IEEE C95 4-2002 en Recommended Practice for Determining Safe Distances from Radio Frequency Transmitting Antennas When Using Electric Blasting Caps During Explo.pdf

1、IEEE Std C95.4-2002IEEE StandardsC95.4TMIEEE Recommended Practice forDetermining Safe Distances fromRadio Frequency TransmittingAntennas When Using ElectricBlasting Caps During ExplosiveOperationsPublished by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 1001

2、6-5997, USA11 December 2002IEEE Standards Coordinating Committee 28Sponsored by theIEEE International Committee on Electromagnetic SafetyIEEE StandardsPrint: SH95045PDF: SS95045IEEE Std C95.4-2002 (R2008)IEEE Recommended Practice for Determining Safe Distances from Radio Frequency Transmitting Anten

3、nas When Using Electric Blasting Caps During Explosive OperationsSponsorIEEE International Committee on Electromagnetic Safety(Standards Coordinating Committee 28) Reaffirmed 27 March 2008Approved 11 November 2002IEEE-SA Standards BoardGrateful acknowledgment is made to Franklin Applied Physics for

4、having granted permission to reprint inthis document the following material listed below:The equations in 8.4 and 8.5 are from the Franklin Institute Research Laboratories Publication F-B2256-1 B9,Franklin Institute Research Laboratories Publication F-C1951-1 B10, and Franklin Institute ResearchLabo

5、ratories Publication M-C2210-1 B12.aAbstract: This project provides recommended practices for the prediction and practicaldetermination of safe distances from radio and radar transmitting antennas when using electricblasting caps to remotely detonate an explosive charge. Specifically, this document

6、includesmathematical formulas, tables, and charts that allow the user to determine safe distances from RFtransmitters with spectrum bands from 0.5 MHz to 300 GHz, including VHF, UHF televisionantennas, FM, AM radio transmitting antennas, radar, navigation beacons, and portablecommunication devices.

7、Keywords: blasting caps, detonation, explosive charge, RF transmitters, transmitting antennas,safe distance The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5997, USACopyright 2002 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.All rights re

8、served. Published 11 December 2002. Printed in the United States of America.Print: ISBN 0-7381-3422-8 SH95045PDF: ISBN 0-7381-3423-6SS95045No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.

9、aThe numbers in brackets correspond to those in the bibliography in Annex A.Copyright 2002 IEEE. All rights reserved. iiiIEEE Standards documents are developed within the IEEE Societies and the Standards Coordinating Committees of theIEEE Standards Association (IEEE-SA) Standards Board. The IEEE dev

10、elops its standards through a consensusdevelopment process, approved by the American National Standards Institute, which brings together volunteersrepresenting varied viewpoints and interests to achieve the final product. Volunteers are not necessarily members of theInstitute and serve without compe

11、nsation. While the IEEE administers the process and establishes rules to promote fairnessin the consensus development process, the IEEE does not independently evaluate, test, or verify the accuracy of any of theinformation contained in its standards.Use of an IEEE Standard is wholly voluntary. The I

12、EEE disclaims liability for any personal injury, property or other dam-age, of any nature whatsoever, whether special, indirect, consequential, or compensatory, directly or indirectly resultingfrom the publication, use of, or reliance upon this, or any other IEEE Standard document.The IEEE does not

13、warrant or represent the accuracy or content of the material contained herein, and expressly disclaimsany express or implied warranty, including any implied warranty of merchantability or fitness for a specific purpose, or thatthe use of the material contained herein is free from patent infringement

14、 IEEE Standards documents are supplied AS IS.The existence of an IEEE Standard does not imply that there are no other ways to produce, test, measure, purchase, market,or provide other goods and services related to the scope of the IEEE Standard. Furthermore, the viewpoint expressed at thetime a sta

15、ndard is approved and issued is subject to change brought about through developments in the state of the art andcomments received from users of the standard. Every IEEE Standard is subjected to review at least every five years forrevision or reaffirmation. When a document is more than five years old

16、 and has not been reaffirmed, it is reasonable toconclude that its contents, although still of some value, do not wholly reflect the present state of the art. Users are cautionedto check to determine that they have the latest edition of any IEEE Standard.In publishing and making this document availa

17、ble, the IEEE is not suggesting or rendering professional or other servicesfor, or on behalf of, any person or entity. Nor is the IEEE undertaking to perform any duty owed by any other person orentity to another. Any person utilizing this, and any other IEEE Standards document, should rely upon the

18、advice of acompetent professional in determining the exercise of reasonable care in any given circumstances.Interpretations: Occasionally questions may arise regarding the meaning of portions of standards as they relate to specificapplications. When the need for interpretations is brought to the att

19、ention of IEEE, the Institute will initiate action to prepareappropriate responses. Since IEEE Standards represent a consensus of concerned interests, it is important to ensure that anyinterpretation has also received the concurrence of a balance of interests. For this reason, IEEE and the members o

20、f itssocieties and Standards Coordinating Committees are not able to provide an instant response to interpretation requestsexcept in those cases where the matter has previously received formal consideration. Comments for revision of IEEE Standards are welcome from any interested party, regardless of

21、 membership affiliation withIEEE. Suggestions for changes in documents should be in the form of a proposed change of text, together with appropriatesupporting comments. Comments on standards and requests for interpretations should be addressed to:Secretary, IEEE-SA Standards Board445 Hoes LaneP.O. B

22、ox 1331Piscataway, NJ 08855-1331USAAuthorization to photocopy portions of any individual standard for internal or personal use is granted by the Institute ofElectrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., provided that the appropriate fee is paid to Copyright Clearance Center. Toarrange for payment of l

23、icensing fee, please contact Copyright Clearance Center, Customer Service, 222 Rosewood Drive,Danvers, MA 01923 USA; +1 978 750 8400. Permission to photocopy portions of any individual standard for educationalclassroom use can also be obtained through the Copyright Clearance Center.Note: Attention i

24、s called to the possibility that implementation of this standard may require use of subject mat-ter covered by patent rights. By publication of this standard, no position is taken with respect to the existence orvalidity of any patent rights in connection therewith. The IEEE shall not be responsible

25、 for identifying patentsfor which a license may be required by an IEEE standard or for conducting inquiries into the legal validity orscope of those patents that are brought to its attention.iv Copyright 2002 IEEE. All rights reserved.Introduction(This introduction is not part of IEEE Std C95.4-2002

26、 IEEE Recommended Practice for Determining Safe DistancesFrom Radio Frequency Transmitting Antennas When Using Electric Blasting Caps During Explosive Operations.)In 1960, the American Standards Association approved the initiation of the Radiation Hazards Standardsproject under the co-sponsorship o

27、f the Department of the Navy and the Institute of Electrical andElectronics Engineers.In 1965 and 1966, the Institute of Makers of Explosives (IME), a trade group with headquarters inWashington, DC, sponsored research on RF hazards to electric blasting caps. Laboratory tests and analyseswere perform

28、ed at the Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Tables of safe distances were includedin this early work. Since 1966, the IME has published updated tables of safe distances from time to time.Standards committees have included technical people from the IME and from the Franklin Institute.Pr

29、ior to 1988, C95 standards were developed by an accredited standards committee C95, and submitted toANSI for approval and issuance as ANSI C95 standards. Between 1988 and 1990, the committee wasconverted to Standards Coordinating Committee 28 (SCC 28) under the sponsorship of the IEEE StandardsBoard

30、 In 2001, the IEEE SA-Standards Board approved the title International Committee onElectromagnetic Safety (ICES) for the SCC 28. In accordance with policies of the IEEE, C95 standardswill be issued and developed as IEEE standards, and will be submitted to ANSI for recognition.The present scope of I

31、EEE SCC 28 is Development of standards for the safe use of electromagnetic energyin the range of 0 Hz to 300 GHz relative to the potential hazards of exposure of man, volatile materials, andexplosive devices to such energy. It is not intended to include infrared, visible, ultraviolet, or ionizingrad

32、iation. The committee will coordinate with other committees whose scopes are contiguous with ICESSCC 28.The IEEE International Committee on Electromagnetic Safety is responsible for this recommended practice.There are five subcommittees concerned witha) Techniques, Procedures, Instrumentation, and C

33、omputationb) Terminology, Units of Measurements and Hazard Communicationc) Safety Levels with Respect to Human Exposure, 03 kHzd) Safety Levels with Respect to Human Exposure, 3 kHz300 GHze) Safety Levels with Respect to Elector-Explosive DevicesTwo standards, two guides, and two recommended practic

34、es have been issued. Current versions are asfollows:IEEE Std C95.1TM, 1999 Edition, IEEE Standard for Safety Levels with Respect to Human Exposure toRadio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields, 3 kHz to 300 GHz.bIEEE C95.2TM-1999, IEEE Standard for Radio Frequency Energy and Current Flow Symbols. bInform

35、ation on references can be found in Clause 2. Copyright 2002 IEEE. All rights reserved. vIEEE Std C95.3TM-2002, IEEE Recommended Practice for Measurements and Computations of RadioFrequency Electromagnetic Fields with Respect to Human Exposure to Such Fields, 100 kHz to 300 GHz.ANSI C95.4-1978, Amer

36、ican National Standard Safety Guide for the Prevention of Radio-FrequencyRadiation Hazards in the Use of Electric Blasting Caps.IEEE 1460TM-1996, IEEE Guide for the Measurement of Quasi-Static Magnetic and Electric Fields.DisclaimerAs an IEEE recommended practice, this document provides procedures p

37、referred by IEEE. Following theprocedures in this recommended practice does not guarantee absolute safety, and users should take all thereasonable, independent steps necessary to minimize risks to safety. ParticipantsIEEE Std C95.4-2002 was prepared by the Working Group of Subcommittee V, Safety Lev

38、els withRespect to Elector-Explosive Devices, of Standards Coordinating Committee 28 (SCC 28). The WorkingGroup had the following membership at the time this standard was prepared:John Defrank, Co-chairGeorge Andrew Koban, Co-chairBrad Roberts, SecretaryT. BabijQ. BalzanoJ. BeanF. ColvilleW. HammerR

39、 HarmonJ. HatfieldK. JoynerD. LeidelJ. LeonowichR. PetersenJ. StuartR. ThompsonA. Varanellivi Copyright 2002 IEEE. All rights reserved.Standards Coordinating Committee 28, which also participated in the preparation of IEEE Std C95.4-2002had the following membership at the time this standard was pre

40、pared:Eleanor R. Adair, ChairJohn M. Osepchuk, Past ChairmanRalf Bodemann, Co-chairRon Petersen, SecretaryThe following members of the balloting committee voted on this standard. Balloters may have voted forapproval, disapproval, or abstention.Melvyn R. AltmanMax J. AmmannVitas AndersonJ. Robert Ash

41、leyEdward AslanQuirino BalzanoHoward BassenJohn BavinJohn A. BergeronDavid R. BlackDennis W. BlickAviva BrecherJerrold T. BushbergPhilip ChadwickScott ChesnickHuai ChiangStephen ChiusanoC. K. ChouRobert F. ClevelandRoger W. CoghillJules CohenRobert A. CurtisJohn A. DAndreaJames M. DalyLinda DeJagerJ

42、ohn J. DeFrankJohn deLorgeDavid DiniThanh DovanGregor DurrenbergerLinda S. ErdreichStewart M. FastmanWilliam E. FeeroKenneth R. FosterPeter GajsekOm P. GandhiRobert C. GardnerDavid L. GeorgeMartino GrandolfoArthur W. GuyDennis E. HadlockDonald L. Haes, Jr.Konstantinos HalkiotisEd HareJames B. Hatfie

43、ldDonald N. HeirmanPaul HerouxLouis N. HeynickMichel IsraelVeronica IvansKent C. JaffaSheila JohnstonKen H. JoynerRalph JustusShaiela KandelJames J. KingB. Jon KlauenbergGeorge A. KobanJoseph L. KoepfingerNiels KusterAnthony LaMastraSakari LangJohn A. LeonowichJames C. LinC. J. MaletskosPatrick A. M

44、asonStewart MaurerRobert W. McCourtTom McManusJames P. McNameeMartin L MeltzJohn C. MonahanNoel D. MontgomeryMichael R. MooreAmitabha MukhopadhyayMichael R. MurphyJohn L. OrrRussell D. OwenAndrei G. PakhomovWilliam F. PaulBertil R. PerssonJ. Patrick ReillyMichael H. RepacholiBrad J. RobertsErvin D.

45、RootTerence RybakTheodoros SamarasVeli A. SantomaaWilliam G. ScanlonHerman P. SchwanAsher R. SheppardJon H. SirugoJan A. J. StolwijkK. F. StormCarl H. SuttonMays L. SwicordRosa M. TangJohn TattersallRichard A. TellThomas S. TendordeArt ThansandoteTammy UtteridgeEric van RongenArthur G. VaranelliFemm

46、e-Michelle WagenaarRobert T. WatkinsChristian B. WengerLouis A. Williams, Jr.Donald W. ZipseMarvin C. ZiskinEleanor R. AdairQuirino BalzanoDavid ChouRobert F. ClevelandJules CohenJohn DeFrankStewart M. FastmanGregory M. GorsuchJerry HatfieldGeorge A. KobanJoseph L. KoepfingerRobert H. LeonowichWen C

47、 LinStewart MaurerMaurice MurphyJohn M. OsepchukRon PetersenCarl RobertsMays L. SwicordArth ur G. Va ranelliH. N. WilliamsDonald W. ZipseCopyright 2002 IEEE. All rights reserved. viiWhen the IEEE-SA Standards Board approved this standard on 11 November 2002, it had the followingmembership:James T.

48、Carlo, ChairJames H. Gurney, Vice ChairJudith Gorman, Secretary*Member EmeritusAlso included is the following nonvoting IEEE-SA Standards Board liaison:Alan Cookson, NIST RepresentativeSatish K. Aggarwal, NRC RepresentativeDon MessinaIEEE Standards Project EditorSid BennettH. Stephen BergerClyde R.

49、CampRichard DeBlasioHarold E. EpsteinJulian Forster*Howard M. FrazierToshio FukudaArnold M. GreenspanRaymond HapemanDonald M. HeirmanRichard H. HulettLowell G. JohnsonJoseph L. Koepfinger*Peter H. LipsNader MehravariDaleep C. MohlaWilliam J. MoylanMalcolm V. ThadenGeoffrey O. ThompsonHoward L. WolfmanDon WrightCopyright 2002 IEEE. All rights reserved. viiiContents1. Overview 11.1 Scope 11.2 Responsibility for safety 21.3 Background 22. References 23. Definitions . 34. General. 74.1 Hazard zones 74.2 Contributing factors . 74.3 Hazard level . 74.4 Measurements 84.