1、ANSI N42.41-2007American National StandardMinimum Performance Criteria forActive Interrogation Systems Usedfor Homeland SecurityIEEE3 Park Avenue New York, NY 10016-5997, USA15 February 2008Accredited by the American National Standards InstituteSponsored by theNational Committee on Radiation Instrum
2、entation, N42N42.41ANSI N42.41-2007 American National Standard Minimum Performance Criteria for Active Interrogation Systems Used for Homeland Security Sponsor National Committee on Radiation Instrumentation, N42 Accredited by the American National Standards Institute Secretariat Institute of Electr
3、ical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Approved 29 October 2007 American National Standards Institute Abstract: The performance criteria for active interrogation systems in homeland security applications are described in this standard. These systems are intended for non-intrusive inspection of closed
4、containers, vehicles, and packages of a wide range of types and sizes. In these systems, the contents of an inspection zone are irradiated with penetrating ionizing radiation to determine the presence of a hidden substance-of-interest by the analysis of stimulated secondary radiations or nuclear-res
5、onance absorption spectra that are indicative of the chemical and/or nuclidic composition of the substance-of-interest. Keywords: active interrogation, baggage, cargo, chemical warfare agents, detection, explosives, gamma-rays, high-energy x-rays, homeland security, identification, neutrons, SNM, sp
6、ecial nuclear materials, weapons of mass destruction, WMD _ The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. 3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5997, USA Copyright 2008 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved. Published 15 February 2008. Printed i
7、n the United States of America. IEEE is a registered trademark in the U.S. Patent +1-978-750-8400. Permission to photocopy portions of any individual standard for educational classroom use can also be obtained through the Copyright Clearance Center. Introduction This introduction is not part of ANSI
8、 N42.41-2007, American National Standard Minimum Performance Criteria for Active Interrogation Systems Used for Homeland Security. This standard is the responsibility of the Accredited American Standards Committee on Radiation Instrumentation, N42. The standard was approved by the N42 letter ballot
9、of MarchApril 2007. Notice to users Errata Errata, if any, for this and all other standards can be accessed at the following URL: http:/ standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/updates/errata/index.html. Users are encouraged to check this URL for errata periodically. Interpretations Current interpretations
10、can be accessed at the following URL: http:/standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/interp/ index.html. Patents Attention is called to the possibility that implementation of this standard may require use of subject matter covered by patent rights. By publication of this standard, no position is taken with r
11、espect to the existence or validity of any patent rights in connection therewith. The IEEE shall not be responsible for identifying patents or patent applications for which a license may be required to implement an IEEE standard or for conducting inquiries into the legal validity or scope of those p
12、atents that are brought to its attention. v Copyright 2008 IEEE. All rights reserved. Participants At the time it approved this standard, the Accredited Standards Committee on Radiation Instrumentation, N42, had the following membership: Michael P. Unterweger, Chair Louis Costrell, Deputy Chair Will
13、iam Ash, Administrative Secretary Organization Represented.Name of Representative Bartlett Services .Morgan Cox Canberra Markku Koskelo Chew, M.H .Jack M. Selby Commerce Dept, U.S. NIST Michael P. Unterweger Louis Costrell (Alt.) Consultant Frank X. Masse Department of Homeland Security .Peter Shebe
14、ll Entergy-ANO .Ron Schwartz Health Physics Society .Sandy Perle IEEE Louis Costrell .Julian Forster (Alt.) .Anthony Spurgin (Alt.) .Michael P. Unterweger (Alt.) International Medcom Don Sythe Lawrence Berkeley National Lab .Edward J. Lampo Lawrence Livermore National Lab .Gary Johnson NASA, GSFC .S
15、achidananda R. Babu Nuclear Regulatory Commission Cynthia Jones Nuclear Standards Unlimited .Al N. Tschaeche Oak Ridge National Laboratory .Peter J. Chiaro, Jr. .Charles Britton (Alt.) ORTEC Ronald M. Keyser Pacific Northwest National Laboratory .Richard Kouzes Swinth Associates .Kenneth L. Swinth U
16、.S. Army Edward Groeber U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission.Cynthia Jones Members-At-Large .Ernesto Corte .Joseph C. McDonald .Paul L. Phelps .Joseph Stencel .Lee J. Wagner vi Copyright 2008 IEEE. All rights reserved. At the time this standard was completed, Subcommittee N42.HSI had the following mem
17、bership: Morgan Cox, Co-Chair Michael P. Unterweger, Co-Chair Paul Bailey Peter J. Chiaro, Jr. David Gilliam Mark D. Hoover Cynthia G. Jones Ronald Keyser Richard Kouzes Joseph C. McDonald Leticia Pibida Brian Rees Peter Shebell David Trombino At the time this standard was completed, the ANSI N42.41
18、 Working Group had the following membership: David M. Gilliam, NIST, Chair and Project leader William Bertozzi MIT, Passport Systems David Chichester SNL Ed Franco Rapiscan Systems (formerly ARACOR) Tsahi Gozani Rapiscan Systems/HEIC Siraj M. Khan Customs and Border Protection/DNDO James L. Jones .I
19、NL Steve Korbly Passport Systems Robert Ledoux .Passport Systems David F. R. Mildner NIST Thomas L. Moore LLNL Calvin E. Moss LANL Frank H. Ruddy .Westinghouse Dennis R. Slaughter .LLNL George Vourvopoulos .SAIC vii Copyright 2008 IEEE. All rights reserved. Contents 1. Overview 1 1.1 Scope . 1 1.2 P
20、urpose 2 1.3 General considerations. 2 2. Normative references 2 3. Definitions 3 3.1 General 3 3.2 Definitions of particular relevance to N42.41 5 3.3 Special word usage 6 4. General characteristics of active interrogation systems 6 4.1 Inspection zone characteristics 6 4.2 Interrogating radiation
21、type and physical principles 7 4.3 Physical configurations 8 5. Performance requirements 8 5.1 Simulants . 8 5.2 Requirements for PD, PFA, and statistical confidence9 5.3 Average allowed inspection times . 10 5.4 Simulated cargo loadings and simulant locations 12 5.5 Specification of masses to be de
22、tected 13 6. Electromagnetic, mechanical, environmental, and radiation protection requirements . 14 6.1 Ambient temperature . 14 6.2 Relative humidity (RH) . 14 6.3 Radio frequency (RF) 14 6.4 Radiated emissions 14 6.5 Magnetic fields 15 6.6 AC line voltage operation 15 6.7 Electrostatic discharge.
23、15 6.8 Conducted disturbances induced by bursts and radio frequencies. 15 6.9 Vibration and shock. 15 6.10 Sealing . 15 6.11 Radiation protection 16 7. Documentation . 17 7.1 Type test report 17 7.2 System description. 17 7.3 Operation and maintenance manuals . 17 viii Copyright 2008 IEEE. All right
24、s reserved. Annex A (informative) Simulants 18 A.1 C4 or Plastique military explosive 18 A.2 Ammonium nitrate plus fuel oil (ANFO) explosive . 19 A.3 Sarin nerve agent GB 20 A.4 Mustard gas HD 20 A.5 Low-enrichment uranium (LEU) with 19.5% 235U . 20 A.6 Tungsten carbide spherical shell. 20 Annex B (
25、informative) Statistical considerations. 21 ix Copyright 2008 IEEE. All rights reserved. American National Standard Minimum Performance Criteria for Active Interrogation Systems Used for Homeland Security 1. 1.1Overview Scope This standard specifies the operational and performance requirements for a
26、ctive interrogation systems for use in homeland security applications. These systems employ penetrating ionizing radiation (e.g., neutrons, high-energy x-rays, gamma-rays) to detect and identify hidden chemical, nuclear, and explosive agents by detection of stimulated secondary radiations or by nucl
27、ear resonance contrast, giving elemental and/or nuclidic identification of the composition of the substances-of-interest. These inspection systems may be designed for open inspection zones of various sizes or for various sizes of containers such as small packages, briefcases, suitcases, air cargo co
28、ntainers, passenger vehicles, two-axle trucks, intermodal cargo containers, semi-trailers/tractor rigs, or rail cars. The systems may be designed for operation in indoor, outdoor, or mobile facilities. At the time of this writing, there are only a few commercially available active interrogation syst
29、ems, and most of these are still in a stage of rapid development. None are yet deployed on a very broad scale, either domestically or internationally. The requirements of this standard provide a set of minimally acceptable performance criteria for preliminary screening of candidate systems for furth
30、er consideration. Prior to deployment on a broad scale, more detailed and realistic testing beyond the scope of this standard should be carried out, with some test specifications outside of the public domain. Detectable amounts of substances in this standard may correspond to quantities that are lar
31、ger or smaller than those of significance in particular circumstances. Successful completion of the tests described in this standard should not be construed as certification of an ability to successfully detect and identify all chemical, nuclear, and explosive agents in all possible cargos, nor as a
32、 certification that false positive rates in actual stream-of-commerce applications will be no larger than in these tests. This standard does not consider radiographic imaging characteristics. However, if active interrogation features that provide chemical or nuclidic identification of substances are
33、 included in a system that is primarily intended for radiography, then the active interrogation features of the system may be tested and evaluated under this standard. 1 Copyright 2008 IEEE. All rights reserved. ANSI N42.41-2007 American National Standard Minimum Performance Criteria for Active Inte
34、rrogation Systems Used for Homeland Security 1.21.31.3.11.3.22. Purpose The purpose of this standard is to specify the minimum performance criteria for active interrogation systems to be considered for use in homeland security applications. General considerations Evaluation of active interrogation s
35、ystems Testing is to be conducted under a set of specified conditions to determine if an active interrogation system meets the requirements of this standard. Special applications, which could include a systems operation under extreme or unusual conditions, shall require additional testing. In contra
36、st with x-ray and gamma-ray imaging systems for which clutter in the images is the limiting factor in recognition of substances- or items-of-interest, the limiting factors in active interrogation systems are usually attenuation of the interrogating radiation and attenuation of the secondary emission
37、s from the concealed substances by other contents of the packages, vehicles, or cargo containers. The test conditions described in this standard are representative of the range of attenuation conditions pertaining to closed packages, vehicles, and cargo containers in the stream of commerce. Another
38、significant factor in limiting the specificity of elemental or nuclidic identification in active interrogation is interference of resonance absorption or emission peaks from different substances. This factor is reduced if detectors with better energy resolution are employed, and this problem may oft
39、en be avoided by analysis of other non-interfering peaks. There is one kind of clutter that may also be a problem in active interrogation. If other substances with constituents similar to those of the substance-of-interest are present, but not spatially resolved, then the perceived stoichiometry may
40、 be distorted. Meeting performance specifications Obtaining and maintaining operating performance that meets or exceeds the specifications as stated in this standard depends upon proper installation and/or deployment of the systems, establishing appropriate operating parameters, providing security f
41、or the systems, maintaining calibration, implementing a suitable response testing and maintenance program, auditing compliance with quality requirements, and providing proper training for operating personnel. Normative references This standard shall be used in conjunction with the following publicat
42、ions. When the following standards are superseded by an approved revision, the revision shall apply. ANSI N42.23-1996, American National Standard Measurement and Associated Instrument Quality Assurance for Radioassay Laboratories.1FCC Rules, Code of Federal Regulations, Title 10, Part 20, Standards
43、for Protection Against Radiation.2,31The ANSI N42 publications included in this clause are available from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 445 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08855-1331, USA (http:/standards.ieee.org/). 2CFR publications are available from the Superintendent of Docum
44、ents, U.S. Government Printing Office, P.O. Box 37082, Washington, DC 20013-7082, USA (http:/www.access.gpo.gov/). 3See http:/www.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_01/10cfr20_01.html, 2007. 2 Copyright 2008 IEEE. All rights reserved. ANSI N42.41-2007 American National Standard Minimum Performance Criteria fo
45、r Active Interrogation Systems Used for Homeland Security FCC Rules, Code of Federal Regulations, Title 10, Part 50.2, Nuclear Regulatory Commission Definition of Low Enrichment Uranium (LEU).4FCC Rules, Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21, Part 179: Irradiation in the Production, Processing and Handling of Food.5FCC Rules, Code of Federal Regulations, Title 29, Part 1910, Occupational Safety and Health.6Filliben, J. J. and Heckert, N. A., Guide to Available Mathematical Software, Inverse Binomial Function BINPPF Subroutine, NIST Stati
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