ASTM D86-2018 Standard Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products and Liquid Fuels at Atmospheric Pressure.pdf

1、Designation: D86 17D86 18Standard Test Method forDistillation of Petroleum Products and Liquid Fuels atAtmospheric Pressure1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D86; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or, in the case of revision, th

2、e year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscriptepsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers t

3、he atmospheric distillation of petroleum products and liquid fuels using a laboratory batchdistillation unit to determine quantitatively the boiling range characteristics of such products as light and middle distillates,automotive spark-ignition engine fuels with or without oxygenates (see Note 1),

4、aviation gasolines, aviation turbine fuels, dieselfuels, biodiesel blends up to 20 %, marine fuels, special petroleum spirits, naphthas, white spirits, kerosines, and Grades 1 and 2burner fuels.NOTE 1An interlaboratory study was conducted in 2008 involving 11 different laboratories submitting 15 dat

5、a sets and 15 different samples ofethanol-fuel blends containing 25 % volume, 50 % volume, and 75 % volume ethanol. The results indicate that the repeatability limits of these samplesare comparable or within the published repeatability of the method (with the exception of FBP of 75 % ethanol-fuel bl

6、ends). On this basis, it can beconcluded that Test Method D86 is applicable to ethanol-fuel blends such as Ed75 and Ed85 (Specification D5798) or other ethanol-fuel blends withgreater than 10 % volume ethanol. See ASTM RR:D02-1694 for supporting data.21.2 The test method is designed for the analysis

7、 of distillate fuels; it is not applicable to products containing appreciablequantities of residual material.1.3 This test method covers both manual and automated instruments.1.4 Unless otherwise noted, the values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses

8、 areprovided for information only.1.5 WARNINGMercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous materialsubstance that can causecentral nervous system, kidney and liver damage. serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, may has been demonstrated to behazardous to health and c

9、orrosive to materials. Caution should be taken Use Caution when handling mercury and mercurycontaining mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPAswebsitehttp:/www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htmfor additional information. Users should be awa

10、re (SDS) for additional informa-tion. The potential exists that selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state or country may be prohibited bylaw.or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited by local or national law. Users must determine legality of sales in theirlocati

11、on.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine theapplicability of regulatory limitation

12、s prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical

13、 Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1 This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.08 on Volatility.In the IP, the equivalent test method is published under the designation IP 12

14、3. It is under the jurisdiction of the Standardization Committee.Current edition approved May 1, 2017Dec. 1, 2018. Published June 2017December 2018. Originally approved in 1921. Last previous edition approved in 20162017 asD86 16a.D86 17. DOI: 10.1520/D0086-17.10.1520/D0086-18.2 Supporting data have

15、 been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1694. Contact ASTM CustomerService at serviceastm.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been mad

16、e to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A S

17、ummary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States12. Referenced Documents2.1 All standards are subject to revision, and parties to agreement on this test method are to apply t

18、he most recent edition ofthe standards indicated below, unless otherwise specified, such as in contractual agreements or regulatory rules where earlierversions of the method(s) identified may be required.2.2 ASTM Standards:3D97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum ProductsD323 Test Method for Vap

19、or Pressure of Petroleum Products (Reid Method)D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum ProductsD4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and LubricantsD4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum ProductsD4953 Test Method for Vapor Pres

20、sure of Gasoline and Gasoline-Oxygenate Blends (Dry Method)D5190 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Automatic Method) (Withdrawn 2012)4D5191 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Mini Method)D5798 Specification for Ethanol Fuel Blends for Flexible-Fuel Automotive S

21、park-Ignition EnginesD5842 Practice for Sampling and Handling of Fuels for Volatility MeasurementD5949 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products (Automatic Pressure Pulsing Method)D5950 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products (Automatic Tilt Method)D5985 Test Method for Pour Point of

22、 Petroleum Products (Rotational Method)D6300 Practice for Determination of Precision and Bias Data for Use in Test Methods for Petroleum Products and LubricantsD6708 Practice for Statistical Assessment and Improvement of Expected Agreement Between Two Test Methods that Purportto Measure the Same Pro

23、perty of a MaterialE1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass ThermometersE77 Test Method for Inspection and Verification of ThermometersE1272 Specification for Laboratory Glass Graduated CylindersE1405 Specification for Laboratory Glass Distillation Flasks2.3 Energy Institute Standards:5IP 69 Determ

24、ination of Vapour PressureReid MethodIP 123 Petroleum ProductsDetermination of Distillation CharacteristicsIP 394 Determination of Air Saturated Vapour PressureIP Standard Methods for Analysis and Testing of Petroleum and Related Products 1996Appendix A3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 decompositi

25、on, nof a hydrocarbon, the pyrolysis or cracking of a molecule yielding smaller molecules with lowerboiling points than the original molecule.3.1.2 decomposition point, nin distillation, the corrected temperature reading that coincides with the first indications ofthermal decomposition of the specim

26、en.3.1.3 dry point, nin distillation, the corrected temperature reading at the instant the last drop of liquid evaporates from thelowest point in the flask.3.1.4 dynamic holdup, nin D86 distillation, the amount of material present in the neck of the flask, in the sidearm of the flask,and in the cond

27、enser tube during the distillation.3.1.5 emergent stem effect, nthe offset in temperature reading caused by the use of total immersion mercury-in-glassthermometers in the partial immersion mode.3.1.5.1 DiscussionIn the partial immersion mode, a portion of the mercury thread, that is, the emergent po

28、rtion, is at a lower temperature than theimmersed portion, resulting in a shrinkage of the mercury thread and a lower temperature reading.3.1.6 end point (EP) or final boiling point (FBP), nthe maximum corrected thermometer reading obtained during the test.3.1.6.1 Discussion3 For referencedASTM stan

29、dards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.4 The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.

30、5 Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, WIG 7AR, U.K., http:/www.energyinst.org.uk.D86 182This usually occurs after the evaporation of all liquid from the bottom of the flask. The term maximum temperature is a frequentlyused synonym.3.1.7 front end loss, nloss due to evapora

31、tion during transfer from receiving cylinder to distillation flask, vapor loss duringthe distillation, and uncondensed vapor in the flask at the end of the distillation.3.1.8 fuel ethanol (Ed75-Ed85), nblend of ethanol and hydrocarbon of which the ethanol portion is nominally 75 % to 85 %by volume d

32、enatured fuel ethanol. D41753.1.9 initial boiling point (IBP), nin D86 distillation, the corrected temperature reading at the instant the first drop ofcondensate falls from the lower end of the condenser tube.3.1.10 percent evaporated, nin distillation, the sum of the percent recovered and the perce

33、nt loss.3.1.10.1 percent loss, n in distillation, one hundred minus the percent total recovery.3.1.10.2 corrected loss, npercent loss corrected for barometric pressure.3.1.11 percent recovered, nin distillation, the volume of condensate collected relative to the sample charge.3.1.11.1 percent recove

34、ry, nin distillation, maximum percent recovered relative to the sample charge.3.1.11.2 corrected percent recovery, nin distillation, the percent recovery, adjusted for the corrected percent loss.3.1.11.3 percent total recovery, nin distillation, the combined percent recovery and percent residue.3.1.

35、12 percent residue, nin distillation, the volume of residue relative to the sample charge.3.1.13 rate of change (or slope), nthe change in temperature reading per percent evaporated or recovered, as described in 13.2.3.1.14 sample charge, nthe amount of sample used in a test.3.1.15 temperature lag,

36、nthe offset between the temperature reading obtained by a temperature sensing device and the truetemperature at that time.3.1.16 temperature measurement device, na thermometer, as described in 6.3.1, or a temperature sensor, as described in 6.3.2.3.1.16.1 temperature reading, nthe temperature obtain

37、ed by a temperature measuring device or system that is equal to thethermometer reading described in 3.1.16.3.3.1.16.2 corrected temperature reading, nthe temperature reading, as described in 3.1.16.1, corrected for barometric pressure.3.1.16.3 thermometer reading (or thermometer result), nthe temper

38、ature of the saturated vapor measured in the neck of theflask below the vapor tube, as determined by the prescribed thermometer under the conditions of the test.3.1.16.4 corrected thermometer reading, nthe thermometer reading, as described in 3.1.16.3, corrected for barometricpressure.4. Summary of

39、Test Method4.1 Based on its composition, vapor pressure, expected IBP or expected EP, or combination thereof, the sample is placed in oneof four groups. Apparatus arrangement, condenser temperature, and other operational variables are defined by the group in whichthe sample falls.4.2 A 100 mL specim

40、en of the sample is distilled under prescribed conditions for the group in which the sample falls. Thedistillation is performed in a laboratory batch distillation unit at ambient pressure under conditions that are designed to provideapproximately one theoretical plate fractionation. Systematic obser

41、vations of temperature readings and volumes of condensate aremade, depending on the needs of the user of the data. The volume of the residue and the losses are also recorded.4.3 At the conclusion of the distillation, the observed vapor temperatures can be corrected for barometric pressure and the da

42、taare examined for conformance to procedural requirements, such as distillation rates. The test is repeated if any specified conditionhas not been met.4.4 Test results are commonly expressed as percent evaporated or percent recovered versus corresponding temperature, eitherin a table or graphically,

43、 as a plot of the distillation curve.5. Significance and Use5.1 The basic test method of determining the boiling range of a petroleum product by performing a simple batch distillation hasbeen in use as long as the petroleum industry has existed. It is one of the oldest test methods under the jurisdi

44、ction of ASTMCommittee D02, dating from the time when it was still referred to as the Engler distillation. Since the test method has been in usefor such an extended period, a tremendous number of historical data bases exist for estimating end-use sensitivity on products andprocesses.D86 1835.2 The d

45、istillation (volatility) characteristics of hydrocarbons have an important effect on their safety and performance,especially in the case of fuels and solvents. The boiling range gives information on the composition, the properties, and thebehavior of the fuel during storage and use.Volatility is the

46、 major determinant of the tendency of a hydrocarbon mixture to producepotentially explosive vapors.5.3 The distillation characteristics are critically important for both automotive and aviation gasolines, affecting starting,warm-up, and tendency to vapor lock at high operating temperature or at high

47、 altitude, or both. The presence of high boiling pointcomponents in these and other fuels can significantly affect the degree of formation of solid combustion deposits.5.4 Volatility, as it affects rate of evaporation, is an important factor in the application of many solvents, particularly those us

48、edin paints.5.5 Distillation limits are often included in petroleum product specifications, in commercial contract agreements, processrefinery/control applications, and for compliance to regulatory rules.6. Apparatus6.1 Basic Components of the Apparatus:6.1.1 The basic components of the distillation

49、 unit are the distillation flask, the condenser and associated cooling bath, a metalshield or enclosure for the distillation flask, the heat source, the flask support, the temperature measuring device, and the receivingcylinder to collect the distillate.6.1.2 Figs. 1 and 2 are examples of manual distillation units.6.1.3 In addition to the basic components described in 6.1.1, automated units also are equipped with a system to measure andautomatically record the temperature and the associated recovered volume in the receiving cylinder.6.2 A