1、IEEE Std 1276, 2000 Edition IEEE Guide for the Application of High- Temperature Insulation Materials in Liquid-Immersed Power Transformers Sponsor Transformer Committee of the IEEE Power Engineering Society Approved 30 March 2000 IEEE Standards Board Previously approved as a trial-use guide Approved
2、 26 June 1997 IEEE Standards Board Abstract: Technical information is provided related to liquid-immersed power transformers insulated with high-temperature materials. Guidelines for applying existing qualified high- temperature materials to certain insulation systems, recommendations for loading hi
3、gh- temperature liquid-immersed power transformers, and technical information on insulation-system temperature ratings and test procedures for qualifying new high-temperature materials are included. Keywords: high-temperature insulation material, hybrid insulation system, liquid-immersed power trans
4、former, loadinci wide The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc 345 East 47th Street, NewYork, NY 10017-2394, USA Copyright O 2000 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved. Published 1997. Printed in the United States of America. Print: ISBN
5、 0-7381-2996-8 PDF: ISBN 0-7381-2997-6 No pad of fhis pubkafion may be reproduced in any form, in an elecfronic re frieval sysfem or ofherwise, wihouf fhe prior wriien permission of fhe pubkshe/: IEEE Standards documents are developed within the IEEE Societies and the Standards Coordinating Commit-
6、tees of the IEEE Standards Association (IEEE-SA) Standards Board. The IEEE develops its standards through a consensus development process, approved by the American National Standards Institute, which brings together volunteers representing varied viewpoints and interests to achieve the final product
7、 Volunteers are not necessarily members of the Institute and serve without compensation. While the IEEE administers the process and establishes rules to promote fairness in the consensus development process, the IEEE does not independently evaluate, test, or verify the accuracy of any of the inform
8、ation contained in its standards. Use of an IEEE Standard is wholly voluntary. The IEEE disclaims liability for any personal injury, property or other damage, of any nature whatsoever, whether special, indirect, consequential, or compensatory, directly or indirectly resulting from the publication, u
9、se of, or reliance upon this, or any other IEEE Standard document. The IEEE does not warrant or represent the accuracy or content of the material contained herein, and expressly disclaims any express or implied warranty, including any implied warranty of merchantability or fitness for a spe- cific p
10、urpose, or that the use of the material contained herein is free from patent infringement. IEEE Standards documents are supplied “AS IS.” The existence of an IEEE Standard does not imply that there are no other ways to produce, test, measure, pur- chase, market, or provide other goods and services r
11、elated to the scope of the IEEE Standard. Furthermore, the viewpoint expressed at the time a standard is approved and issued is subject to change brought about through developments in the state of the art and comments received from users of the standard. Every IEEE Standard is subjected to review at
12、 least every five years for revision or reaffirmation. When a document is more than five years old and has not been reaffirmed, it is reasonable to conclude that its contents, although still of some value, do not wholly reflect the present state of the art. Users are cautioned to check to determine
13、that they have the latest edi- tion of any IEEE Standard. In publishing and making this document available, the IEEE is not suggesting or rendering professional or other services for, or on behalf of, any person or entity. Nor is the IEEE undertaking to perform any duty owed by any other person or e
14、ntity to another. Any person utilizing this, and any other IEEE Standards document, should rely upon the advice of a competent professional in determining the exercise of reasonable care in any given circum- stances. Interpretations: Occasionally questions may arise regarding the meaning of portions
15、 of standards as they relate to specific applications. When the need for interpretations is brought to the attention of IEEE, the Institute will ini- tiate action to prepare appropriate responses. Since IEEE Standards represent a consensus of concerned interests, it is important to ensure that any i
16、nterpretation has also received the concurrence of a balance of interests. For this reason, IEEE and the members of its societies and Standards Coordinating Committees are not able to provide an instant response to interpretation requests except in those cases where the matter has previously receive
17、d formal consideration. Comments for revision of IEEE Standards are welcome from any interested party, regardless of membership affil- iation with IEEE. Suggestions for changes in documents should be in the form of a proposed change of text, together with appropriate supporting comments. Comments on
18、 standards and requests for interpretations should be addressed to: Secretary, IEEE-SA Standards Board 445 Hoes Lane P.O. Box 133 1 Piscataway, NJ 08855-1331 USA Note: Attention is called to the possibility that implementation of this standard may require use of subject mat- ter covered by patent ri
19、ghts. By publication of this standard, no position is taken with respect to the existence or validity of any patent rights in connection therewith. The IEEE shall not be responsible for identifying patents for which a license may be required by an IEEE standard or for conducting inquiries into the l
20、egal validity or scope of those patents that are brought to its attention. IEEE is the sole entity that may authorize the use of certification marks, trademarks, or other designations to indi- cate compliance with the materials set forth herein. Authorization to photocopy portions of any individual
21、standard for internal or personal use is granted by the Insti- tute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., provided that the appropriate fee is paid to Copyright Clearance Center. To arrange for payment of licensing fee, please contact Copyright Clearance Center, Customer Service, 222 Rosewo
22、od Drive, Danvers, MA 01923 USA; +1 978 750 8400. Permission to photocopy portions of any indi- vidual standard for educational classroom use can also be obtained through the Copyright Clearance Center. I n t rod u ct ion (This introduction is not part of IEEE Std 1276, 2000 Edition, IEEE Guide for
23、the Application of High- Temperature Insulation Materials in Liquid-Immersed Power Transformers.) Liquid-immersed transformers utilizing high-temperature insulation systems are being used increasingly by the industry, and current standards do not effectively cover their performance criteria. This gu
24、ide is intended to give the user some background information on the application and use of high-temperature insulation in power transformers. The highest allowable temperature of the transformer winding insulation is an essential parameter in determining the maximum load that a transformer may relia
25、bly carry. If the allowable winding hottest-spot temperature may be increased, the weight and size of a power transformer may be significantly reduced while maintaining the same rated power, or, for the same size unit, the allowable power output may be increased. However, the user must understand th
26、e consequences of allowing the transformer temperature to exceed the materials accepted limits. The operating life of conventional insulating materials-namely, paper, transformerboard, and mineral oil-is dependent upon the operating temperature and the contaminants, including moisture, in the transf
27、ormer. Existing transformer standards specify the maximum allowable winding hottest-spot temperature on the basis of an acceptable normal insulation life. A relationship between temperature and degradation of the dielectric insulation has been established in IEEE Std C57.91-1995. From this relations
28、hip, the loss of insulation life due to a temporary or permanent loading beyond normal operating temperatures may be calculated. The actual life of a transformer depends only indirectly on the thermal aging of solid insulation materials. Laboratory tests of cellulose materials (i.e., paper and trans
29、formerboard) have demonstrated that overheating can significantly reduce their tensile strength with only a slight reduction in dielectric strength. Therefore, a likely failure mode caused by overheating of the cellulose is the mechanical breakdown of embrittled insulation during a high-current faul
30、t, which can lead to a dielectric breakdown of the damaged insulation. This phenomenon may hold for other insulating materials as well. One method of reducing the weight and size of a liquid-immersed transformer without sacrificing its life or reliability is the use of materials with higher temperat
31、ure capability. The rst step in this direction was made some 40 years ago when thermally upgraded cellulose was developed for transformer insulation. This technological improvement increased the rated power of liquid-immersed transformers by 12%, allowing the average winding rise to increase from 55
32、 “C to 65 “C.* During the last 30 years, materials with even higher temperature capability, such as aramid papers and transformerboards and high-temperature enamels, have been developed. To date, these materials have been used in some specialty transformers, such as traction or mobile units, and som
33、e have been used to uprate liquid-immersed transformers rebuilt after a failure. There are potential applications for new transformers using these high-temperature insulation materials. For example, instead of installing a cellulosic-insulated transformer with a rating equal to the overloads, a smal
34、ler-rated unit with high-temperature insulation materials can be installed that can withstand the desired overload. It is important to note that high-temperature insulation materials must meet a number of criteria to be suitable for use in power transformers. They must operate at elevated temperatur
35、es in transformer oil while maintaining their mechanical and dielectric properties. They must also demonstrate compatibility with all other components of the transformer, as well as have suitable characteristics for the mechanical stresses encountered in a power transformer, such as adequate compres
36、sive strength. *Discussions of 55 “C rise systems are included in this guide for historical reference only. Copyright O 2000 IEEE. All rights reserved. . 111 Combining high-temperature and cellulosic materials to form a hybrid high-temperature insulation system is another viable option. This hybrid
37、insulation system is usually composed of high-temperature materials adjacent to winding conductors, where temperatures are hottest, with cellulose-based materials in other areas. This insulation system is possible because only insulation material in direct contact with the winding conductors, and pe
38、rhaps the core, is exposed to the highest temperatures, while other parts of the insulation system operate at lower temperatures. To date, only aramid papers, aramid transformerboards, and high- temperature enamels in combination with cellulose have been used in this type of hybrid insulation system
39、 From the point of view of thermal aging, cellulose has been the limiting factor of traditional insulation systems composed of mineral oil, cellulose, and enamel. With the advent of high-temperature solid insulating materials, mineral oil becomes the limiting factor, establishing the highest allowa
40、ble temperature of the insulation system. Other insulating fluids have been examined for the possible replacement of mineral oil, and many are used in applications where their dielectric and physical properties meet the needs of those applications. Until now there have been few instances where these
41、 other insulating fluids have been used in power transformers above 30 MVA. Certain fluids, such as silicones, high molecular weight hydrocarbons, non-PCB chlorinated hydrocarbons, polyolens, and ester-based fluids, may offer particular advantageous characteristics for specific applications. Future
42、research may identify new fluids with broader applications for use in power transformers that can operate at higher temperatures due to high-temperature insulating materials. Other factors to consider when designing units that operate at high temperatures are, for example, load losses, tap changers,
43、 bushings, control wiring, paint, and adhesives. Part ici pants At the time this guide was completed, the Working Group on High-Temperature Insulation for Liquid- Immersed Power Transformers had the following membership: J. Arteaga J. Aubin R. L. Barker M. F. Barnes D. Chu J. L. Corkran V. Dahinden
44、R. C. Degeneff D. Dohnal M. L. Frazier D. F. Goodwin J. L. Goudie R. L. Grubb P. J. Hopkinson V. C. Jhonsa E. W. Kalkstein C. J. Kalra Michael A. Franche& Chair L. Koga B. Kumar M. Y. Lau S. Lindgren L. A. Lowdermilk J. W. McGill C. J. McMillen R. E. Minkwitz, Sr. M. I. Mitelman E. T. Norton D. E. O
45、rten B. K. Pate1 G. Payerle P. A. Payne T. A. Prevost G. J. Reitter S. M. A. Rizvi M. P. Sampat H. J. Sim R. W. Simpson, Jr. M. R. Springrose W. W. Stein T. H. Stewart C. L. Stiegemeier R. W. Stoner R. A. Veitch L. B. Wagenaar F. N. Weffer R. J. Whearty R. C. Wicks D. J. Woodcock F. N. Young iv Copy
46、right O 2000 IEEE. All rights reserved. The following persons were on the balloting committee: Edward J. Adolphson Paul Ahrens D. J. Allan Jim Antweiler Jacques Aubin Donald E. Ballard Ron L. Barker Mike Barnes William H. Bartley Martin Baur Edward A. Bertolini Wallace B. Binder Thomas E. Blackburn,
47、 III William E. Boettger Alain Bollinger Joe V. Bonucchi John D. Borst Alvaro Cancino W. J. Carter C. P. Caruso Donald J.Cash Jerry L. Corkran Domenico E. Corsi Bob Del Vecchio Dieter Dohnal J. C. Duart Richard F. Dudley Fred E. Elliott Keith Ellis D. J. Fallon R. H. Fausch P. T. Feghali Joe Foldi S
48、 Foss Ron Fox Michael A. Franchek Ali A. Ghafounan Saurabh Ghosh Harry D. Gianakouros Donald A. Gillies James L. Goudie Richard D. Graham Blaine Gremillion Robert L. Grubb Robert L. Grunert Geoff H. Hall Ernst Hanique N. Wayne Hansen J. W. Harley James H. Harlow Robert H. Hartgrove R. R. Hayes Will
49、iam R. Henning K. R. Highton Peter J. Hoefler T. L. Holdway Philip J. Hopkinson Richard Huber James D. Huddleston, III A. F. Hueston Virendra Jhonsa Anthony J. Jonnatti Lars-Erik Juhlin Edward W. Kalkstein Gene Kallaur Joe J. Kelly Sheldon P. Kennedy Lawrence A. Kirchner Brian Klaponski Egon Koenig L. Koga Bann Kumar John G. Lackey Michael Y. Lau J. P. Lazar Singson Lee Frank A. Lewis Thomas Lundquist Joe D. MacDonald William A. Maguire Charles Mandeville Jose R. Marotta K. T. Massouda John W. Matthews L. Bruce McClung Charles J. McMillen Nigel P. McQuin C. Patrick McShane Sam P. Mehta Joe
copyright@ 2008-2019 麦多课文库（www.mydoc123.com）网站版权所有
备案/许可证编号：苏ICP备17064731号-1