1、 ISO 2017 Ergonomic principles related to mental workload Part 1: General issues and concepts, terms and definitions Principes ergonomiques concernant la charge de travail mental Partie 1: Questions et concepts gnraux, termes et dfinitions INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 10075-1 First edition 2017-09 Ref
2、erence number ISO 10075-1:2017(E) ISO 10075-1:2017(E)ii ISO 2017 All rights reserved COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2017, Published in Switzerland All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, elect
3、ronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Ch. de Blandonnet 8 CP 401 CH-1214 Vern
4、ier, Geneva, Switzerland Tel. +41 22 749 01 11 Fax +41 22 749 09 47 copyrightiso.org www.iso.org ISO 10075-1:2017(E)Foreword iv Introduction v 1 Scope . 1 2 Normative references 1 3 Terms and definitions . 1 4 Concepts 5 4.1 General . 5 4.2 Mental stress . 5 4.2.1 Components of mental stress . 5 4.2
5、.2 Short- vs. long-term effects of mental stress . 6 Annex A (informative) Additional explanations of terms and concepts 7 Bibliography 9 ISO 2017 All rights reserved iii Contents Page ISO 10075-1:2017(E) Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of
6、national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. Inte
7、rnational organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. The procedures used to develop this document and those in
8、tended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see w
9、ww.iso.org/directives). Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the documen
10、t will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents). Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement. For an explanation on the voluntary nature of standards, the
11、meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISOs adherence to the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html. This document was prepared by Te
12、chnical Committee ISO/TC 159, Ergonomics, Subcommittee SC 1, General ergonomics principles. This first edition of ISO 10075-1, together with ISO 10075-2 and ISO 10075-3, cancels and replaces ISO 10075:1991, which has been technically revised. The main changes compared to the previous edition are as
13、follows: Clause 1 has been adjusted; Clause 2 and the terms 3.1.2, 3.2.1.2, 3.2.1.3, 3.2.2.1, 3.2.3.2, 3.2.3.2.1, 3.2.3.2.2 and 3.2.3.3 have been technically revised; the term 3.2.4.1 has been added; the term 3.2.3.2.3 has been corrected; Table A.1 has been updated; a linkage between ISO 10075-1 and
14、 ISO 6385 has been highlighted where applicable; Clause 3 has been restructured. A list of all parts in the ISO 10075 series can be found on the ISO website.iv ISO 2017 All rights reserved ISO 10075-1:2017(E) Introduction This document represents an extension of ISO 6385, with special respect to men
15、tal workload, describing general issues, concepts and terms in more detail because of the specific consequences that have to be taken into account in this domain. These concepts from the field of mental workload include mental stress, mental strain and their effects. Since there is a variety of diff
16、erent conceptions concerning mental workload, mental stress and mental strain, both in colloquial as well as in scientific usage, a standardization of the relevant concepts and terms in the field of ergonomics is required. In this document, mental workload is considered as an umbrella term encompass
17、ing mental stress and mental strain. Mental stress is considered as a neutral term rather than the negative outcome from workload and other factors adopted in other approaches. In this way, it reflects a parallel with the engineering use of the terms stress and strain. Thus, mental stress refers to
18、the causes of mental strain, and mental strain refers to the effects of that stress in the individual. This is consistent with the use of the terms in other ergonomics standards, e.g. on thermal stress (see ISO 7933). ISO 2017 All rights reserved v Ergonomic principles related to mental workload Par
19、t 1: General issues and concepts, terms and definitions 1 Scope This document defines terms in the field of mental workload, covering mental stress and mental strain, and short- and long-term, positive and negative consequences of mental strain. It also specifies the relations between these concepts
20、 involved. In this document, mental workload is regarded as an umbrella or generic term, referring to all the concepts and constructs mentioned in the document and does not have a specified or standardized meaning of its own within the document. This is consistent with the use of the term in ergonom
21、ics and its applications, where it can refer to mental stress, mental strain and their effects, i.e. both to the causes and the effects. In this document, the term mental workload will thus not be treated as a technical term but only as a reference to the domain of mental workload. NOTE Annex A give
22、s additional explanations of terms and concepts. This document applies to the design of working conditions with respect to mental workload and is intended to promote a common usage of terminology between experts and practitioners in the field of ergonomics as well as in general. This document does n
23、ot address methods of measurement and principles of task design, which are dealt with in ISO 10075-2 and ISO 10075-3. 2 Normative references There are no normative references in this document. 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. ISO a
24、nd IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses: ISO Online browsing platform: available at http:/ /www.iso.org/obp IEC Electropedia: available at http:/ /www.electropedia.org/ INTERNATIONAL ST ANDARD ISO 10075-1:2017(E) ISO 2017 All rights reserved 1 I
25、SO 10075-1:2017(E) 3.1 Terms and definitions associated with mental workload 3.1.1 mental stress total of all assessable influences impinging upon a human being from external sources and affecting that person mentally Note 1 to entry: Since mental stress in this document refers to the total of all a
26、ssessable factors impinging upon an individual mentally, the colloquial usage of the term mental stresses (plural) is inconsistent with the definition of mental stress in this document. The “total of all assessable influences” means that mental stress is usually comprised of different factors contri
27、buting to this total. The combination of all these factors is the resulting mental stress. Additional factors will change the resulting mental stress, but are not considered as new kinds of mental stress. It is the result of the coaction of all effects that is referenced by the term mental stress. F
28、or these reasons, a clear terminological differentiation between mental stress as the total of all impinging effects (as defined above) and single or multiple factors as components of this mental stress is required. Note 2 to entry: The use of “mental stress” in this document is compatible with the
29、use of the term “work stress” in ISO 6385, where it is synonymously used with the term “external workload”. 3.1.2 mental strain immediate effect of mental stress (3.1.1) within the individual depending on their current condition EXAMPLE Examples of relevant conditions can be age, gender, skills, cop
30、ing strategies, fatigue, mood. Note 1 to entry: Considerations in 3.1.1, Note 1 to entry also apply to the concept of mental strain, which refers to the total, immediate impact within the individual resulting from mental stress. 3.2 Consequences of mental strain NOTE The order of the following terms
31、 and definitions does not imply any functional relationships. 3.2.1 Facilitating effects resulting from short-term exposure 3.2.1.1 warming-up effect frequent consequence of mental strain (3.1.2) which, soon after an activity has started, results in a reduction of the effort required to perform that
32、 activity relative to the effort initially required 3.2.1.2 activation internal state resulting in increased mental and physical activity Note 1 to entry: Mental strain (3.1.2) can lead to different degrees of activation, depending on its duration and intensity. There is a range in which the activat
33、ion level is optimal, e.g. neither too low nor too high, ensuring best functional efficiency. 3.2.1.3 learning process based on (work) experiences that leads to enduring changes in behaviour or behavioural potential, e.g. plans, attitudes and values 3.2.2 Facilitating effects resulting from long-ter
34、m or repeated exposure 3.2.2.1 practice effect enduring change in individual performance, associated with learning (3.2.1.3) processes, following from repeated experience of the same kind of mental strain (3.1.2)2 ISO 2017 All rights reserved ISO 10075-1:2017(E) 3.2.2.2 competence development comple
35、x form of learning involving the acquisition, consolidation, enhancement and/or differentiation of cognitive, emotional, social and motor skills and abilities, as strain-related consequence of an active engagement with a task Note 1 to entry: Competence development can have different facets, e.g. fa
36、ctual, methodological and/or social ones. Note 2 to entry: Competence development is a facilitating long-term effect of the exposure to mental stress (3.1.1). 3.2.3 Impairing effects resulting from short-term exposure NOTE Impairing effects can be distinguished by the temporal pattern of their emerg
37、ence and recovery, including the means necessary to achieve this recovery (which can require taking time for recuperation or variation in activity). They can also be distinguished by their symptoms which can be general or more specific. 3.2.3.1 mental fatigue temporary impairment of mental and physi
38、cal functional efficiency, depending on the intensity, duration, and temporal pattern of the preceding mental strain (3.1.2) Note 1 to entry: In contrast to fatigue-like states (3.2.3.2) recovery from mental fatigue is achieved by rest rather than changes in activity. Note 2 to entry: This reduced f
39、unctional efficiency becomes apparent, e.g. in feelings of tiredness, less favourable relationships between performance and effort, type and frequency of errors. The extent of this impairment is also determined by individual preconditions. 3.2.3.2 fatigue-like states states within the individual as
40、effects of mental strain (3.1.2) resulting from situations offering little variety, which, in contrast to fatigue, quickly disappear after changes in the task and/or the environment/situation Note 1 to entry: As a rule common with mental fatigue (3.2.3.2), feelings of tiredness also occur in fatigue
41、-like states. However, they differ from mental fatigue by their transitoriness. Particularly marked interindividual differences can be found with these fatigue-like states. 3.2.3.2.1 monotony slowly developing state of reduced activation (3.2.1.2) which is mainly associated with drowsiness, tirednes
42、s, decrease and fluctuations in performance, reductions in adaptability and responsiveness, as well as an increase in variability of heart rate often associated with/facilitated by long, uniform, repetitive task performance EXAMPLE Monotony can be found in long, uniform, repetitive tasks or activiti
43、es, e.g. assembly tasks, data input. Note 1 to entry: Symptoms of monotony usually develop more slowly than in the development of reduced vigilance (3.2.3.2.2). Recovery from this state does not necessarily occur immediately after a change in the environment or the task. Note 2 to entry: Monotony an
44、d reduced vigilance (3.2.3.2.2) can be differentiated with respect to the circumstances of their causal conditions, not with respect to their effects on performance and symptoms of alertness. Monotony can be found in uniform tasks with a high degree of repetitiveness. 3.2.3.2.2 reduced vigilance sta
45、te with reduced activation and detection performance mainly associated with monitoring tasks offering only little variation EXAMPLE Reduced vigilance can be found in monitoring or inspection tasks, e.g. when monitoring radar screens or instrument panels. ISO 2017 All rights reserved 3 ISO 10075-1:20
46、17(E) Note 1 to entry: Performance decrements usually occur after 5 min to 20 min into task performance. The recovery from this decrement occurs immediately after a change in the environment or the task. Note 2 to entry: Monotony (3.2.3.2.1) and reduced vigilance can be differentiated with respect t
47、o the circumstances of their causal conditions and the usual pattern of recovery, not with respect to their effects on performance and symptoms of alertness. 3.2.3.2.3 mental satiation state of nervously unsettled, strongly emotional rejection of a repetitive task or situation in which the experienc
48、e is of “marking time“ or “not getting anywhere“ Note 1 to entry: Additional symptoms of mental satiation are anger, decreased performance and/or feelings of tiredness, and a tendency to withdraw. In contrast to monotony and reduced vigilance, mental satiation is characterized by an unchanged or eve
49、n increased activation (3.2.1.2) level, coupled with a negative evaluation of the task leading to an adverse emotion or mood. 3.2.3.3 stress response state within the individual characterized by increased mental (including both cognitive and emotional components) and/or physical activation (3.2.1.2) resulting from their negative interpretation of the mental stress (3.1.1) to which they are exposed as threatening their goals and/or values EXAMPLE This state can be found in individuals working on a task or with tools and/or under time
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