1、 IEEE Recommended Practice for Maintenance, Testing, and Replacement of Vented Lead-Acid Batteries for Stationary Applications Sponsored by the Stationary Batteries Committee IEEE 3 Park Avenue New York, NY 10016-5997 USA 25 February 2011 IEEE Power +1 978 750 8400. Permission to photocopy portions
2、of any individual standard for educational classroom use can also be obtained through the Copyright Clearance Center. iv Copyright 2011 IEEE. All rights reserved. IntroductionThis introduction is not part of IEEE Std 450-2010, IEEE Recommended Practice for Maintenance, Testing, and Replacement of Ve
3、nted Lead-Acid Batteries for Stationary Applications. Stationary lead-acid batteries play an ever-increasing role in industry today by providing normal control and instrumentation power and back-up energy for emergencies. This recommended practice fulfills the need within the industry to provide com
4、mon or standard practices for battery maintenance, testing, and replacement. The installations considered herein are designed for standby service with a battery charger serving to maintain the battery in a charged condition as well as to supply power to the normal dc loads. However, specific applica
5、tions, such as emergency lighting units and semi-portable equipment, may have other appropriate practices that are beyond the scope of this recommended practice. This recommended practice may be used separately, and, when combined with IEEE Std 484, IEEE Recommended Practice for Installation Design
6、and Installation of Vented Lead-Acid Batteries for Stationary Applications and IEEE Std 485, IEEE Recommended Practice for Sizing Lead-Acid Batteries for Stationary Applications, will provide the user with a general guide to sizing, designing, placing in service, maintaining, and testing a vented le
7、ad-acid storage battery installation. IEEE Std 535 provides a standard for qualification of Class 1E lead storage batteries for nuclear power generating stations. Notice to users Laws and regulations Users of these documents should consult all applicable laws and regulations. Compliance with the pro
8、visions of this standard does not imply compliance to any applicable regulatory requirements. Implementers of the standard are responsible for observing or referring to the applicable regulatory requirements. IEEE does not, by the publication of its standards, intend to urge action that is not in co
9、mpliance with applicable laws, and these documents may not be construed as doing so. Copyrights This document is copyrighted by the IEEE. It is made available for a wide variety of both public and private uses. These include both use, by reference, in laws and regulations, and use in private self-re
10、gulation, standardization, and the promotion of engineering practices and methods. By making this document available for use and adoption by public authorities and private users, the IEEE does not waive any rights in copyright to this document. Updating of IEEE documents Users of IEEE standards shou
11、ld be aware that these documents may be superseded at any time by the issuance of new editions or may be amended from time to time through the issuance of amendments, corrigenda, or errata. An official IEEE document at any point in time consists of the current edition of the document together with a
12、ny amendments, corrigenda, or errata then in effect. In order to determine whether a given document is the current edition and whether it has been amended through the issuance of amendments, corrigenda, or errata, visit the IEEE Standards Association web site at http:/ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/standar
13、ds.jsp, or contact the IEEE at the address listed previously. vCopyright 2011 IEEE. All rights reserved. For more information about the IEEE Standards Association or the IEEE standards development process, visit the IEEE-SA web site at http:/standards.ieee.org.ErrataErrata, if any, for this and all
14、other standards can be accessed at the following URL: http:/standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/updates/errata/index.html. Users are encouraged to check this URL for errata periodically. InterpretationsCurrent interpretations can be accessed at the following URL: http:/standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/in
15、terp/index.html.PatentsAttention is called to the possibility that implementation of this recommended practice may require use of subject matter covered by patent rights. By publication of this recommended practice, no position is taken with respect to the existence or validity of any patent rights
16、in connection therewith. A patent holder or patent applicant has filed a statement of assurance that it will grant licenses under these rights without compensation or under reasonable rates, with reasonable terms and conditions that are demonstrably free of any unfair discrimination to applicants de
17、siring to obtain such licenses. Other Essential Patent Claims may exist for which a statement of assurance has not been received. The IEEE is not responsible for identifying Essential Patent Claims for which a license may be required, for conducting inquiries into the legal validity or scope of Pate
18、nts Claims, or determining whether any licensing terms or conditions provided in connection with submission of a Letter of Assurance, if any, or in any licensing agreements are reasonable or non-discriminatory. Users of this recommended practice are expressly advised that determination of the validi
19、ty of any patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, is entirely their own responsibility. Further information may be obtained from the IEEE Standards Association. vi Copyright 2011 IEEE. All rights reserved. ParticipantsAt the time this recommended practice was submitted to the IEE
20、E-SA Standards Board for approval, the Vented Lead Acid Maintenance and Testing Working Group had the following membership: M. S. (Steve) Clark, ChairJos Marrero, Vice Chair Thomas Carpenter, SecretaryPhyllis Archer Curtis AshtonRobert Beavers William Cantor Leonard Casella Terry Chapman Thomas Crod
21、a Peter Demar Robert Fletcher Kyle Floyd John Gagge, Jr. Wayne Johnson Michael Jump Jeffrey LaMarca Daniel Lambert Stephen McCluer Matthew McConnell Russell Miller Tania Martinez Navedo Michael Nispel Howard Nudi Rudy Ortega John Polenz Edward Rafter Jan Reber Christopher Searles Joseph Stevens H. F
22、 Taylor Richard Tressler Kurt Uhlir Lesley Varga Allan WilliamsonThe following members of the individual balloting committee voted on this recommended practice. Balloters may have voted for approval, disapproval, or abstention. William J. Ackerman Michael Adams S. Aggarwal Samuel Aguirre Steven Ale
23、xanderson Edward Amato Phyllis Archer Stan Arnot Curtis Ashton Ali Al Awazi Adam Bagby Gary Balash Farouk Baxter Robert Beavers Steven Bezner Richard Bolgeo Mark Bowman Steven Brockschink William Cantor Thomas Carpenter Larry Carson Jay Chamberlin Suresh Channarasappa Terry Chapman Garth Corey Charl
24、es Cotton John Coyle Peter Demar Gary Donner Randall Dotson Neal Dowling Donald Dunn Gary Engmann Charles Finin John Gagge, Jr. James Gleason James Graham Randall Groves Paul Anthonius Cornelis Hectors Scott Hietpas Werner Hoelzl Gary Hoffman David Horvath James Houston David Ittner Randy Jamison Ja
25、mes Jones Gael Kennedy James Kinney David Krause Jim Kulchisky Thomas Ladson Chung-Yiu Lam Daniel Lambert Thomas La Rose Daniel Levin Debra Longtin Thomas Lundquist Greg Luri Stephen McCluer James McDowall Peter McNutt John Merando T. David Mills Daleep Mohla Kimberly Mosley Haissam Nasrat Dennis Ne
26、itzel Arthur Neubauer Michael S. Newman Gary Nissen Howard Nudi James Parello Bansi Patel Anthony Picagli Percy Pool Harold Priestley Edward Rafter Robert Rallo Jan Reber Michael Roberts Charles Rogers Bartien Sayogo Robert Seitz Gil Shultz David Smith Joseph Stevens Gary Stoedter S. Thamilarasan Wa
27、yne Timm Richard Tressler Michael Tucker Joe Uchiyama Eric Udren Lesley Varga John Vergis Kenneth White Allan Williamson Ahmed Zobaa viiCopyright 2011 IEEE. All rights reserved. When the IEEE-SA Standards Board approved this recommended practice on 9 December 2010, it had the following membership: R
28、obert M. Grow, ChairRichard H. Hulett, Vice ChairSteve M. Mills, Past ChairJudith Gorman, SecretaryKaren Bartleson Victor Berman Ted Burse Clint Chaplin Andy Drozd Alexander Gelman Jim Hughes Young Kyun Kim Joseph L. Koepfinger* John Kulick David J. Law Hung Ling Oleg Logvinov Ted Olsen Ronald C. Pe
29、tersen Thomas Prevost Jon Walter Rosdahl Sam Sciacca Mike Seavey Curtis Siller Don Wright *Member Emeritus Also included are the following nonvoting IEEE-SA Standards Board liaisons: Satish Aggarwal, NRC RepresentativeRichard DeBlasio, DOE RepresentativeMichael Janezic, NIST RepresentativeJulie Ales
30、si IEEE Standards Program Manager, Document Development Soo H. Kim IEEE Standards Program Manager, Technical Program Development viiiCopyright 2011 IEEE. All rights reserved. Contents1. Overview 1 1.1 Scope . 1 1.2 Purpose 2 1.3 Exclusions 2 1.4 Document Organization. 2 2. Normative references 2 3.
31、Definitions, acronyms, and abbreviations 3 3.1 Definitions . 3 3.2 Abbreviations 4 4. Safety 4 4.1 Protective equipment . 4 4.2 Precautions 5 4.3 Methods . 5 5. Maintenance . 5 5.1 General 5 5.2 Inspections. 6 5.3 Corrective actions 7 5.4 State of charge . 9 6. Test schedule 10 6.1 General 10 6.2 Ac
32、ceptance 10 6.3 Performance. 11 6.4 Service . 11 6.5 Modified performance test. 11 7. Procedure for battery tests 12 7.1 General 12 7.2 Initial conditions 13 7.3 Test length and discharge rate . 13 7.4 Capacity test methods 14 7.5 Acceptance, modified performance, and performance tests 17 7.6 Servic
33、e test. 18 7.7 Restoration. 19 8. Battery replacement criteria 19 9. Records. 19 10. Trending . 20 11. Recycling and disposal . 20 11.1 General 20 11.2 Recycling. 20 11.3 Disposal . 20 12. Spill containment and management methodologies . 21 ixCopyright 2011 IEEE. All rights reserved. Annex A (inform
34、ative) State of charge 22 A.1 Battery discharge/charge cycle parameters. 22 A.2 Stabilized charging current used to determine a fully charged condition . 22 A.3 Electrolyte specific gravity used to determine a fully charged condition . 23 A.4 Float current, specific gravity and float voltage . 23 An
35、nex B (normative) Specific gravity 25 B.1 Effect of charging . 25 B.2 Effect of temperature 25 B.3 Effect of electrolyte level 25 B.4 Effect of water additions. 25 Annex C (informative) Float voltage 26 C.1 Introduction. 26 C.2 Battery float voltage 26 C.3 Individual cell float voltage 26 C.4 Effect
36、 of temperature 27 Annex D (informative) Urgency of corrective actions . 28 D.1 Adding water 28 D.2 Connection resistance . 28 D.3 Cell temperature 29 D.4 Equalizing charge . 29 D.5 Cell/battery failure and replacement. 29 Annex E (informative) Visual inspection of battery installations. 31 Annex F
37、informative) . 33 F.1 Examples of methods for performing connection resistance measurements . 33 F.2 Recommended method for performing connection resistance measurements using a micro-ohmmeter. 33F.3 Recommended method for single intercell connections and parallel-post connections. 34 F.4 Recommend
38、ed method for double-post intercell connections. 35 F.5 Recommended method for triple-post intercell connections . 35 F.6 Recommended method for flag-post intercell connections . 36 F.7 Recommended method for single connections 37 F.8 Recommended method for multiple terminal connections 38 F.9 Recom
39、mended method for cable-plate-post connections 39 Annex G (informative) Alternate applications . 41 Annex H (informative) Effects of elevated electrolyte temperatures on vented lead-acid batteries. 42 Annex I (normative) Modified performance testing methods and examples 44 I.1 Objectives. 44 I.2 Rul
40、es for modified performance tests. 44 I.3 Type 1 modified performance test 44 I.4 Type 2 modified performance test 45 I.5 Type 3 modified performance test 47 Annex J (informative) Alternate inspection methods. 49 J.1 Introduction 49 J.2 Comparison of measurement technologies. 49 J.3 Limitations . 49
41、 J.4 Precautions or discussion . 50 x Copyright 2011 IEEE. All rights reserved. J.5 Interpretation 50 J.6 Theory 51 Annex K (informative) Calculation of battery capacity . 53 K.1 Comparison of time- and rate-adjusted performance test methods. 53 K.2 Capacity calculation examples 54 Annex L (informat
42、ive) Temperature-correction factors . 57 Annex M (informative) Bibliography. 59 1Copyright 2011 IEEE. All rights reserved. IEEE Recommended Practice for Maintenance, Testing, and Replacement of Vented Lead-Acid Batteries for Stationary Applications IMPORTANT NOTICE: This standard is not intended to
43、ensure safety, security, health, or environmental protection. Implementers of the standard are responsible for determining appropriate safety, security, environmental, and health practices or regulatory requirements. This IEEE document is made available for use subject to important notices and legal
44、 disclaimers. These notices and disclaimers appear in all publications containing this document and may be found under the heading “Important Notice” or “Important Notices and Disclaimers Concerning IEEE Documents.” They can also be obtained on request from IEEE or viewed at http:/standards.ieee.org
45、/IPR/disclaimers.html.1. Overview 1.1 Scope This document provides recommended maintenance, test schedules, and testing procedures that can be used to optimize the life and performance of permanently-installed, vented lead-acid storage batteries used in standby service. It also provides guidance to
46、determine when batteries should be replaced. This recommended practice is applicable to standby service stationary applications where a battery charger normally maintains the battery fully charged and provides the dc loads. The maintenance and testing programs described in this recommended practice
47、represent “the best program” based on the information available at the time this document was developed. The user should evaluate these practices against their operating experience, operating conditions, manufacturers recommendations, resources, and needs in developing a maintenance program for a gi
48、ven application. These maintenance and testing recommendations were developed without consideration of economics, availability of testing equipment and personnel, or relative importance of the application. Development of a maintenance and testing program for a specific application requires considera
49、tion of all issues, not just the technical issues considered in this document. IEEE Std 450-2010 IEEE Recommended Practice for Maintenance, Testing, and Replacement of Vented Lead-Acid Batteries for Stationary Applications 2Copyright 2011 IEEE. All rights reserved. 1.2 Purpose The purpose of this recommended practice is to provide the user with information and recommendations concerning the maintenance, testing, and replacement of vented lead-acid batteries used in stationary applications. 1.3 Exclusions Specific applications, such as emergency lighting units, ph
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