, nfuel ethanol made unfit for beverage use by the addition of denaturants underformula(s) approved by the applicable regulatory agency to prevent the imposition of beverage alcohol tax. D48063.2.3 ethanol, nethyl alcohol, the chemical compound CCH23HCH52OH. D48063.2.4 finished fuel,

28、 nhomogeneous mixture of blendstocks and fuel additives meeting all specification and regulatoryrequirements for its intended use at the location where sold.3.2.5 flexible-fuel vehicle, na vehicle designed to operate on both gasoline and ethanol fuel blends and can operate on anymixture of both.3 A

29、printed copy of the Code of Federal Regulations may be purchased from the U.S. Government Printing Office, Superintendent of Documents, 732 N. Capitol Street,N.W., Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401 or the online store at http:/bookstore.gpo.gov/. The Code of Federal Regulations may be browsed onl

30、ine athttp:/www.gpoaccess.gov/cfr/index.html.4 Available from SAE International (SAE), 400 Commonwealth Dr., Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, http:/www.sae.org.D5798 18a23.2.5.1 DiscussionIn the United States, these vehicles have U.S. EPA emissions certifications using gasoline complying with U.S. EPA req

31、uirementsand ethanol fuel blends that meet the requirements of Specification D5798.3.2.5.2 DiscussionFlex-fuel vehicle and FFV are commonly used synonyms for flexible-fuel vehicle.3.2.5.3 DiscussionThe fuels may also contain anti-oxidants, corrosion inhibitors, metal deactivators, and dyes but do no

32、t contain lead additives. Ajurisdiction may set limits on lead content from all sources.3.2.6 gasoline, na volatile mixture of liquid hydrocarbons, generally containing small amounts of additives, suitable for useas a fuel in spark-ignition, internal combustion engines. D48143.2.7 hydrocarbon, na co

33、mpound composed solely of hydrogen and carbon.3.2.8 methanol, nmethyl alcohol, the chemical compound CH3OH.3.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.3.1 flexible-fuel vehicle, na vehicle designed to operate on either unleaded gasoline or ethanol fuel blends or mixtures ofboth.3.3.1.1 Disc

34、ussionIn the United States, these vehicles have U.S. EPA emissions certifications using gasoline complying with U.S. EPA requirementsand ethanol fuel blends that meet the requirements of Specification D5798.3.3.1 hydrocarbon blendstock, na blending component composed of hydrocarbons which boil in th

35、e gasoline temperaturedistillation range and trace amounts of naturally occurring compounds or additives composed of hydrogen, carbon, and otherelements such as sulfur, oxygen and nitrogen.3.3.2 pHe, na measure of the acid strength of alcohol fuels.4. Ordering Information4.1 The purchasing agency sh

36、all:4.1.1 Indicate the season and locality in which the fuel is to be used,4.1.2 If requested, ensure that the ethanol concentration meets the requirements for an alternative fuel for federal fleets.4.1.2.1 The composition of alternative fuels in the United States is regulated by various government

37、agencies and regulationsincluding the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and U.S. Environmental ProtectionAgency (EPA). With regard to fuel propertiesincluding volatility, this specification can be more or less restrictive than DOE or EPA rules, regulations and waivers. To qualifyas an alternative fuel

38、 for federal fleet use in the United States, the ethanol blend is required to meet the U.S. Department ofEnergys definition of alternative fuels, enacted under the Energy Policy Act of 1992 (Title III, Sec. 301). For ethanol, the Actdefines “alternative fuel” as a mixture containing denatured ethano

39、l at a volume of “85 percent or more (or such other percentage,but not less than 70 percent, as determined by the Secretary, by rule.).” Correcting for denaturant content, a blend of 70 to 85volume % denatured fuel ethanol contains 68 % to 83 volume % ethanol as measured byTest Method D5501.The U.S.

40、 governmenthas other programs and definitions for alternative fuels.4.1.2.2 Users of this specification are advised to check with the applicable regulatory agency for specific alternative fuelrequirements.5. Ethanol Fuel Blends Performance Requirements5.1 Ethanol Fuel Blends shall conform to the req

41、uirements of Table 1.5.1.1 The components used to produce Ethanol Fuel Blends are limited to denatured fuel ethanol and hydrocarbon blendstockas defined in 5.2.5.1.2 The intentional addition of lead or phosphorus compounds to ethanol fuel blends is not permitted.5.2 Hydrocarbon Blendstock blended wi

42、th the denatured fuel ethanol shall meet the requirements of Table 2.5.2.1 The hydrocarbon blendstock may be unleaded gasoline, gasoline blendstock for oxygenate blending (BOB), naturalgasoline or other hydrocarbons in the gasoline boiling range.5.3 Vapor pressure is varied for seasonal and climatic

43、 changes by providing four vapor pressure classes for ethanol fuel blends.D5798 18a35.3.1 Class 1 encompasses geographical areas with 6-hour tenth percentile minimum ambient temperature of greater than 5 C(41 F).5.3.2 Class 2 encompasses geographical areas with 6-hour tenth percentile minimum ambien

44、t temperature of greater than 5 C(23 F) but less than or equal to 5 C (41F).5.3.3 Class 3 encompasses geographical areas with 6-hour tenth percentile minimum ambient temperature greater than 13 C(9 F) but less than or equal to 5 C (23F).5.3.4 Class 4 encompasses geographical areas with 6-hour tenth

45、percentile minimum ambient temperature less than or equal to13 C (9 F).5.3.5 There is a 10 % probability that the highest temperature of the six coldest consecutive hourly temperature readings of a24 h day will be colder than the 6 h tenth percentile minimum ambient temperature.5.3.6 See 5.4.4 and 5

46、.5.2 for seasonal and geographical distributions.5.4 Regulatory and Other Requirements in the United States:5.4.1 Ethanol content requirements for ethanol alternative fuel blends can be found in 4.1.2.1.5.4.2 The denaturant for the denatured fuel ethanol used in making ethanol fuel blends shall meet

47、 the requirements of Section5 in Specification D4806.5.4.3 Ethanol fuel blends of any volatility class shall meet certain U.S. Environmental ProtectionAgency (EPA) regulations forunleaded gasoline. See Appendix X2.5.4.4 The United States seasonal and geographical distribution for the four vapor pres

48、sure classes is shown in Table 3.5.5 Regulatory and Other Requirements Outside the United States:5.5.1 Users of this specification are advised to consult with the applicable regulatory agency for specific requirements for theirjurisdictions.5.5.2 Users of the specification in geographical areas outs

49、ide the United States need to determine the 6-hour tenth percentileminimum ambient temperatures for their geographic areas and times of year in order to select the appropriate classes of fuel.6. Workmanship6.1 The finished fuel blend shall be visually free of sediment, suspended or undissolved matter. It shall be clear and bright atthe fuel temperature at the point of custody transfer or at an alternative temperature agreed upon by the purchaser and seller.TABLE 1 Requirements for Ethanol Fuel BlendsAProperties Class1BClass 2 Class3Cl