1、IEEE Std 1578-2007IEEE Recommended Practice forStationary Battery Electrolyte SpillContainment and ManagementIEEE3 Park Avenue New York, NY 10016-5997, USA7 December 2007IEEE Power Engineering SocietySponsored by theStationary Batteries Committee1578TMIEEE Std 1578-2007 IEEE Recommended Practice for
2、 Stationary Battery Electrolyte Spill Containment and Management Sponsored by the Stationary Batteries Committee of the IEEE Power Engineering Society Approved 7 June 2007 IEEE-SA Standards Board Abstract: Descriptions of products, methods, and procedures relating to stationary batteries, battery el
3、ectrolyte spill mechanisms, electrolyte containment and control methodologies, and firefighting considerations are provided. Keywords: active neutralization, battery, battery container, battery room, battery string, battery system, caustic, cell, corrosive, electrolyte, electrolyte release, electrol
4、yte spill, irritant, lead-acid battery, lithium battery, Ni-Cd battery, passive neutralization, spill containment, spill control, stationary battery system, thermal runaway, toxic, valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) battery, vented battery _ The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
5、3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5997, USA Copyright 2007 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved. Published 7 December 2007. Printed in the United States of America. IEEE is a registered trademark in the U.S. Patent +1 978 750 8400. Permission to photocop
6、y portions ofany individual standard for educational classroom use can also be obtained through the Copyright ClearanceCenter.Introduction This introduction is not part of IEEE Std 1578-2007, IEEE Recommended Practice for Stationary Battery Electrolyte Spill Containment and Management. Battery users
7、 have identified a need for guidance in response to an unplanned loss of electrolyte from a stationary battery. The intention of this recommended practice is to fulfill the need within the industry to provide common or standard practices for the design of battery spill containment systems and the pr
8、oper handling of released electrolyte through to its proper documented disposal. This recommended practice also references the impact of electrolyte release mechanisms for battery spill containment design. Recommended safety and firefighting practices are also discussed. This recommended practice ca
9、n be used separately or with IEEE Std 450, IEEE Recommended Practice for Maintenance, Testing, and Replacement of Vented Lead-Acid Batteries for Stationary Applications, IEEE Std 484, IEEE Recommended Practice for Installation Design and Installation of Vented Lead-Acid Batteries for Stationary Appl
10、ications, and IEEE Std 1106, IEEE Recommended Practice for Installation, Maintenance, Testing, and Replacement of Vented Nickel-Cadmium Batteries for Stationary Applications.a Notice to users Errata Errata, if any, for this and all other standards can be accessed at the following URL: http:/ standar
11、ds.ieee.org/reading/ieee/updates/errata/index.html. Users are encouraged to check this URL for errata periodically. Interpretations Current interpretations can be accessed at the following URL: http:/standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/interp/ index.html. Patents Attention is called to the possibility t
12、hat implementation of this recommended practice may require use of subject matter covered by patent rights. By publication of this recommended practice, no position is taken with respect to the existence or validity of any patent rights in connection therewith. The IEEE is not responsible for identi
13、fying Essential Patent Claims for which a license may be required, for conducting inquiries into the legal validity or scope of Patents Claims or determining whether any licensing terms or conditions are reasonable or non-discriminatory. Further information may be obtained from the IEEE Standards As
14、sociation. _ aFor information on references, see Clause 2. iv Copyright 2007 IEEE. All rights reserved. Participants At the time this recommended practice was submitted to the IEEE-SA Standards Board for approval, the Battery Containment Working Group had the following membership: Harold F. Taylor,
15、Chair Stephen W. McCluer, Vice Chair Curtis L. Ashton, Secretary John Billigmeier J. Allen Byrne Mark S. Clark Garth P. Corey Dan Cox Hollen Crim Thomas G. Croda Peter De Mar Ramesh Desai Eddie Davis Michael L. Flack Kyle Floyd Doug Frazier Tim Furlong Roy Gates Mark Hlavac Gordon Johnson Roger D. J
16、ohnson Wayne E. Johnson Del Kotowski Daniel S. Levin Joel Long Jos A. Marrero James A. McDowall Ric Mohri Kimberly Y. Mosley Bansi R. Patel Randall Ritch Tom Ruhlmann Robert J. Schmitt Sam Shah Frank Tarantino Rick Tressler Shawn Tyler Leslie Varga Doug Zachau The following members of the individual
17、 balloting committee voted on this recommended practice. Balloters may have voted for approval, disapproval, or abstention. Steven C. Alexanderson James W. Anderson Curtis L. Ashton Adam J. Bagby Gary M. Balash Thomas M. Barnes Steven R. Brockschink William P. Cantor Bill Chiu Mark S. Clark Ronald L
18、. Daubert Jesus M. De Leon Diaz Gary L. Donner Randall L. Dotson Gary Engmann Mehrdad Eskandary Rabiz N. Foda Harry D. Gianakouros David L. Gilmer Randall C. Groves Paul E. Hellen David A. Horvath Dennis Horwitz James E. Houston Ramon L. Jesch Liang J. Ji James H. Jones Jim Kulchisky Saumen K. Kundu
19、 Thomas W. LaRose Lisardo Lourido William Lumpkins G. Luri Jose A. Marrero William J. McCoy James A. McDowall Peter F. McNutt Gary L. Michel Kimberly Y. Mosley Jerry R. Murphy Michael S. Newman Bansi R. Patel Ralph E. Patterson Percy E. Pool Robert F. Rallo Michael A. Roberts Randall M. Safier Devki
20、 N. Sharma David Singleton David R. Smith Joe Stevens Hal F. Taylor S. Thamilarasan Richard M. Tressler Donald W. Zipse Ahmed F. Zobaa v Copyright 2007 IEEE. All rights reserved. vi Copyright 2007 IEEE. All rights reserved. When the IEEE-SA Standards Board approved this recommended practice on 7 Jun
21、e 2007, it had the following membership: Steve M. Mills, Chair Robert M. Grow, Vice Chair Don Wright, Past Chair Judith Gorman, Secretary Richard DeBlasio Alex Gelman William R. Goldbach Arnold M. Greenspan Joanna N. Guenin Kenneth S. Hanus William B. Hopf Richard H. Hulett Hermann Koch Joseph L. Ko
22、epfinger* John Kulick David J. Law Glenn Parsons Ronald C. Petersen Tom A. Prevost Narayanan Ramachandran Greg Ratta Robby Robson Anne-Marie Sahazizian Virginia C. Sulzberger Malcolm V. Thaden Richard L. Townsend Howard L. Wolfman *Member Emeritus Also included are the following nonvoting IEEE-SA St
23、andards Board liaisons: Satish K. Aggarwal, NRC Representative Michael H. Kelley, NIST Representative Michelle D. Turner IEEE Standards Program Manager, Document Development Matthew J. Ceglia IEEE Standards Program Manager, Technical Program Development vii Copyright 2007 IEEE. All rights reserved.
24、Contents 1. Overview 1 1.1 Scope . 1 1.2 Purpose 1 2. Normative references 1 3. Definitions, abbreviations, and acronyms 2 3.1 Definitions . 2 3.2 Abbreviations and acronyms . 3 4. Safety 3 4.1 General 3 4.2 Electrolyte 3 4.3 Heavy metals . 5 4.4 Toxic vapors 5 5. Battery descriptions 5 5.1 Lead-aci
25、d batteries. 5 5.2 Nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd) batteries 6 6. Electrolyte spill mechanisms 6 6.1 General 6 6.2 Transportation and storage 7 6.3 Installation/removal . 7 6.4 Maintenance 7 6.5 Operational issues 7 7. Introduction to spill containment and management 9 7.1 General 9 7.2 Transportation spill
26、containment and management . 10 7.3 Installation/removal spill containment and management. 10 7.4 Operations/maintenance spill containment and management 10 8. Firefighting considerations. 15 8.1 General 15 8.2 Water and sprinkler systems 15 8.3 Firefighter exposure to electrolyte. 15 8.4 Fire extin
27、guishers 15 8.5 Limiting combustible material. 16 viii Copyright 2007 IEEE. All rights reserved. Annex A (informative) Hazardous materials calculations 17 Annex B (normative) Model code 18 Annex C (informative) Glossary 20 Annex D (informative) Bibliography . 21 IEEE Recommended Practice for Station
28、ary Battery Electrolyte Spill Containment and Management 1. 1.11.22. Overview Scope This recommended practice discusses factors relating to electrolyte spill containment and management for vented lead-acid (VLA), valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA), vented nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd), and valve regulated Ni
29、-Cd stationary batteries. Suggestions are made for drafting model codes. Purpose This recommended practice is intended to assist code-writing organizations. It seeks to develop a full understanding of and describe some electrolyte spill containment and management issues related to stationary battery
30、 systems, and the ways in which battery chemistry and construction can influence requirements for spill containment and neutralization. Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies
31、. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments or corrigenda) applies. IEEE Std 450, IEEE Recommended Practice for Maintenance, Testing, and Replacement of Vented Lead-Acid Batteries for Stationary Applications.1, 2IEEE Std 484, IEEE Recommended Pra
32、ctice for Installation Design and Installation of Vented Lead-Acid Batteries for Stationary Applications. IEEE Std 1106, IEEE Recommended Practice for Installation, Maintenance, Testing, and Replacement of Vented Nickel-Cadmium Batteries for Stationary Applications. 1IEEE publications are available
33、from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 445 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08855-1331, USA (http:/standards.ieee.org/). 2The IEEE standards or products referred to in this clause are trademarks of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. 1 Copyright 2007 IEEE. All r
34、ights reserved. IEEE Std 1578-2007 IEEE Recommended Practice for Stationary Battery Electrolyte Spill Containment and Management 2 Copyright 2007 IEEE. All rights reserved. 3. Definitions, abbreviations, and acronyms For the purposes of this recommended practice, the following terms and definitions
35、apply. The Authoritative Dictionary of IEEE Standards Terms B53should be referenced for terms not defined in this clause. A list of glossary terms can be found in Annex C. 3.1 Definitions 3.1.1 active neutralization: The process of converting acidic or basic material to a neutral pH that must be ini
36、tiated by human intervention. An example would be adding a neutralizing agent to a contained electrolyte spill. See also: passive neutralization. 3.1.2 battery container: A receptacle or vessel that holds the plates, electrolyte, and other elements of a single unit in a battery (frequently referred
37、to as a “jar”). A battery container can be a single cell or multi-cell unit (also called a “monobloc”). 3.1.3 battery room: A portion of a building or facility that is physically set off from the rest of the building by walls or barriers, the primary purpose of which is to house stationary batteries
38、. (A battery room may contain other equipment as well.) 3.1.4 battery string: Multiple battery containers connected electrically in series to produce a cumulative increase in voltage. 3.1.5 electrolyte pumping: A release of electrolyte through the sample tubes on the side of the battery container or
39、 through the vent. 3.1.6 electrolyte release: Any escape of electrolyte from a battery, whether in vapor, liquid, or gel form. 3.1.7 electrolyte spill: An unintended release of liquid electrolyte that exceeds 1.0 L. 3.1.8 irritant: A chemical that is not corrosive but that causes a reversible inflam
40、matory effect on living tissue by chemical action at the site of contact. 3.1.9 lead-acid battery: A storage battery in which the active material of the positive plate is lead dioxide, the negative plate is lead, and the electrolyte is dilute sulfuric acid. 3.1.10 lead-acid battery electrolyte: A di
41、lute solution of sulfuric acid in which the electrodes are immersed. 3.1.11 Ni-Cd electrolyte: A dilute solution of potassium-hydroxide in which the electrodes are immersed. 3.1.12 passive neutralization: The preemptive process of converting acidic or basic material to a neutral pH that occurs witho
42、ut being initiated by human intervention. An example would be installation of a neutralizing agent under a rack of batteries to neutralize any electrolyte drips or spills. See also: active neutralization. 3.1.13 spill containment: A system, either permanent or temporary, to enclose and confine an el
43、ectrolyte spill and limit it from spreading to areas where it could pose a hazard to personnel, facility, or equipment. 3.1.14 spill management: A program addressing elements of battery electrolyte spills, including training, containment, absorption, neutralization, disposal, and reporting. 3.1.15 z
44、one containment: The use of a room or area including the floor, walls, and other barriers to contain a spill. 3The numbers in brackets correspond to those of the bibliography in Annex D. IEEE Std 1578-2007 IEEE Recommended Practice for Stationary Battery Electrolyte Spill Containment and Management
45、3 Copyright 2007 IEEE. All rights reserved. 3.2 Abbreviations and acronyms AGM absorbed glass mat ANSI American National Standards Institute ASTM American Society for the Testing of Materials CFR Code of Federal Regulations DOT Department of Transportation EPA Environmental Protection Agency H2hydro
46、gen (gas) H2O water H2SO4sulfuric acid hazmat hazardous material IATA International Air Transport Association ICBO International Conference of Building Officials ICC International Code Council IFC International Fire Code IFCI International Fire Code Institute KOH potassium hydroxide LiOH lithium hyd
47、roxide LOI limiting oxygen index (see Annex C) NFPA National Fire Protection Association Ni-Cd nickel-cadmium Ni-MH nickel-metal hydride OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration pH power of hydrogen (“pouvoir hydrogene”) also log10(H+) where (H+ = hydrogen ions in solution) s.g. specific g
48、ravity UBC Uniform Building Code VLA vented lead-acid VOC volatile organic compound(s) VRLA valve-regulated lead-acid WFCA Western Fire Chiefs Association 4. Safety 4.1 General If an electrolyte spill occurs (see 3.1.7), safety precautions must be taken. The primary safety hazards are listed in Clau
49、se 6. 4.2 Electrolyte Electrolyte can be caustic and/or corrosive. Electrolyte can be harmful if its fumes are breathed, if it comes in contact with eyes or mucus membranes, or if it remains in contact with skin for extended periods of time. Most people can tolerate momentary contact with electrolyte on their skin (provided electrolyte is promptly washed off). Some people may develop allergic reactions when they come in contact with electrolyte. Refer to material safety data sheets provided by the battery manufa
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