ASTM D883-2018 Standard Terminology Relating to Plastics.pdf

1、Designation: D883 17D883 18Standard Terminology Relating toPlastics1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D883; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indica

2、tes the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This terminology covers definitions of technical terms used in the plastics

3、industry. Terms that are generally understood oradequately defined in other readily available sources are not included.1.2 When a term is used in anASTM document for which Committee D20 is responsible it is included only when judged, afterreview, by Subcommittee D20.92 to be a generally usable term.

4、1.3 Definitions that are identical to those published by another standards body are identified with the abbreviation of the nameof the organization; for example, IUPAC is the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.1.4 A definition is a single sentence with additional information included

5、in discussion notes. It is reviewed every 5 years; theyear of last review is appended.1.5 For literature related to plastics terminology, see Appendix X1.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decisi

6、on on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C162 Terminology of Glass and Glass ProductsD638 Test Method for Tensile Properties

7、 of PlasticsD747 Test Method for Apparent Bending Modulus of Plastics by Means of a Cantilever BeamD790 Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced and Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating MaterialsD882 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Thin Plastic SheetingD907 Terminology of

8、AdhesivesD1003 Test Method for Haze and Luminous Transmittance of Transparent PlasticsD1566 Terminology Relating to RubberD4703 Practice for Compression Molding Thermoplastic Materials into Test Specimens, Plaques, or SheetsE308 Practice for Computing the Colors of Objects by Using the CIE System3.

9、Terminology3.1 Definitions:A-stage, nan early stage in the preparation of certain thermosetting resins in which the material is still soluble in certain liquids,and may be liquid or capable of becoming liquid upon heating.DISCUSSIONSometimes referred to as Resol. (See also B-stage and C-stage.) (197

10、8)31 This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on Plastics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.92 on Terminology.Current edition approved Aug. 15, 2017Nov. 1, 2018. Published August 2017November 2018. Originally approved in 1946. Last previous edition approved

11、 in 20122017as D883 - 12D883 - 17.1. DOI: 10.1520/D0883-17.10.1520/D0883-18.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on th

12、e ASTM website.3 Date indicates year of introduction or latest review or revision.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adeq

13、uately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM

14、International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1acetal plastics, nplastics based on polymers having a predominance of acetal linkages in the main chain. (See alsopolyoxymethylene. ) (1985)acrylic plasticsplastics based on polymers made with acrylic

15、acid or a structural derivative of acrylic acid. (1982)addition polymerizationpolymerization in which monomers are linked together without the splitting off of water or othersimple molecules. (1983)adiabatic extrusiona method of extrusion in which, after the extrusion apparatus has been heated suffi

16、ciently by conventionalmeans to plastify the material, the extrusion process can be continued with the sole source of heat being the conversion of thedrive energy, through viscous resistance of the plastic mass in the extruder. (1978)aging, n(1) the effect on materials of exposure to an environment

17、for an interval of time. (2) the process of exposing materialsto an environment for an interval of time. (1973)alkyd plasticsplastics based on alkyd resins. (1980)alkyd resina polyester convertible into a crosslinked form; requiring a reactant of functionality higher than two, or havingdouble bonds.

18、 (1982)alloy, n (in plastics)two or more immiscible polymers united, usually by another component, to form a plastic resin havingenhanced performance properties.allyl plasticsplastics based on allyl resins. (1978)allyl resina resin made by polymerization of chemical compounds containing the allyl gr

19、oup. (1978)amino plastics, nplastics based on amino resins. (1978)amino resin, na resin made by polycondensation of a compound containing amino groups, such as urea or melamine, with analdehyde, such as formaldehyde, or an aldehyde-yielding material. (1985)apparent densitySee density, apparent.aroma

20、tic polyester, na polyester derived from monomers in which all the hydroxyl and carboxyl groups are linked directly toaromatic nuclei. (1986)artificial weatheringexposure to laboratory conditions, which may be cyclic, involving changes in temperature, relativehumidity, radiant energy, and any other

21、elements found in the atmosphere in various geographical areas.DISCUSSIONThe laboratory exposure conditions are usually intensified beyond those encountered in actual outdoor exposure in an attempt to achieve an acceleratedeffect. (1980)average injection velocity, nthe mean value of the velocity of

22、the molten plastic flow front within a cavity during the injectiontime that is calculated from the shot volume and injection time.DISCUSSIONThe average injection velocity is calculated as follows:Vav5 Vsti 3Ac 3nwhere:Vav = average injection velocity, mm/s,Vs = shot volume, mm3,ti = injection time,

23、s,Ac = cross section of the cavity, mm2, andn = number of cavities.This calculation is valid for molds containing a single cavity or those containing identical multi-specimen cavities only and not forfamily molds.B-stage, nan intermediate stage in the reaction of certain thermosetting resins in whic

24、h the material swells when in contact withcertain liquids and softens when heated, but may not entirely dissolve or fuse.D883 182DISCUSSIONThe resin in an uncured thermosetting molding compound is usually, in this stage, sometimes referred to as Resitol. (See also A-stage and C-stage.)(1978)bag mold

25、inga method of molding or laminating which involves the application of fluid pressure, usually by means of air, steam,water or vacuum, to a flexible barrier material which transmits the pressure to the material being molded or bonded.DISCUSSIONThe process is usually employed for forming shapes from

26、preformed laminates comprising a fibrous sheet impregnated with an A-stage or a B-stagethermosetting resin. (1986)binder, nin a reinforced plastic, the continuous phase which holds together the reinforcement.DISCUSSIONDuring fabrication, the binder, which may be either thermoplastic or thermoset, us

27、ually undergoes a change in state. (1978)biodegradable plastic, nSee degradable plastic.blister, nan imperfection, a rounded elevation of the surface of a plastic, with boundaries that may be more or less sharplydefined, somewhat resembling in shape a blister on the human skin. (1983)block copolymer

28、an essentially linear copolymer in which there are repeated sequences of polymeric segments of differentchemical structure. (1982)blocking, nunintentional adhesion between plastic films or between a film and another surface. (1983)bloom, na visible exudation or efflorescence on the surface of a mate

29、rial. (1972)blowing agenta compounding ingredient used to produce gas by chemical or thermal action, or both, in manufacture of hollowor cellular articles. (1983)blow moldinga method of fabrication in which a heated parison is forced into the shape of a mold cavity by internal gaspressure. (1985)bra

30、nched polyethylene plastics, nthose containing significant amounts of both short-chain and long-chain branching andhaving densities in the 0.910 to 0.940 g/cm3 range.DISCUSSIONThese plastics, usually produced commercially by free radical polymerization, are subcategorized by density level; low densi

31、ty polyethylene plasticand medium density polyethylene plastic.bulk density, nthe weight per unit volume of a loosely packed material, such as a molding powder or pellets.DISCUSSIONThis term should not be used synonymously with apparent density.bulk factor, nthe ratio of the volume of a given mass o

32、f molding material to its volume in the molded form.DISCUSSIONThe bulk factor is also equal to the ratio of the density of the material to its apparent density in the unmolded form. (ISO) (1982)bulk molding compound (BMC), na putty-like mixture of any thermosetting resin containing fillers, fiber re

33、inforcements,catalysts and thickening agents, or thermoplastic polymers, often extruded into logs or ropes.DISCUSSIONBMC is suitable for molding by any one of three matched-metal-mold processescompression molding, transfer molding, or injection molding. (1983)butylene plasticsplastics based on resin

34、s made by the polymerization of butene or copolymerization of butene with one or moreunsaturated compounds, the butene being in greatest amount by weight. (1975)D883 183C-stage, nthe final stage in the reaction of certain thermosetting materials in which they have become practically insoluble andinf

35、usible.DISCUSSIONThe resin in a fully cured thermoset molding is, in this stage, sometimes referred to as Resite. (See also A-stage and B-stage.) (1986)cast filma film made by depositing a layer of plastic, either molten, in solution, or in a dispersion, onto a surface, solidifyingand removing the f

36、ilm from the surface. (1982)cavity, nin specimen preparation, the part of the hollow space of a mold that forms one specimen.cell, na small cavity surrounded partially or completely by walls. (1983)cell, closeda cell totally enclosed by its walls and hence not interconnecting with other cells. (ISO)

37、 (See cell and cell, open.)(1983)cell, opena cell not totally enclosed by its walls and hence interconnecting with other cells. (See cell and cell, closed.) (1983)cellular plastica plastic containing numerous cells, intentionally introduced, interconnecting or not, distributed throughout themass. (S

38、ee also syntactic cellular plastics.) (1983)cellular striation, na condition characterized by a layer within a cellular material that differs greatly from the characteristic cellstructure.cellulosic plastics, nplastics based on cellulose compounds, such as esters (cellulose acetate) and ethers (ethy

39、l cellulose). (1985)chalking, n(plastics) a powdery residue on the surface of a material resulting from degradation or migration of an ingredient,or both.DISCUSSIONChalking may be designed-in characteristic. (1980)chemically foamed polymeric materiala cellular material in which the cells are formed

40、by gases generated from thermaldecomposition or other chemical reaction. (1982)chlorinated poly(vinyl chloride)a poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) polymer modified by additional chlorination. (2000)chlorinated poly(vinyl chloride) plasticsplastics based on chlorinated poly(vinyl chloride) in which the chlo

41、rinated poly(vinylchloride) is in the greatest amount by weight. (1978)chlorofluorocarbon plasticsplastics based on polymers made with monomers composed of chlorine, fluorine, and carbon only.(ISO) (1983)chlorofluorohydrocarbon plastics, nplastics based on polymers made with monomers composed of chl

42、orine, fluorine,hydrogen, and carbon only. (ISO) (1982)circuitin filament winding, the winding produced by a single revolution of mandrel or form. (1978)closed-cell cellular plasticscellular plastics in which almost all the cells are noninterconnecting. (1983)cold flowSee creep. (1983)cold moldinga

43、special process of compression molding in which the molding is formed at room temperature and subsequentlybaked at elevated temperatures. (1982)collapse, ninadvertent densification of cellular material during manufacture resulting from breakdown of cell structure. (1982)composite, na solid product c

44、onsisting of two or more distinct phases, including a binding material (matrix) and a particulateor fibrous material.DISCUSSIONExamples are moulding material containing reinforcing fibers, particulate fillers, or hollow spheres. (1991)compostthe product of composting.D883 184compostable plastica pla

45、stic that undergoes biological degradation during composting to yield carbon dioxide, water, inorganiccompounds, and biomass at a rate consistent with other known compostable materials and leaves no visually distinguishable ortoxic residues. (1996)compound, nan intimate admixture of (a) polymer(s) w

46、ith all the materials necessary for the finished product. (1983)compression moldingthe method of molding a material already in a confined cavity by applying pressure and usually heat.(1986)condensation polymera polymer made by condensation polymerization. (1983)condensation polymerizationpolymerizat

47、ion in which monomers are linked together with the splitting off of water or othersimple molecules. (1983)contact pressure molding, na method of molding or laminating in which the pressure, usually less than 70 kPa (10 psi), is onlyslightly more than necessary to hold the materials together during t

48、he molding operation. (1985)cooling time, nin molding, the time interval from the start of forward screw movement until the mold starts to open.copolymerSee polymer. (1983)copolymerizationSee polymerization. (1983)crater, na small, shallow surface imperfection. (1978)crazing, napparent fine cracks a

49、t or under the surface of a plastic.DISCUSSIONThe crazed areas are composed of polymeric material of lower density than the surrounding matrix. (1978)creep, nthe time-dependent part of strain resulting from stress. (1983)cross laminatea laminate in which some of the layers of material are oriented approximately at right angles to the remaininglayers with respect to the grain or strongest direction in tension. (See also parallel laminate). (1982)crosslinking, nthe formation of a three dimensional