ASTM D883-2018a Standard Terminology Relating to Plastics.pdf

1、Designation: D883 18aStandard Terminology Relating toPlastics1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D883; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates th

2、e year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This terminology covers definitions of technical termsused in the plastics industr

3、y. Terms that are generally under-stood or adequately defined in other readily available sourcesare not included.1.2 When a term is used in an ASTM document for whichCommittee D20 is responsible it is included only when judged,after review, by Subcommittee D20.92 to be a generally usableterm.1.3 Def

4、initions that are identical to those published byanother standards body are identified with the abbreviation ofthe name of the organization; for example, IUPAC is theInternational Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.1.4 A definition is a single sentence with additional infor-mation included in discu

5、ssion notes. It is reviewed every 5years; the year of last review is appended.1.5 For literature related to plastics terminology, see Appen-dix X1.1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision o

6、n Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C162 Terminology of Glass and Glass ProductsD638 Test Method for Tensile Properties of

7、PlasticsD747 Test Method for Apparent Bending Modulus of Plas-tics by Means of a Cantilever BeamD790 Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforcedand Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materi-alsD882 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Thin PlasticSheetingD907 Terminology of Adhe

8、sivesD1003 Test Method for Haze and Luminous Transmittanceof Transparent PlasticsD1566 Terminology Relating to RubberD4703 Practice for Compression Molding ThermoplasticMaterials into Test Specimens, Plaques, or SheetsE308 Practice for Computing the Colors of Objects by Usingthe CIE System3. Termino

9、logy3.1 Definitions:A-stage, nan early stage in the preparation of certainthermosetting resins in which the material is still soluble incertain liquids, and may be liquid or capable of becomingliquid upon heating.DISCUSSIONSometimes referred to as Resol. (See also B-stage andC-stage.) (1978)3acetal

10、plastics, nplastics based on polymers having apredominance of acetal linkages in the main chain. (See alsopolyoxymethylene. ) (1985)acrylic plasticsplastics based on polymers made withacrylic acid or a structural derivative of acrylic acid. (1982)addition polymerizationpolymerization in which mono-m

11、ers are linked together without the splitting off of water orother simple molecules. (1983)adiabatic extrusiona method of extrusion in which, afterthe extrusion apparatus has been heated sufficiently byconventional means to plastify the material, the extrusionprocess can be continued with the sole s

12、ource of heat beingthe conversion of the drive energy, through viscous resis-tance of the plastic mass in the extruder. (1978)1This terminology is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D20 on Plasticsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.92 on Terminology.Current edition approved De

13、c. 1, 2018. Published December 2018. Originallyapproved in 1946. Last previous edition approved in 2018 as D883 - 18. DOI:10.1520/D0883-18A.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volum

14、e information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Date indicates year of introduction or latest review or revision.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19

15、428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Tech

16、nical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1aging, n(1) the effect on materials of exposure to anenvironment for an interval of time. (2) the process ofexposing materials to an environment for an interval of time.(1973)alkyd plasticsplastics based on alkyd resins. (1980)alkyd resina polyester convertib

17、le into a crosslinked form;requiring a reactant of functionality higher than two, orhaving double bonds. (1982)alloy, n (in plastics)two or more immiscible polymersunited, usually by another component, to form a plastic resinhaving enhanced performance properties.allyl plasticsplastics based on ally

18、l resins. (1978)allyl resina resin made by polymerization of chemicalcompounds containing the allyl group. (1978)amino plastics, nplastics based on amino resins. (1978)amino resin, na resin made by polycondensation of acompound containing amino groups, such as urea ormelamine, with an aldehyde, such

19、 as formaldehyde, or analdehyde-yielding material. (1985)apparent densitySee density, apparent.aromatic polyester, na polyester derived from monomers inwhich all the hydroxyl and carboxyl groups are linkeddirectly to aromatic nuclei. (1986)artificial weatheringexposure to laboratory conditions,which

20、 may be cyclic, involving changes in temperature,relative humidity, radiant energy, and any other elementsfound in the atmosphere in various geographical areas.DISCUSSIONThe laboratory exposure conditions are usually inten-sified beyond those encountered in actual outdoor exposure in anattempt to ac

21、hieve an accelerated effect. (1980)average injection velocity, nthe mean value of the velocityof the molten plastic flow front within a cavity during theinjection time that is calculated from the shot volume andinjection time.DISCUSSIONThe average injection velocity is calculated as follows:Vav5Vsti

22、3 Ac3 nwhere:Vav= average injection velocity, mm/s,Vs= shot volume, mm3,ti= injection time, s,Ac= cross section of the cavity, mm2, andn = number of cavities.This calculation is valid for molds containing a single cavity or thosecontaining identical multi-specimen cavities only and not for family mo

23、lds.B-stage, nan intermediate stage in the reaction of certainthermosetting resins in which the material swells when incontact with certain liquids and softens when heated, butmay not entirely dissolve or fuse.DISCUSSIONThe resin in an uncured thermosetting molding com-pound is usually, in this stag

24、e, sometimes referred to as Resitol. (Seealso A-stage and C-stage.) (1978)bag moldinga method of molding or laminating whichinvolves the application of fluid pressure, usually by meansof air, steam, water or vacuum, to a flexible barrier materialwhich transmits the pressure to the material being mol

25、ded orbonded.DISCUSSIONThe process is usually employed for forming shapesfrom preformed laminates comprising a fibrous sheet impregnated withan A-stage or a B-stage thermosetting resin. (1986)binder, nin a reinforced plastic, the continuous phase whichholds together the reinforcement.DISCUSSIONDurin

26、g fabrication, the binder, which may be eitherthermoplastic or thermoset, usually undergoes a change in state. (1978)biodegradable plastic, nSee degradable plastic.blister, nan imperfection, a rounded elevation of the surfaceof a plastic, with boundaries that may be more or less sharplydefined, some

27、what resembling in shape a blister on thehuman skin. (1983)block copolymeran essentially linear copolymer in whichthere are repeated sequences of polymeric segments ofdifferent chemical structure. (1982)blocking, nunintentional adhesion between plastic films orbetween a film and another surface. (19

28、83)bloom, na visible exudation or efflorescence on the surfaceof a material. (1972)blowing agenta compounding ingredient used to producegas by chemical or thermal action, or both, in manufacture ofhollow or cellular articles. (1983)blow moldinga method of fabrication in which a heatedparison is forc

29、ed into the shape of a mold cavity by internalgas pressure. (1985)branched polyethylene plastics, nthose containing signifi-cant amounts of both short-chain and long-chain branchingand having densities in the 0.910 to 0.940 g/cm3range.DISCUSSIONThese plastics, usually produced commercially by freera

30、dical polymerization, are subcategorized by density level; low densitypolyethylene plastic and medium density polyethylene plastic.bulk density, nthe weight per unit volume of a looselypacked material, such as a molding powder or pellets.DISCUSSIONThis term should not be used synonymously withappare

31、nt density.bulk factor, nthe ratio of the volume of a given mass ofmolding material to its volume in the molded form.DISCUSSIONThe bulk factor is also equal to the ratio of the densityof the material to its apparent density in the unmolded form. (ISO)(1982)bulk molding compound (BMC), na putty-like

32、mixture ofany thermosetting resin containing fillers, fiberreinforcements, catalysts and thickening agents, or thermo-plastic polymers, often extruded into logs or ropes.DISCUSSIONBMC is suitable for molding by any one of threematched-metal-mold processescompression molding, transfermolding, or inje

33、ction molding. (1983)D883 18a2butylene plasticsplastics based on resins made by thepolymerization of butene or copolymerization of butene withone or more unsaturated compounds, the butene being ingreatest amount by weight. (1975)C-stage, nthe final stage in the reaction of certain thermo-setting mat

34、erials in which they have become practicallyinsoluble and infusible.DISCUSSIONThe resin in a fully cured thermoset molding is, in thisstage, sometimes referred to as Resite. (See also A-stage and B-stage.)(1986)cast filma film made by depositing a layer of plastic, eithermolten, in solution, or in a

35、 dispersion, onto a surface,solidifying and removing the film from the surface. (1982)cavity, nin specimen preparation, the part of the hollowspace of a mold that forms one specimen.cell, na small cavity surrounded partially or completely bywalls. (1983)cell, closeda cell totally enclosed by its wal

36、ls and hence notinterconnecting with other cells. (ISO) (See cell and cell,open.) (1983)cell, opena cell not totally enclosed by its walls and henceinterconnecting with other cells. (See cell and cell, closed.)(1983)cellular plastica plastic containing numerous cells, inten-tionally introduced, inte

37、rconnecting or not, distributedthroughout the mass. (See also syntactic cellular plastics.)(1983)cellular striation, na condition characterized by a layerwithin a cellular material that differs greatly from thecharacteristic cell structure.cellulosic plastics, nplastics based on cellulose compounds,

38、such as esters (cellulose acetate) and ethers (ethyl cellulose).(1985)chalking, n(plastics) a powdery residue on the surface of amaterial resulting from degradation or migration of aningredient, or both.DISCUSSIONChalking may be designed-in characteristic. (1980)chemically foamed polymeric materiala

39、 cellular materialin which the cells are formed by gases generated fromthermal decomposition or other chemical reaction. (1982)chlorinated poly(vinyl chloride)a poly(vinyl chloride)(PVC) polymer modified by additional chlorination. (2000)chlorinated poly(vinyl chloride) plasticsplastics based onchlo

40、rinated poly(vinyl chloride) in which the chlorinatedpoly(vinyl chloride) is in the greatest amount by weight.(1978)chlorofluorocarbon plasticsplastics based on polymersmade with monomers composed of chlorine, fluorine, andcarbon only. (ISO) (1983)chlorofluorohydrocarbon plastics, nplastics based on

41、 poly-mers made with monomers composed of chlorine, fluorine,hydrogen, and carbon only. (ISO) (1982)circuitin filament winding, the winding produced by a singlerevolution of mandrel or form. (1978)closed-cell cellular plasticscellular plastics in which almostall the cells are noninterconnecting. (19

42、83)cold flowSee creep. (1983)cold moldinga special process of compression molding inwhich the molding is formed at room temperature andsubsequently baked at elevated temperatures. (1982)collapse, ninadvertent densification of cellular material dur-ing manufacture resulting from breakdown of cell str

43、ucture.(1982)composite, na solid product consisting of two or moredistinct phases, including a binding material (matrix) and aparticulate or fibrous material.DISCUSSIONExamples are moulding material containing reinforcingfibers, particulate fillers, or hollow spheres. (1991)compostthe product of pos

44、table plastica plastic that undergoes biological deg-radation during composting to yield carbon dioxide, water,inorganic compounds, and biomass at a rate consistent withother known compostable materials and leaves no visuallydistinguishable or toxic residues. (1996)compound, nan intimate admixture o

45、f (a) polymer(s) withall the materials necessary for the finished product. (1983)compression moldingthe method of molding a materialalready in a confined cavity by applying pressure and usuallyheat. (1986)condensation polymera polymer made by condensationpolymerization. (1983)condensation polymeriza

46、tionpolymerization in whichmonomers are linked together with the splitting off of wateror other simple molecules. (1983)contact pressure molding, na method of molding or lami-nating in which the pressure, usually less than 70 kPa (10psi), is only slightly more than necessary to hold thematerials tog

47、ether during the molding operation. (1985)cooling time, nin molding, the time interval from the start offorward screw movement until the mold starts to open.copolymerSee polymer. (1983)copolymerizationSee polymerization. (1983)crater, na small, shallow surface imperfection. (1978)crazing, napparent

48、fine cracks at or under the surface of aplastic.DISCUSSIONThe crazed areas are composed of polymeric materialof lower density than the surrounding matrix. (1978)creep, nthe time-dependent part of strain resulting fromstress. (1983)cross laminatea laminate in which some of the layers ofmaterial are o

49、riented approximately at right angles to theremaining layers with respect to the grain or strongestdirection in tension. (See also parallel laminate). (1982)D883 18a3crosslinking, nthe formation of a three dimensional polymerby means of interchain reactions resulting in changes inphysical properties. (1983)cross section of the cavity, nin a mold for test specimens,the area of a planar section perpendicular to the flow patternduring filling of the mold that forms the critical portion oft