1、IEEE Std 1561-2007IEEE Guide for Optimizing thePerformance and Life of Lead-AcidBatteries in Remote HybridPower SystemsIEEE3 Park Avenue New York, NY 10016-5997, USA8 May 2008IEEE Standards Coordinating Committee 21Sponsored by theIEEE Standards Coordinating Committee 21 onFuel Cells, Photovoltaics,
2、 Dispersed Generation, and Energy Storage1561TMRecognized as an IEEE Std 1561TM-2007 American National Standard (ANSI) IEEE Guide for Optimizing the Performance and Life of Lead-Acid Batteries in Remote Hybrid Power Systems Sponsor IEEE Standards Coordinating Committee 21 on Fuel Cells, Photovoltaic
3、s, Dispersed Generation, and Energy Storage Approved 15 April 2008 American National Standards Institute Approved 5 December 2007 IEEE-SA Standards Board Abstract: This guide is applicable to lead-acid batteries that are used as the energy storage component in remote hybrid power supplies. The remot
4、e hybrid application, with its dual generator option, i.e., both renewable and dispatchable generation, is advantageous in that the battery can usually be charged at will and under circumstances that may also be advantageous for the dispatchable generator. Keywords: charge control, deficit-charge cy
5、cling, oxygen recombination cycle, remote hybrid power systems, valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) batteries, vented lead-acid batteries The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. 3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5997, USA Copyright 2008 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics
6、 Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved. Published 8 May 2008. Printed in the United States of America. IEEE is a registered trademark in the U.S. Patent +1 978 750 8400. Permission to photocopy portions of any individual standard for educational classroom use can also be obtained through the Copyright
7、 Clearance Center.iv Copyright 2008 IEEE. All rights reserved. Introduction This introduction is not part of IEEE Std 1561-2007, IEEE Guide for Optimizing the Performance and Life of Lead-Acid Batteries in Remote Hybrid Power Systems. This document is the initial edition of a guide intended to enhan
8、ce the performance and life of lead-acid batteries used in remote hybrid power supplies. Electrical power from remote hybrid power systems can dramatically enhance the quality of life for multitudes in remote areas that lack access to a reliable, well-regulated source of electrical energy, and remot
9、e hybrid systems are increasingly a response to that growing, urgent need. Well-designed hybrid systems, used within the constraints of their capacities and capabilities, can supply reliable, continuous electrical power to these remote loads. Lead-acid batteries are often selected for these applicat
10、ions because of their suitability, low cost, and near-universal availability. These batteries, however, do not always perform to expectations in these applications. This guide addresses factors that affect lead-acid batteries in these applications and suggests choices and practices that can enhance
11、both their performance and life. Notice to users Laws and regulations Users of these documents should consult all applicable laws and regulations. Compliance with the provisions of this standard does not imply compliance to any applicable regulatory requirements. Implementers of the standard are res
12、ponsible for observing or referring to the applicable regulatory requirements. IEEE does not, by the publication of its standards, intend to urge action that is not in compliance with applicable laws, and these documents may not be construed as doing so. Copyrights This document is copyrighted by th
13、e IEEE. It is made available for a wide variety of both public and private uses. These include both use, by reference, in laws and regulations, and use in private self-regulation, standardization, and the promotion of engineering practices and methods. By making this document available for use and a
14、doption by public authorities and private users, the IEEE does not waive any rights in copyright to this document. Updating of IEEE documents Users of IEEE standards should be aware that these documents may be superseded at any time by the issuance of new editions or may be amended from time to time
15、 through the issuance of amendments, corrigenda, or errata. An official IEEE document at any point in time consists of the current edition of the document together with any amendments, corrigenda, or errata then in effect. In order to determine whether a given document is the current edition and whe
16、ther it has been amended through the issuance of amendments, corrigenda, or errata, visit the IEEE Standards Association Web site at http:/ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/standards.jsp, or contact the IEEE at the address listed previously. For more information about the IEEE Standards Association or the IEE
17、E standards development process, visit the IEEE-SA Web site at http:/standards.ieee.org. v Copyright 2008 IEEE. All rights reserved. Errata Errata, if any, for this and all other standards can be accessed at the following URL: http:/standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/updates/errata/index.html. Users ar
18、e encouraged to check this URL for errata periodically. Interpretations Current interpretations can be accessed at the following URL: http:/standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/interp/index.html. Patents Attention is called to the possibility that implementation of this guide may require use of subject m
19、atter covered by patent rights. By publication of this guide, no position is taken with respect to the existence or validity of any patent rights in connection therewith. The IEEE is not responsible for identifying Essential Patent Claims for which a license may be required, for conducting inquiries
20、 into the legal validity or scope of Patents Claims or determining whether any licensing terms or conditions provided in connection with submission of a Letter of Assurance, if any, or in any licensing agreements are reasonable or non-discriminatory. Users of this standard are expressly advised that
21、 determination of the validity of any patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, is entirely their own responsibility. Further information may be obtained from the IEEE Standards Association Participants At the time this guide was submitted to the IEEE-SA Standards Board for approva
22、l, SCC21 had the following membership: Richard DeBlasio, Chair Stephen Chalmers, Vice Chair Thomas Basso, Secretary David L. Basset John J. Bzura Jay L. Chamberlin James M. Daley Douglas C. Dawson Frank Goodman Kelvin Hecht Joseph L. Keopfinger Benjamin Kroposki Robert Saint Mallur N. Satyanarayan T
23、imothy P. Zgonena vi Copyright 2008 IEEE. All rights reserved. At the time this guide was submitted to the IEEE-SA Standards Board for approval, the Energy Storage Working group of Standards Coordinating Committee 21 (SCC21) on Fuel Cells, Photolvoltics, Dispersed Generation and Energy Storage had t
24、he following membership: Peter McNutt, Chair Carl Parker, Task Leader Ken Sanders, Secretary Howard Barikmo Paul Butler Rob Cary Jay Chamberlin Garth Corey Lauren Giles Bob Hammond Thomas Hund Liang Ji Larry Meisner Haissam Nasrat Michael Nispel Rob Rallo Jan Reber Stephen Vechy John Wiles The follo
25、wing members of the individual balloting committee voted on this guide. Balloters may have voted for approval, disapproval, or abstention. William J. Ackerman Curtis Ashton Ali Al Awazi Thomas Basso Robert Beavers Steven Bezner Steven Brockschink Thomas Carpenter James Case Jay Chamberlin Mark Clark
26、 Tommy Cooper Garth Corey Eddie L. Davis Donald Dunn Gary Engmann Randall Groves Ajit Gwal David Horvath Dennis Horwitz David Ittner, Joseph L. Koepfinger Jim Kulchisky Chung-Yiu Lam William Lumpkins Keith N. Malmedal James Mcdowall Peter Mcnutt Gary Michel Keith Moore Jerry Murphy Haissam Nasrat Mi
27、chael S. Newman Robert Rallo Michael Roberts Charles Rogers Randall Safier Bartien Sayogo Devki Sharma Herbert Sinnock Stephen Vechy James Wilson Oren Yuen When the IEEE-SA Standards Board approved this standard on 5 December 2007, it had the following membership: Steve M. Mills, Chair Robert M. Gro
28、w, Vice Chair Don Wright, Past Chair Judith Gorman, Secretary Richard DeBlasio Alex Gelman William R. Goldbach Arnold M. Greenspan Joanna N. Guenin Kenneth S. Hanus William B. Hopf Richard H. Hulett Hermann Koch Joseph L. Koepfinger* John Kulick David J. Law Glenn Parsons Ronald C. Petersen Tom A. P
29、revost Narayanan Ramachandran Greg Ratta Robby Robson Anne-Marie Sahazizian Virginia C. Sulzberger Malcolm V. Thaden Richard L. Townsend Howard L. Wolfman *Member Emeritus vii Copyright 2008 IEEE. All rights reserved. Also included are the following nonvoting IEEE-SA Standards Board liaisons: Satish
30、 K. Aggarwal, NRC Representative Michael H. Kelley, NIST Representative Michelle D. Turner IEEE Standards Program Manager, Document Development William A. Ash IEEE Standards Program Manager, Technical Program Development viii Copyright 2008 IEEE. All rights reserved. Contents 1. Overview 1 1.1 Scope
31、 . 1 1.2 Purpose 2 2. Normative references 2 3. Definitions 2 4. Technology overview . 3 5. Battery safety considerations 5 6. Battery installation criteria and installation procedures 5 6.1 Parallel strings . 5 7. Hybrid-supply system considerations. 6 7.1 Battery selection criteria 6 7.2 Battery s
32、izing considerations. 7 7.3 Other sizing considerations 8 7.4 Battery charge control 9 7.5 Battery temperature considerations . 14 7.6 Effects of altitude on VRLA batteries . 17 7.7 Effects of humidity on VRLA batteries. 17 8. System operations. 17 9. Maintenance . 18 Annex A (informative) Lead-acid
33、 battery technologies . 19 A.1 Overview 19 A.2 Battery applications 21 A.3 Vented batteries 21 A.4 VRLA batteries. 22 A.5 The oxygen recombination cycle 23 A.6 Failure mechanisms 23 A.7 Charging . 24 Annex B (informative) Bibliography 25 1 Copyright 2008 IEEE. All rights reserved. IEEE Guide for Opt
34、imizing the Performance and Life of Lead-Acid Batteries in Remote Hybrid Power Systems IMPORTANT NOTICE: This standard is not intended to assure safety, security, health, or environmental protection in all circumstances. Implementers of the standard are responsible for determining appropriate safety
35、, security, environmental, and health practices or regulatory requirements. This IEEE document is made available for use subject to important notices and legal disclaimers. These notices and disclaimers appear in all publications containing this document and may be found under the heading “Important
36、 Notice” or “Important Notices and Disclaimers Concerning IEEE Documents.” They can also be obtained on request from IEEE or viewed at http:/standards.ieee.org/IPR/disclaimers.html. 1. Overview There is a growing demand for remote hybrid power systems because of their capacity to enhance the quality
37、 of life for the multitudes of people who lack access to a dependable source of electricity. By definition, a hybrid remote power system includes one or more dispatchable generators, e.g., an engine-powered generator, and one or more renewable-resource-powered generators, e.g., a photovoltaic array.
38、 It will also include energy storage, necessary electronic controls, power distribution and loads. The energy storage component is usually a lead-acid battery, which is relatively inexpensive, readily available even in remote areas, and is well suited for the remote hybrid power application. The lea
39、d-acid battery is an dependable voltage source that can deliver its store of energy on demand, provided, however, that it is selected and applied within the constraints of its capabilities. Because they are used in most remote hybrid power applications, this guide focuses on lead-acid batteries; bot
40、h valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) and vented lead-acid batteries are included. Annex A presents an informative discussion of these two lead-acid battery technologies. 1.1 Scope This guide provides rationale and guidance for operating lead-acid batteries in remote hybrid power systems, taking into c
41、onsideration system loads and the capacities of the systems renewable-energy generator(s), dispatchable generator(s), and battery(s). It also provides guidance for selecting an appropriate lead-acid battery technology for various system operating strategies. IEEE Std1561-2007 IEEE Guide for Optimizi
42、ng the Performance and Life of Lead-Acid Batteries in Remote Hybrid Power Systems 2 Copyright 2008 IEEE. All rights reserved. 1.2 Purpose Using the information provided in this guide, the performance and life of the lead-acid battery can be optimized for the particular operational strategy selected
43、for the remote hybrid power system. The information provided is intended for use by remote hybrid system designers, system evaluators, owners and operators. 2. Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only t
44、he edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments or corrigenda) applies. IEEE Std 937TM, IEEE Recommended Practice for Installation and Maintenance of Lead-Acid Batteries for Photovoltaic (PV) Systems.1, 2 IEEE Std 1361TM, IEEE
45、 Guide for Selection, Charging, Test, and Evaluation of Lead-Acid Batteries Used in Stand-Alone Photovoltaic (PV) Systems. IEEE Std 484TM, IEEE Recommended Practice for Installation Design and Installation of Vented Lead-Acid Batteries for Stationary Applications. IEEE Std 1187TM, IEEE Recommended P
46、ractice for Installation Design and Installation of Valve-Regulated Lead-Acid Storage Batteries for Stationary Applications. 3. Definitions For the purposes of this draft guide, the following terms and definitions apply. The Authoritative Dictionary of IEEE Standards, Seventh Edition B63, should be
47、referenced for terms not defined in this clause. 3.1 charge controller: An electrical control device that regulates battery charging by voltage control and/or other means. The charge controller may also incorporate one or more of the following functions: discharge termination, regulation voltage tem
48、perature compensation, load control, and status indication. 3.2 deficit charge: Charging a battery with fewer ampere-hours than are required to return the battery to its previous state-of-charge. 3.3 deficit-charge cycling: Cycling a battery with frequent, repetitive deficit charges. 3.4 dispatchabl
49、e power source: An electrical power generator that is available on demand. 3.5 electrolyte stratification: The tendency of heavier, higher-specific gravity electrolyte, which is produced during recharge, to migrate towards the bottom of the battery container creating a vertical gradient in the specific gravity of the electrolyte. 1IEEE publications are available from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., 445 Hoes Lane, P.O. Box 1331, Piscataway, NJ 08855-1331, USA (http:/standards.ieee.org/). 2The IEEE standards or products referred to
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