ASTM F2137-2018 Standard Practice for Measuring the Dynamic Characteristics of Amusement Rides and Devices.pdf

1、Designation: F2137 16F2137 18Standard Practice forMeasuring the Dynamic Characteristics of AmusementRides and Devices1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2137; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the ye

2、ar of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers acquisition of data related to the dynamic characteristics of amusement rides and devices.1

3、.2 This practice also defines the specific requirements of a Standardized Amusement Ride Characterization Test (SARC Test)for use in characterizing the dynamic motion of an amusement ride or device.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parenthe

4、ses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3.1 ExceptionThe values are reversed in Section 13 since EN standards primarily use SI units.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognize

5、d principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F747 Terminology Relating t

6、o Amusement Rides and Devices2.2 SAE Standard:3SAE J211 Instrumentation for Impact Tests2.3 EN Standard:4EN 13814 Fairground and amusement park machinery and structures - Safety3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 aliasinga phenomenon associated with sampled data systems, wherein a signal containing

7、significant energy atfrequencies greater than one half of the system sample frequency manifests itself in the sampled data as a lower frequency (aliased)signal. Aliasing can be avoided only by limiting the frequency content of the signal prior to the sampling process. Once a signalhas been aliased,

8、it is not possible to reconstruct the original signal from the sampled data.3.1.2 calibration constantthe arithmetic mean of the sensitivity coefficients, evaluated at frequencies that are evenly spacedon a logarithmic scale between FL and FH.3.1.3 calibration valuethe ratio of the reference calibra

9、tion system output, in engineering units relevant to the transducer, tothe data channel output, in volts, as measured at constant excitation frequency and amplitude.3.1.4 channel frequency class (CFC)a frequency response envelope that conforms to Fig. 1 and is referred to by the value FHin hertz. Th

10、e CFC frequency response envelope is defined by the boundaries shown in Fig. 1 and the following characteristicfrequencies:FLPass band lower limit (hertz). Always equal to zero (0.0) hertz.1 This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F24 on Amusement Rides and Devices and is the direc

11、t responsibility of Subcommittee F24.10 on TestMethods.Current edition approved Oct. 15, 2016Sept. 1, 2018. Published November 2016November 2018. Originally approved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 20152016as F2137 15a.F2137 16. DOI: 10.1520/F2137-16.10.1520/F2137-18.2 For referencedASTM

12、standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 Available from Society of Automotive Engineers, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrenda

13、le, PA 15096.4 Available from European Committee for Standardization, http:/www.cen.eu/.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible t

14、o adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Con

15、shohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1FHPass band upper limit (hertz). The CFC designator.FNThe corner or knee of the frequency response envelope. Always equal to or greater than 1.667 FH.FSThe minimum sample frequency for a sampled data system that corresponds to the designated CFC. Always equal

16、to orgreater than 12 FH.3.1.4.1 DiscussionFL,FH,FN, and FS are always specified in hertz. While the characteristics of the CFC may be applied to individual components ofa data channel, the CFC is, by definition, the frequency response envelope of the entire data channel from the mounted transducerto

17、 the final representation of the acquired data.3.1.5 coordinate systemthree orthogonal axes that intersect at an origin whose positive directions correspond to the right-handrule.3.1.5.1 measurement coordinate systema coordinate system that provides the reference axes and sign convention for the tes

18、tdata record(s).3.1.5.2 patron coordinate systema coordinate system that is fixed with respect to the human upper torso and oriented as inFig. 2.3.1.5.3 vehicle coordinate systema coordinate system that is fixed with respect to the ride or device being tested.3.1.6 data channelthe entire instrumenta

19、tion system for a single channel of data acquisition; from the transducer to the finalrepresentation of the data, including all post-acquisition data processing that may alter the amplitude or frequency content of thedata.3.1.7 data channel full scalethe maximum usable value, in units of the physica

20、l phenomenon being measured, that may berepresented by a data channel. This value is determined by the data channel component with the lowest full-scale range.3.1.8 free-run timea period of time during the ride cycle when no energy is added to the ride vehicle.3.1.9 full-scalethe maximum usable valu

21、e, in units of the physical phenomenon being measured, which may be representedby a data channel or some component thereof.3.1.10 “g”the standard acceleration due to gravity at the surface of the earth. Defined as 32.2 ft/s/s or 9.81 m/s/s.3.1.11 nonlinearitythe ratio, in percent, of the maximum dif

22、ference between a calibration value and the corresponding valuedetermined from the straight line defined by the sensitivity coefficient and zero bias.3.1.12 reference calibration systemthe entire calibration instrumentation system from the reference transducer to the outputdevice that provides the c

23、alibration excitation value in engineering units appropriate to the physical phenomenon being measured.3.1.13 resolutionthe lowest magnitude data channel output value that can be identified as non-zero.FIG. 1 Frequency Response EnvelopeF2137 1823.1.14 sensitivity coeffcientthe slope of the straight

24、line representing the best fit, as determined by the method of least squares,to calibration values generated at a single frequency and at various amplitudes within the data channel full scale range. In thespecial case where only a single calibration value is considered, the sensitivity coefficient a

25、nd the calibration value will be equal.3.1.15 standardized amusement ride characterization test (SARC Test)an instrumented test of an amusement ride or devicethat is done in conformance to the general specifications of this standard and the particular specifications of Section 12.3.1.16 test data re

26、cordthe uninterrupted time record of data channel value(s) that results from a data acquisition session. thelength of a data acquisition session is not specified. The data acquisition session is considered complete (or interrupted) when datais not recorded for a time interval longer than the samplin

27、g period of the data recorder. Both a strip chart paper record and acomputer data file containing periodically sampled data channel values are typical forms of a test data record.3.1.17 test documentationthe entire body of documentation pertaining to a test performed in compliance with this practice

28、,including, but not limited to, the test data record(s), data channel specifications and other test specifications, and information asprovided in this practice (see Section 11 and 12.1.9).3.1.18 transducerthe device at the front end of the data channel that converts a physical phenomenon, such as ac

29、celeration,to a calibrated electrical signal that may be input to the remainder of the data channel.3.1.19 transverse sensitivitythe sensitivity of a rectilinear transducer to excitation along an axis that is perpendicular to itsnominal sensitive axis.FIG. 2 Patron Coordinate SystemF2137 1833.1.20 z

30、ero biasthe magnitude of the data channel output when the transducer input is zero or static.4. Significance and Use4.1 This practice is intended for use whenever the dynamic characteristics of an amusement ride or device are to be determined.The existence of this practice is not intended to imply t

31、hat there is a requirement to perform specific testing on amusement ridesor devices.4.2 The general provisions of this practice provide instrumentation specifications, data acquisition and testing procedures, anddocumentation requirements that when applied will improve the repeatability, reliability

32、, and utility of the test results.4.3 Based on the general provisions of this practice, the SARC Test specifications, when followed, will yield standardized testresults regarding the patron-related, dynamic motion of amusement rides or devices. The SARC Test will facilitate both themeaningful compar

33、ison of the dynamic motion of different amusement rides or devices and the tracking of changes, if any, in thedynamic characteristics of a given ride or device.5. Data Channel Performance Specifications5.1 CFC DefinitionsThe following channel frequency classes are defined as standard:CFC10A CFC60BFL

34、 0.0 Hz 0.0 HzFH 10.0 Hz 60.0 HzFN 16.7 Hz 100 HzFS 120 Hz 720 HzA CFC10 should be used when the data channel is being used for acquisition of lower frequency events.B CFC60 should be used when the data channel is being used for acquisition of higher frequency events.5.1.1 Other channel frequency cl

35、asses may be defined as needed or desired by the user of this practice. The proportionalrelationship between FH,FN , and FS shall be maintained for all channel frequency classes.5.2 Minimum data channel resolution shall be 2 % of the data channel full scale.5.3 Maximum nonlinearity shall be 2.5 % of

36、 the data channel full scale.5.4 Minimum time base resolution shall be 1/FS (s).5.5 Maximum relative delay or time shift between data channels that are nominally acquired simultaneously shall be 1/FS (s).6. Transducer Performance Specifications6.1 Transducer selection shall be consistent with the in

37、tended test objectives and generally accepted instrumentation andengineering practice.6.2 The transducer frequency response curve shall conform to the CFC frequency response envelope from FL through 2 FHand exhibit no more than +6 dB of peaking at the natural frequency of the transducer.6.3 Maximum

38、transverse sensitivity shall be 3 %.7. Recorder Performance Specifications7.1 Analog Data Recorders:7.1.1 The analog data recorder shall provide a method by which the zero bias, if any, can be reduced to less than the data channelminimum resolution prior to acquiring any test data.7.1.2 Minimum ampl

39、itude resolution shall be two 2 % of the data channel full scale.7.1.3 Paper tape recorders (or their equivalent) shall provide a minimum paper speed, in mm/s, of 1.5 FH (Hz).7.2 Digital Data Recorders:7.2.1 All data shall be acquired with a minimum CFC of ten.7.2.2 Minimum amplitude resolution shal

40、l be 0.10 % of the data channel full scale.7.2.3 Minimum sample rate shall be FS (Hz) for the chosen CFC.7.2.4 Protection from aliasing errors in the sampled data shall be accomplished by pre-sample filtering that conforms to thespecified CFC frequency response envelope for the data channel.7.2.4.1

41、Alternate protection from aliasing errors may be accomplished by providing appropriate pre-sample, anti-alias filteringin conjunction with a higher-than-FS sample rate and digital post-acquisition filtering such that the frequency response envelopeof the data channel conforms to the desired CFC freq

42、uency response envelope. The anti-alias filter characteristics shall be suchthat the maximum possible signal amplitude at one half the sampling frequency is less than the data channel minimum resolution.8. Calibration Specifications8.1 For transducers, data recorders, or any other data channel compo

43、nent that is subject to calibration changes over time, thecalibration constant and frequency response shall be determined and documented annually.F2137 1848.2 Reference calibration instrumentation used as a secondary standard in the calibration of a data channel or any subsystemthereof shall have cu

44、rrent certificates of calibration that are traceable to accepted national standards.8.3 The reference calibration system and calibration methods shall not introduce a calibration error greater than 1.5 % of thedata channel full scale.8.4 To establish a data channel or data channel component frequenc

45、y response and calibration constant, sensitivity coefficientsshall be determined from calibration values measured at a minimum of one signal amplitude that represents at least 50 % of thefull scale range of the data channel or component being calibrated and throughout a range of frequencies from FL

46、to 10 FH fora given CFC. A minimum set of five sensitivity coefficients establishes the frequency response of a data channel or component.The minimum set of sensitivity coefficients shall be generated at frequencies that nominally correspond to the following CFCspecifications:FL,FH,FN,23FH,and 103FN

47、FL,FH,FN,23FH,and 103FH8.5 To establish nonlinearity, a minimum of one sensitivity coefficient shall be determined from calibration values generated ata minimum of three signal amplitudes that nominally correspond to the following percentages of the minimum full-scale range ofthe data channel or dat

48、a channel component being calibrated: Less than 20 % of full scale, 50 % of full scale, and 80 % of fullscale. For the minimum requirement of a single sensitivity coefficient, the nominal frequency shall be halfway between FL and FH.8.6 If the calibration equipment cannot produce the required input

49、because of excessively high values of the quantity to bemeasured at the specified frequencies, calibrations shall be performed with values reasonably close to those specified and the limitsof the calibration shall be recorded in the report.9. Transducer Location and Mounting9.1 General Instrumentation:9.1.1 Transducer location, orientation, and mounting method shall be consistent with the intended test objectives and generallyaccepted instrumentation and engineering practice.9.1.2 Transducers shall be mounted such that the angle betw