1、 The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017-2394, USACopyright 1998 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.All rights reserved. Published 18 December 1998. Printed in the United States of America.Print:ISBN 0-7381-1453-7
2、 SH94693PDF:ISBN 0-7381-1454-5 SS94693No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.IEEE Std C57.121-1998(Revision of IEEE Std C57.121-1988)IEEE Guide for Acceptance and Maintenance of
3、Less Flammable Hydrocarbon Fluid in TransformersSponsorTransformers Committee of theIEEE Power Engineering SocietyApproved 16 September 1998IEEE-SA Standards BoardAbstract:The evaluation and handling procedures for less flammable hydrocarbon transformer in-sulating fluids are covered. The guides pur
4、pose is to assist the transformer operator in receivingnew fluids, filling transformers, and maintaining the fluids in serviceable condition.Keywords:high molecular weight hydrocarbon fluid, HMWH fluid, hydrocarbon fluid, insulating flu-id, less flammable hydrocarbon fluid, LFH fluid, transformerIEE
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15、 can also be obtained through the Copyright Clearance Center.Note: Attention is called to the possibility that implementation of this standard mayrequire use of subject matter covered by patent rights. By publication of this standard,no position is taken with respect to the existence or validity of
16、any patent rights inconnection therewith. The IEEE shall not be responsible for identifying patents forwhich a license may be required by an IEEE standard or for conducting inquiries intothe legal validity or scope of those patents that are brought to its attention.Copyright 1998 IEEE. All rights re
17、served.iiiIntroduction(This introduction is not a part of IEEE Std C57.121-1998, IEEE Guide for Acceptance and Maintenance of Less Flam-mable Hydrocarbon Fluid in Transformers.)This guide was prepared by the Insulating Fluids Subcommittee of the Transformers Committee of the IEEEPower Engineering So
18、ciety. The purpose of this guide is to identify standards for acceptance and mainte-nance of high-temperature hydrocarbon fluids in transformers.At the time this guide was published, it was under consideration for approval as an American National Stan-dard. The Accredited Standards Committee on Tran
19、sformers, Regulators, and Reactors, C57, had the follow-ing members at the time this guide was sent to letter ballot:P. Orehek,ChairJ. D. Borst,Vice ChairJ. A. Gauthier,SecretaryOrganization Represented Name of RepresentativeElectric Light and Power GroupP. Orehek (Delegation Chair)T. DiamantisK. S.
20、 HanusG. N. Miller (Alt.)C. G. NiemannS. PaivaJ. SullivanInstitute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers .B. Patel (Delegation Chair)W. B. BinderJ. D. BorstJ. H. HarlowJ. W. MatthewsNational Electrical Manufacturers Association P. Hopkinson(Delegation Chair)M. AustinG. CoulterS. EndersbeA. Ghafour
21、ian K. LinsleyR. PlasterH. RobinH. J. Sim(Alt.)Tennessee Valley Authority. F. LewisUnderwriters Laboratories, Inc.M. SchackerU.S. Department of Agriculture, Rural Utilities Services. Mehrdad EskandaryU.S. Department of Energy, Western Area Power AdministrationK. C. WolohanU.S. Department of the Navy
22、, Civil Engineering Corps. C. M. MandevilleThe following persons were in the working group for the revision of this standard:C. Patrick McShane, ChairF. J. Gryszkiewicz F. Jakob J. J. KellyT. J. Haupert D. W. SundinivCopyright 1998 IEEE. All rights reserved.The following persons were on the ballotin
23、g committee:When the IEEE-SA Standards Board approved this standard on 16 September 1998, it had the followingmembership:Richard J. Holleman,ChairDonald N. Heirman,Vice ChairJudith Gorman,Secretary*Member EmeritusNEC and National Electrical Code are registered trademarks of the National Fire Protect
24、ion Association, Inc.NESC and National Electrical Safety Code are registered trademarks of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.George AllenM. AustinRoy A. BancroftRon L. BarkerW. J. Bill BergmanWallace B. BinderThomas E. Blackburn IIIJoe V. BonucchiJohn D. BorstJerry L. Corkra
25、nDan W. CroftsDieter DohnalKeith EllisMichael A. FranchekDudley L. GallowayDonald A. GilliesJames L. GoudieRichard D. GrahamRobert L. GrubbRobert L. GrunertF. J. GryszkiewiczR. R. HayesFrank W. HeinrichsPeter J. HoeflerPhilip J. HopkinsonRichard HuberK. JakobVirendra JhonsaGene KallaurJoseph J. Kell
26、ySheldon P. KennedyLawrence A. KirchnerEgon KoenigBarin KumarJ. P. LazarThomas LundquistJoe D. MacDonaldWilliam A. MaguireJohn W. MatthewsAngie D. McCainL. Bruce McClungNigel P. McQuinC. Patrick McShaneSam MichaelDaleep C. MohlaDaniel H. MulkeyChuck R. MurrayR. J. MusilT. V. OommenPaul E. OrehekGera
27、ld A. PaivaB. K. PatelJesse M. PattonPaulette A. PayneMark D. PerkinsLinden W. PierceR. Leon PlasterGeorge J. ReitterPeter G. RisseLeo J. SavioRick SawyerVic ShenoyHyeong Jin SimJames A. ThompsonSubhash C. TuliRobert R. Turcotte Jr.John VandermaarRobert A. VeitchLoren B. WagenaarWilliam G. WimmerSat
28、ish K. AggarwalClyde R. CampJames T. CarloGary R. EngmannHarold E. EpsteinJay Forster*Thomas F. GarrityRuben D. GarzonJames H. GurneyJim D. IsaakLowell G. JohnsonRobert KennellyE. G. “Al” KienerJoseph L. Koepfinger*Stephen R. LambertJim LogothetisDonald C. LoughryL. Bruce McClungLouis-Franois PauRon
29、ald C. PetersenGerald H. PetersonJohn B. PoseyGary S. RobinsonHans E. WeinrichDonald W. ZipseCopyright 1998 IEEE. All rights reserved.vContents1. Overview 11.1 Scope. 11.2 Purpose 11.3 System design . 21.4 Background information . 22. References 23. List of acronyms and abbreviations . 34. Fluid tes
30、ts and the significance of each test. 34.1 Neutralization number (D664, D974) . 34.2 Dielectric breakdown voltage (D877, D1816) 44.3 Dielectric breakdown voltage (impulse conditions) (D3300). 54.4 Interfacial tension (D971) . 54.5 AC loss characteristics (dissipation factor and relative permittivity
31、) (D924). 64.6 Color (D1500) . 64.7 Viscosity (D88, D445, D2161) . 64.8 Flash point and fire point (Cleveland open cup method) (D92) . 64.9 Specific gravity (relative density) (D1298). 74.10 Pour point (D97) . 74.11 Volume resistivity (D1169) 74.12 Gas analysis. 74.13 Inorganic chlorides and sulfate
32、s (D878) .84.14 Corrosive sulfur (D1275) 84.15 Oxidation stability or sludge formation, or both (D2112, D2440) . 84.16 Water in insulating fluid (extraction and Karl Fischer methods) (D1315, D1533) 84.17 Oxidation inhibitors in electrical insulating fluids (D2668, D4768) 84.18 Visual examination fie
33、ld test (D1524) 94.19 Refractive index and specific optical dispersion (D1807) 94.20 Gassing of insulating oils under electrical stress and ionization (D2300) 94.21 Aniline point and mixed aniline point of petroleum products (D611) 95. Handling and evaluation of LFH fluids for use in filling transfo
34、rmers at the installation site 95.1 Shipping containers. 95.2 Check tests on receipt . 95.3 Handling of the fluid by the user and placing the fluid in storage 105.4 Handling and testing of LFH fluids for installation into apparatus 126. Evaluation of LFH fluids received in new equipment and after fi
35、lling apparatus on site . 137. Maintenance of LFH fluids 147.1 Field screening 147.2 Laboratory screening. 147.3 Test limits for service-aged LFH fluids 147.4 Reconditioning 157.5 Reclaiming 16viCopyright 1998 IEEE. All rights reserved.7.6 Mixtures of different types of LFH fluids. 168. Safety and e
36、nvironmental care procedures 178.1 Leaks . 178.2 Minor spills . 178.3 Spills on soil 178.4 Spills on water. 17Annex A (informative) Bibliography 18Copyright 1998 IEEE. All rights reserved.1IEEE Guide for Acceptance and Maintenance of Less Flammable Hydrocarbon Fluid in Transformers1. Overview1.1 Sco
37、peThis guide recommends tests1and evaluation procedures, as well as criteria and methods of maintenance,for less flammable hydrocarbon (LFH) transformer insulating fluids. These liquids are also known as highmolecular weight hydrocarbon (HMWH) fluids. HMWH dielectric fluids are hereby defined as tho
38、se fluidshaving an ASTM D92 fire point of 300 C or greater, being primarily composed of, but not restricted to,hydrocarbons. These fluids meet the requirements of the National Electrical Code (NEC) (NFPA 70-1999),2Article 450-23, as a less flammable dielectric for use in indoor applications when use
39、d in properlydesigned and installed transformers. Ester- and silicone-based fluids are not covered by this guide. Methodsof reconditioning LFH fluids are also described. It is not the intent of this guide to address retrofilling trans-formers with LFH fluids. Any such substitution of fluids should b
40、e performed only after consultation withthe manufacturers of fluid and equipment. Where instructions given by the transformer or fluid manufactur-ers differ from those given in this guide, the manufacturers instructions are to be given preference.1.2 PurposeThe purpose of this guide is to assist the
41、 transformer operator in evaluating and processing LFH fluidsreceived in new transformers, as received from the fluid manufacturer for filling transformers, and as pro-cessed into such equipment. It also assists the operator in maintaining the fluid in serviceable condition. Thisguide, therefore, re
42、commends standard tests and evaluation procedures, methods of reconditioning andreclaiming LFH fluids, and the analysis results at which these processes become necessary. It will alsoaddress the routines for restoring resistance to oxidation, where desired, by the addition of inhibitors.1All test me
43、thods used to evaluate LFH fluids should be the latest versions available from the American Society of Testing and Materi-als, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA, 19428-2959, USA (http:/www.astm.org/).2Information on references can be found in Clause 2.IEEEStd C57.121-1998 IEEE GUIDE FOR A
44、CCEPTANCE AND MAINTENANCE OF2Copyright 1998 IEEE. All rights reserved.1.3 System designThe reliable performance of LFH fluids in an insulation system depends upon certain basic fluid characteristicsthat can affect overall apparatus characteristics. Such fluid characteristics are integral to equipmen
45、t design forwhich the manufacturer has final responsibility. The reliable operation of the equipment in service, for whichthe transformer operator has final responsibility, also depends on maintaining certain basic fluid characteristics.Adherence to the recommended fluid characteristics will assist
46、in obtaining the desired equipment characteris-tics. Other tests or verification of the integrity of the insulation system are often necessary.The essential properties of insulating fluids used in transformers must be maintained if the fluid is to performits multiple role as an electrical insulating
47、 and heat transfer agent. It must have adequate dielectric strengthto withstand the electric stresses imposed in service. It must have a certain combination of thermal conduc-tivity, specific heat, and viscosity so that its ability to transfer heat is sufficient for the particular equipment.It must
48、have sufficiently high flash point and fire point to meet safety requirements. The fluids dielectriclosses should not become excessive. The LFH fluid should not be allowed to become so deteriorated or con-taminated that it adversely affects other materials in the apparatus, nor should deterioration
49、products(sludge) impair its circulation through cooling ducts. If the purpose of using an HMWH is to comply withNEC Article 450-23 requires that less flammable transformer liquids have an ASTM D92 fire point of notless than 300 C and that the installation complies with all restrictions provided for in the listing of the fluid.1.4 Background information1.4.1 Mixtures of LFH fluids with other liquidsLFH fluids are miscible and compatible with other hydrocarbon insulating liquids as well as with haloge-nated hydrocarbons. Mixtures with conventional transformer oil will lower
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