1、 IEEE Guide for Investigating and Analyzing Shielded Power Cable Failures on Systems Rated 5 kV Through 46 kV Sponsored by the Insulated Conductors Committee IEEE 3 Park Avenue New York, NY 10016-5997 USA 25 March 2011 IEEE Power +1 978 750 8400. Permission to photocopy portions of any individual st
2、andard for educational classroom use can also be obtained through the Copyright Clearance Center. iv Copyright 2011 IEEE. All rights reserved. Introduction This introduction is not part of IEEE Std 1151.1-2010, IEEE Guide for Investigating and Analyzing Shielded Power Cable Failures on Systems Rated
3、 5 kV Through 46 kV. The need for a guide to assist the electric utility industry in the analysis of failures related to system components, especially cables, has existed for many years. Extensive efforts have been made to develop such guides, but these efforts have frequently stalled because of the
4、 complexities involved. Many of these efforts have focused on the development of a classification system intended to categorize failures for the purpose of statistical analysis and industry-wide data reporting of failure rates. However, failure analysis may be utilized in improving system performanc
5、e and reliability and thereby increasing personnel safety. This guide is not intended to be either an all-inclusive publication or a document that can take the novice investigator through a failure analysis to the point of arriving at a reasonable conclusion regarding the exact cause of failure. Ins
6、tead, this guide is intended to provide documentation of failure mechanisms that have been identified in prior investigations and of the steps that may have led to the conclusions drawn. As investigators contribute new experiences and new instances of analysis, this guide may evolve to address new i
7、ssues. It will also document past shortcomings in engineering, design, application, and maintenance. In this way, it is hoped the guide will contribute to continued product improvement and the avoidance of repeated mistakes in future product designs and applications. This guide is the first of what
8、is proposed to be a series of guides related to a common subject. The series will be designated by a common overall number with a point system of additional guides intended to address specific topics in failure analysis of the cable and accessories used on an underground electric utility system. Sub
9、sequent guides will specifically address joints, terminations, and separable insulated connectors, respectively. The present guide attempts to establish a common format, methodology, and procedures for the development of the subsequent guides. It is also intended to provide the background informatio
10、n necessary to introduce the concepts and principles of failure analysis. This guide covers failure analysis of extruded dielectric cable. Notice to users Laws and regulations Users of these documents should consult all applicable laws and regulations. Compliance with the provisions of this standard
11、 does not imply compliance to any applicable regulatory requirements. Implementers of the standard are responsible for observing or referring to the applicable regulatory requirements. IEEE does not, by the publication of its standards, intend to urge action that is not in compliance with applicable
12、 laws, and these documents may not be construed as doing so. Copyrights This document is copyrighted by the IEEE. It is made available for a wide variety of both public and private uses. These include both use, by reference, in laws and regulations, and use in private self-regulation, standardizatio
13、n, and the promotion of engineering practices and methods. By making this document available for use and adoption by public authorities and private users, the IEEE does not waive any rights in copyright to this document. v Copyright 2011 IEEE. All rights reserved. Updating of IEEE documents Users of
14、 IEEE standards should be aware that these documents may be superseded at any time by the issuance of new editions or may be amended from time to time through the issuance of amendments, corrigenda, or errata. An official IEEE document at any point in time consists of the current edition of the docu
15、ment together with any amendments, corrigenda, or errata then in effect. In order to determine whether a given document is the current edition and whether it has been amended through the issuance of amendments, corrigenda, or errata, visit the IEEE Standards Association web site at http:/ieeexplore.
16、ieee.org/xpl/standards.jsp, or contact the IEEE at the address listed previously. For more information about the IEEE Standards Association or the IEEE standards development process, visit the IEEE-SA web site at http:/standards.ieee.org. Errata Errata, if any, for this and all other standards can b
17、e accessed at the following URL: http:/standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/updates/errata/index.html. Users are encouraged to check this URL for errata periodically. Interpretations Current interpretations can be accessed at the following URL: http:/standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/interp/ index.html. Pa
18、tents Attention is called to the possibility that implementation of this guide may require use of subject matter covered by patent rights. By publication of this guide, no position is taken with respect to the existence or validity of any patent rights in connection therewith. The IEEE is not respon
19、sible for identifying Essential Patent Claims for which a license may be required, for conducting inquiries into the legal validity or scope of Patents Claims or determining whether any licensing terms or conditions provided in connection with submission of a Letter of Assurance, if any, or in any l
20、icensing agreements are reasonable or non-discriminatory. Users of this guide are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, is entirely their own responsibility. Further information may be obtained from the IEEE Standards
21、Association. Participants At the time this guide was submitted to the IEEE-SA Standards Board for approval, the A18/B12 Working Group had the following membership: Roy E. Jazowski, Chair Margaret A. Jasek, Vice Chair A. James Braun Ray Bristol Thomas Campbell Thomas Champion Michael Dyer Carlos Katz
22、 Jody Levine Glenn Luzzi David MacDonald Serge Pelissou Ewell (Tim) Robeson Scott Sander John Smith Gregory Stano Stanley Szyszko Carl Wentzel vi Copyright 2011 IEEE. All rights reserved. The following members of the individual balloting committee voted on this guide. Balloters may have voted for ap
23、proval, disapproval, or abstention. Gary Arntson Ali Al Awazi Earle Bascom Michael Bayer Robert Beavers William Bloethe A. James Braun Vern Buchholz William Byrd Thomas Campbell Thomas Champion Jacques Cote John Densley Gary Donner Marcel Fortin Todd Goyette Steven Graham Randall Groves Frank Di Gug
24、lielmo Ajit Gwal Richard Harp Steven Hensley Lee Herron Lauri Hiivala Steven Hodder Margaret A. Jasek Roy E. Jazowski A. S. Jones John Kay Gael Kennedy Chad Kiger Jim Kulchisky Saumen Kundu Chung-Yiu Lam Benjamin Lanz William Larzelere Greg Luri Glenn Luzzi William McBride William McDermid John Mera
25、ndo Gary Michel Jerry Murphy Dennis Neitzel Arthur Neubauer Michael S. Newman Joe Nims Lorraine Padden Allan St. Peter Robert Resuali Michael Roberts Charles Rogers Bartien Sayogo Gil Shultz Michael Smalley James Smith Jerry Smith Nagu Srinivas Gregory Stano Gary Stoedter Peter Tirinzoni John Vergis
26、 Martin Von Herrmann Dawn Zhao Donald Zipse When the IEEE-SA Standards Board approved this guide on 8 December 2010, it had the following membership: Robert M. Grow, Chair Richard H. Hulett, Vice Chair Steve M. Mills, Past Chair Judith Gorman, Secretary Karen Bartleson Victor Berman Ted Burse Clint
27、Chaplin Andy Drozd Alexander Gelman Jim Hughes Young Kyun Kim Joseph L. Koepfinger* John Kulick David J. Law Hung Ling Oleg Logvinov Ted Olsen Ronald C. Petersen Thomas Prevost Jon Walter Rosdahl Sam Sciacca Mike Seavey Curtis Siller Don Wright *Member Emeritus Also included are the following nonvot
28、ing IEEE-SA Standards Board liaisons: Satish Aggarwal, NRC Representative Richard DeBlasio, DOE Representative Michael Janezic, NIST Representative Don Messina IEEE Standards Program Manager, Document Development Soo H. Kim IEEE Standards Program Manager, Technical Program Development vii Copyright
29、2011 IEEE. All rights reserved. Contents 1. Overview 1 1.1 Scope . 2 1.2 Purpose 2 2. Normative references 2 3. Definitions 2 4. Power cable failure analysis . 3 4.1 Failure overview 3 4.2 Background 4 4.3 Examination of cable failures 5 4.4 Wafer preparation 12 5. Cable failure modes 15 5.1 Mechani
30、cal failure mode . 15 5.2 Thermal failure mode 16 5.3 Electrical failure mode . 17 5.4 Chemical failure mode . 18 5.5 General aging (wear-out) failure mode 19 5.6 Other 19 6. Identification of effective solutions 20 7. Corrective action 20 Annex A (informative) Specialized instrumentation for therma
31、l analysis 21 Annex B (informative) Bibliography 23 1 Copyright 2011 IEEE. All rights reserved. IEEE Guide for Investigating and Analyzing Shielded Power Cable Failures on Systems Rated 5 kV Through 46 kV IMPORTANT NOTICE: This standard is not intended to ensure safety, security, health, or environm
32、ental protection. Implementers of the standard are responsible for determining appropriate safety, security, environmental, and health practices or regulatory requirements. This IEEE document is made available for use subject to important notices and legal disclaimers. These notices and disclaimers
33、appear in all publications containing this document and may be found under the heading “Important Notice” or “Important Notices and Disclaimers Concerning IEEE Documents.” They can also be obtained on request from IEEE or viewed at http:/standards.ieee.org/IPR/disclaimers.html. 1. Overview This guid
34、e is the first in a series of guides covering failure analysis for cables, joints, terminations, and separable insulated connectors used on shielded extruded dielectric power cable systems rated 5 kV through 46 kV. Each subsequent guide will address failure analysis of a specific component of the un
35、derground power cable system. To improve or maintain electric system reliability, many companies depend on accurate failure analysis to optimize maintenance budgets and develop material specifications. This series of guides will not make the user an expert in failure analysis. It will, however, prov
36、ide a general background on specific methods that can be used or specified when performing failure analysis. The following guides form the series: IEEE Std 1511 B161regarding investigating and analyzing power cable, joint, and termination failures on systems rated 5 kV through 46 kV IEEE Std 1511.1
37、regarding investigating and analyzing shielded power cable failures on systems rated 5 kV through 46 kV IEEE P1511.2 B10 regarding investigating and analyzing joint failures on systems rated 5 kV through 46 kV IEEE P1511.3 B11 regarding investigating and analyzing termination failures on systems rat
38、ed 5 kV through 46 kV IEEE P1511.4 B12 regarding investigating and analyzing separable insulated connector failures on systems rated 5 kV through 46 kV 1Numbers in square brackets correspond to the numbers in the bibliography in Annex B. IEEE Std 1511.1-2010 IEEE Guide for Investigating and Analyzin
39、g Shielded Power Cable Failures on Systems Rated 5 kV Through 46kV 2 Copyright 2011 IEEE. All rights reserved. 1.1 Scope This guide covers specific methods of failure mode classifications and analysis for shielded power cables rated 5 kV through 46 kV. 1.2 Purpose The purpose of this guide is to pro
40、vide an introduction to the concepts of failure analysis, ways in which it can be used, and the value that can be obtained. The guide covers some of the commonly used methods employed in failure analysis and how these methods can be applied in determining the cause of failure for the components used
41、 in the construction of an underground power cable system. Ultimately, the guide will serve as a source for documenting known failure mechanisms and will provide a format for the documentation of new failure mechanisms once they have been identified. 2. Normative references The following referenced
42、documents are indispensable for the application of this document (i.e., they must be understood and used; therefore, each referenced document is cited in text and its relationship in this document is explained). For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest
43、 edition of the referenced document (including any amendments or corrigenda) applies. ICEA S-94-649, Standard for Concentric Neutral Cables Rated 5 through 46 kV.2ICEA S-97-682, Standard for Utility Shielded Power Cables Rated 5 through 46 kV. 3. Definitions For the purposes of this document, the fo
44、llowing terms and definitions apply. The IEEE Standards Dictionary: Glossary of Terms manufacturing processes have been improved; and new constructions have been added that address previously identified field problems, improve processes, or reduce costs. The understanding of dielectric material dete
45、rioration has improved; as a result, models of the deterioration process have improved. In some cases, the insulation material was identified to be susceptible to deterioration in certain environments; this discovery resulted in the development of additives that significantly changed the physical, c
46、hemical, and electrical characteristics from earlier versions of this material. The changes in polyethylene (PE) insulation is an example of this process, evolving from HMWPE, to XLPE, and then to TRXLPE. Because many of the dielectric materials available for use in cable insulation have unique phys
47、ical and electrical properties, the processes that can lead to failure tend to vary with insulation type and the environment to which the cable is exposed. An important factor in any cable failure analysis is the identification of the cable insulation material, the year of manufacture, the year of i
48、nstallation, and knowledge of the operating environment. Many questions need to be answered before a conclusion can be reached regarding the cause of failure. The evolution of insulation materials and manufacturing processes has been driven by the results of failure analysis. Once problems are ident
49、ified, efforts center on the development of workable and cost-effective solutions. The identification of treeing led to the recognition that voltage stress, in combination with moisture and imperfections, can be a significant aging factor. IEEE Std 1511.1-2010 IEEE Guide for Investigating and Analyzing Shielded Power Cable Failures on Systems Rated 5 kV Through 46kV 5 Copyright 2011 IEEE. All rights reserved. 4.3 Examination of cable failures 4.3.1 Safety considerations Safety is an important consideration when performing cable insulation failure a
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