ASTM D613-2018a Standard Test Method for Cetane Number of Diesel Fuel Oil.pdf

1、Designation: D613 18aDesignation: 41/2000Standard Test Method forCetane Number of Diesel Fuel Oil1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D613; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.

2、A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the determination of t

3、he ratingof diesel fuel oil in terms of an arbitrary scale of cetanenumbers using a standard single cylinder, four-stroke cycle,variable compression ratio, indirect injected diesel engine.1.2 The cetane number scale covers the range from zero (0)to 100, but typical testing is in the range of 30 to 6

4、5 cetanenumber.1.3 The values for operating conditions are stated in SI unitsand are to be regarded as the standard. The values given inparentheses are the historical inch-pound units for informationonly. In addition, the engine measurements continue to be ininch-pound units because of the extensive

5、 and expensivetooling that has been created for these units.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-m

6、ine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.For more specific warning statements, see Annex A1.1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of

7、International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D975 Specification for Diesel Fuel OilsD1193 Specification for Reagent WaterD2500 Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum

8、 Productsand Liquid FuelsD3703 Test Method for Hydroperoxide Number of AviationTurbine Fuels, Gasoline and Diesel FuelsD4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, LiquidFuels, and LubricantsD4177 Practice for Automatic Sampli

9、ng of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD6299 Practice for Applying Statistical Quality Assuranceand Control Charting Techniques to Evaluate AnalyticalMeasurement System PerformanceE456 Terminology Relating to Quality and StatisticsE542 Practice for Calibration of Laboratory VolumetricApparatusE832 Spe

10、cification for Laboratory Filter Papers3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 accepted reference value (ARV), na value that servesas an agreed-upon reference for comparison, and which isderived as: (1) a theoretical or established value, based onscientific principles, or (2) an assigned or certified va

11、lue, basedon experimental work of some national or internationalorganization, or (3) a consensus or certified value, based oncollaborative experimental work under the auspices of ascientific or engineering group. E4563.1.1.1 DiscussionIn the context of this test method,accepted reference value is un

12、derstood to apply to the cetane1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D02.01 on Combustion Characteristics.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2018. Published January 2019. Orig

13、inallyapproved in 1941. Last previous edition approved in 2018 as D613 18. DOI:10.1520/D0613-18A.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Docum

14、ent Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognize

15、d principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1number of specific reference materials determined empiricallyunder r

16、eproducibility conditions by the National ExchangeGroup or another recognized exchange testing organization.3.1.2 cetane number (CN), na measure of the ignitionperformance of a diesel fuel oil obtained by comparing it toreference fuels in a standardized engine test. D41753.1.2.1 DiscussionIn the con

17、text of this test method,ignition performance is understood to mean the ignition delayof the fuel as determined in a standard test engine undercontrolled conditions of fuel flow rate, injection timing andcompression ratio.3.1.3 compression ratio (CR), nthe ratio of the volume ofthe combustion chambe

18、r including the precombustion chamberwith the piston at bottom dead center to the comparable volumewith the piston at top dead center.3.1.4 ignition delay, nthat period of time, expressed indegrees of crank angle rotation, between the start of fuelinjection and the start of combustion.3.1.5 injectio

19、n timing (injection advance), nthat time inthe combustion cycle, measured in degrees of crank angle, atwhich fuel injection into the combustion chamber is initiated.3.1.6 quality control (QC) sample, nfor use in qualityassurance programs to determine and monitor the precision andstability of a measu

20、rement system, a stable and homogeneousmaterial having physical or chemical properties, or both,similar to those of typical samples tested by the analyticalmeasurement system. The material is properly stored to ensuresample integrity, and is available in sufficient quantity forrepeated, long term te

21、sting. D62993.1.7 repeatability conditions, nconditions where inde-pendent test results are obtained with the same method onidentical test items in the same laboratory by the same operatorusing the same equipment within short intervals of time. E4563.1.7.1 DiscussionIn the context of this test metho

22、d, ashort time interval between two ratings on a sample fuel isunderstood to be not less than the time to obtain at least onerating on another sample fuel between them but not so long asto permit any significant change in the sample fuel, testequipment, or environment.3.1.8 reproducibility condition

23、s, nconditions where testresults are obtained with the same method on identical testitems in different laboratories with different operators usingdifferent equipment. E4563.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 cetane meter, nthe electronic apparatus which dis-plays injection advanc

24、e and ignition delay derived from inputpulses of multiple transducers (pickups).3.2.1.1 DiscussionIn the context of this test method, threegenerations of apparatus have been approved for use as cetanemeters. These are (year of introduction is parenthesis) the MarkII Ignition Delay Meter (1974), the

25、Dual Digital Cetane Meter(1990), and the XCP Cetane Panel (2014).3.2.2 check fuels, nfor quality control testing, a diesel fueloil of selected characteristics having a cetane number acceptedreference value determined in accordance with Practice D6299requirements for check standards derived from inte

26、rlaboratoryexchange programs.3.2.2.1 DiscussionWhen evaluating the interlaboratorydata to establish the ARV, outlier identification and rejectioncriteria shall be applied at the 5 % significance level prior tocomputing the average result.3.2.3 combustion pickup, npressure transducer exposed tocylind

27、er pressure to indicate the start of combustion.3.2.4 handwheel reading, nan arbitrary numerical value,related to compression ratio, obtained from a micrometer scalethat indicates the position of the variable compression plug inthe precombustion chamber of the engine.3.2.5 injector opening pressure,

28、 nthe fuel pressure thatovercomes the resistance of the spring which normally holdsthe nozzle pintle closed, and thus forces the pintle to lift andrelease an injection spray from the nozzle.3.2.6 injector pickup, ntransducer to detect motion of theinjector pintle, thereby indicating the beginning of

29、 injection.3.2.7 primary reference fuels (PRF), nhexadecane(HXD), heptamethylnonane (HMN), pentamethylheptane(PMH), and volumetrically proportioned binary mixtures ofHXD with either HMN or PMH, which now define the cetanenumber scale.3.2.7.1 DiscussionIn the context of this test method, thearbitrary

30、 cetane number scale was originally defined as thevolume percent of hexadecane in a blend with1-methylnaphthalene (AMN) where HXD had an assignedvalue of 100 and AMN an assigned value of zero (0). A changefrom 1-methylnaphthalene to heptamethylnonane as the lowcetane ingredient was made in 1962 to u

31、tilize a material ofbetter storage stability and availability. Heptamethylnonanewas determined to have a cetane number accepted referencevalue (CNARV) of 15 based on engine testing by the ASTMDiesel National Exchange Group.3A change to add a secondlow cetane ingredient, pentamethylheptane (PMH), as

32、analternative to HMN was made in 2018 to utilize a material ofhigher purity and better availability. Pentamethylheptane wasdetermined to have a cetane number accepted reference value(CNARV) of 16.3 based on engine testing by the ASTM DieselNational Exchange Group.43.2.7.2 DiscussionIn the context of

33、 this test method, theDiesel National Exchange Group of Subcommittee D02.015iscomposed of petroleum industry, governmental, and indepen-dent laboratories. It conducts regular monthly exchange sampleanalyses to generate precision data for this engine test standardand determines the CNARVof reference

34、materials used by alllaboratories.3Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1092. ContactASTM CustomerService at serviceastm.org.4Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by

35、 requesting Research Report RR:D02-1885. ContactASTM CustomerService at serviceastm.org.5Bylaws governing ASTM Subcommittee D02.01 on Combustion Characteris-tics are available from the subcommittee or from ASTM International.D613 18a23.2.8 reference pickups, ntransducers or optical sensorsmounted ov

36、er the flywheel of the engine, triggered by aflywheel indicator, used to establish a top-dead-center (tdc)reference and a time base for calibration of the cetane meter.3.2.9 secondary reference fuels (SRF), nvolumetricallyproportioned blends of two selected, numbered, and pairedhydrocarbon mixtures

37、designated T Fuel (high cetane) and UFuel (low cetane) that have been rated by the ASTM DieselNational Exchange Group using primary reference fuels todetermine a cetane number accepted reference value for eachindividually and for various combinations of the two.3.3 Abbreviations:3.3.1 ABDCafter bott

38、om dead center3.3.2 AMN1-methylnaphthalene3.3.3 ARVaccepted reference value3.3.4 ATDCafter top dead center3.3.5 BBDCbefore bottom dead center3.3.6 BTDCbefore top dead center3.3.7 CNcetane number3.3.8 CRcompression ratio3.3.9 HMNheptamethylnonane3.3.10 HRFhigh reference fuel3.3.11 HWhand wheel3.3.12

39、HXDhexadecane3.3.13 IATintake air temperature3.3.14 LRFlow reference fuel3.3.15 NEGNational Exchange Group3.3.16 PMHpentamethylheptane3.3.17 PRFprimary reference fuels3.3.18 SRFsecondary reference fuels3.3.19 TDCtop dead center3.3.20 UVultraviolet4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The cetane number of a d

40、iesel fuel oil is determined bycomparing its combustion characteristics in a test engine withthose for blends of reference fuels of known cetane numberunder standard operating conditions. This is accomplishedusing the bracketing handwheel procedure which varies thecompression ratio (handwheel readin

41、g) for the sample and eachof two bracketing reference fuels to obtain a specific ignitiondelay permitting interpolation of cetane number in terms ofhandwheel reading.5. Significance and Use5.1 The cetane number provides a measure of the ignitioncharacteristics of diesel fuel oil in compression ignit

42、ion en-gines.5.2 This test method is used by engine manufacturers,petroleum refiners and marketers, and in commerce as aprimary specification measurement related to matching of fuelsand engines.5.3 Cetane number is determined at constant speed in aprecombustion chamber type compression ignition test

43、 engine.The relationship of test engine performance to full scale,variable speed, variable load engines is not completely under-stood.5.4 This test method may be used for unconventional fuelssuch as synthetics, vegetable oils, and the like. However, therelationship to the performance of such materia

44、ls in full scaleengines is not completely understood.6. Interferences6.1 (WarningAvoid exposure of sample fuels and refer-ence fuels to sunlight or fluorescent lamp UV emissions tominimize induced chemical reactions that can affect cetanenumber ratings.)66.1.1 Exposure of these fuels to UV wavelengt

45、hs shorterthan 550 nm for a short period of time may significantly affectcetane number ratings.6.2 Certain gases and fumes present in the area where thecetane test engine is located may have a measurable effect onthe cetane number test result.6.3 This test method is not suitable for rating diesel fu

46、el oilswith fluid properties that interfere with unimpeded gravity flowof fuel to the fuel pump or delivery through the injector nozzle.7. Apparatus7.1 Engine Equipment7,8This test method uses a singlecylinder engine which consists of a standard crankcase withfuel pump assembly, a cylinder with sepa

47、rate head assembly ofthe precombustion type, thermal syphon recirculating jacketcoolant system, multiple fuel tank system with selectorvalving, injector assembly with specific injector nozzle, elec-trical controls, and a suitable exhaust pipe. The engine is beltconnected to a special electric power-

48、absorption motor whichacts as a motor driver to start the engine and as a means toabsorb power at constant speed when combustion is occurring(engine firing). See Fig. 1 and Table 1.7.2 Instrumentation7,8This test method uses electronicapparatus to measure injection and ignition delay timing aswell a

49、s conventional thermometry, gages and general purposemeters.7.2.1 Cetane MeterUse of an approved cetane meter ismandatory; only the XCP Cetane Panel or the Dual DigitalCetane Meter or the Mark II Ignition Delay Meter shall be usedfor this test method.7.3 Reference Fuel Dispensing EquipmentThis testmethod requires repeated blending of two reference fuel6Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1502. ContactASTM CustomerService at serviceastm.org.7The s