1、 ISO 2014 Optics and optical instruments Field procedures for testing geodetic and surveying instruments Part 1: Theory Optique et instruments doptique Mthodes dessai sur site pour les instruments godsiques et dobservation Partie 1: Thorie INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 17123-1 Third edition 2014-08-15
2、Reference number ISO 17123-1:2014(E) ISO 17123-1:2014(E)ii ISO 2014 All rights reserved COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2014 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, in
3、cluding photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax +
4、 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ISO 17123-1:2014(E) ISO 2014 All rights reserved iii Contents Page Foreword iv Introduction v 1 Scope . 1 2 Normative references 1 3 T erms and definitions . 1 3.1 General metrological terms 1 3.2 Terms specific to thi
5、s part of ISO 17123 . 3 3.3 The term “uncertainty” 5 3.4 Symbols . 6 4 Evaluating uncertainty of measurement . 8 4.1 General . 8 4.2 Type A evaluation of standard uncertainty 9 4.3 Type B evaluation of standard uncertainty .18 4.4 Law of propagation of uncertainty and combined standard uncertainty .
6、19 4.5 Expanded uncertainty .21 5 Reporting uncertainty .22 6 Summarized concept of uncertainty evaluation .22 7 Statistical tests .23 7.1 General 23 7.2 Question a): is the experimental standard deviation, s, smaller than or equal to a given value ? .23 7.3 Question b): Do two samples belong to the
7、 same population? 24 7.4 Question c) respectively question d):Testing the significance of a parameter y k24 Annex A (informative) Probability distributions .26 Annex B (normative) 2distribution, Fishers distribution and Students t-distribution .27 Annex C (informative) Examples 28 Bibliography .39 I
8、SO 17123-1:2014(E) Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a su
9、bject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (
10、IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should b
11、e noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives). Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identi
12、fying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents). Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenie
13、nce of users and does not constitute an endorsement. For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISOs adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword -
14、Supplementary information The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 172, Optics and photonics, Subcommittee SC 6, Geodetic and surveying instruments. This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 17123-1:2010). ISO 17123 consists of the following parts, under the genera
15、l title Optics and optical instruments Field procedures for testing geodetic and surveying instruments: Part 1: Theory Part 2: Levels Part 3: Theodolites Part 4: Electro-optical distance meters (EDM measurements to ref lectors) Part 5: Total stations Part 6: Rotating lasers Part 7: Optical plumbing
16、instruments Part 8: GNSS field measurement systems in real-time kinematic (RTK)iv ISO 2014 All rights reserved ISO 17123-1:2014(E) Introduction This part of ISO 17123 specifies field procedures for adoption when determining and evaluating the uncertainty of measurement results obtained by geodetic i
17、nstruments and their ancillary equipment, when used in building and surveying measuring tasks. Primarily, these tests are intended to be field verifications of suitability of a particular instrument for the immediate task. They are not proposed as tests for acceptance or performance evaluations that
18、 are more comprehensive in nature. The definition and concept of uncertainty as a quantitative attribute to the final result of measurement was developed mainly in the last two decades, even though error analysis has already long been a part of all measurement sciences. After several stages, the CIP
19、M (Comit Internationale des Poids et Mesures) referred the task of developing a detailed guide to ISO. Under the responsibility of the ISO Technical Advisory Group on Metrology (TAG 4), and in conjunction with six worldwide metrology organizations, a guidance document on the expression of measuremen
20、t uncertainty was compiled with the objective of providing rules for use within standardization, calibration, laboratory, accreditation and metrology services. ISO/IEC Guide 98-3 was first published as an International Standard (ISO document) in 1995. With the introduction of uncertainty in measurem
21、ent in ISO 17123 (all parts), it is intended to finally provide a uniform, quantitative expression of measurement uncertainty in geodetic metrology with the aim of meeting the requirements of customers. ISO 17123 (all parts) provides not only a means of evaluating the precision (experimental standar
22、d deviation) of an instrument, but also a tool for defining an uncertainty budget, which allows for the summation of all uncertainty components, whether they are random or systematic, to a representative measure of accuracy, i.e. the combined standard uncertainty. ISO 17123 (all parts) therefore pro
23、vides, for defining for each instrument investigated by the procedures, a proposal for additional, typical influence quantities, which can be expected during practical use. The customer can estimate, for a specific application, the relevant standard uncertainty components in order to derive and stat
24、e the uncertainty of the measuring result. ISO 2014 All rights reserved v Optics and optical instruments Field procedures for testing geodetic and surveying instruments Part 1: Theory 1 Scope This part of ISO 17123 gives guidance to provide general rules for evaluating and expressing uncertainty in
25、measurement for use in the specifications of the test procedures of ISO 17123-2, ISO 17123-3, ISO 17123-4, ISO 17123-5, ISO 17123-6, ISO 17123-7 and ISO 17123-8. ISO 17123-2, ISO 17123-3, ISO 17123-4, ISO 17123-5, ISO 17123-6, ISO 17123-7 and ISO 17123-8 specify only field test procedures for geodet
26、ic instruments without ensuring traceability in accordance with ISO/IEC Guide 99. For the purpose of ensuring traceability, it is intended that the instrument be calibrated in the testing laboratory in advance. This part of ISO 17123 is a simplified version based on ISO/IEC Guide 98-3 and deals with
27、 the problems related to the specific field of geodetic test measurements. 2 Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated ref
28、erences, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO/IEC Guide 99, International vocabulary of metrology Basic and general concepts and associated terms (VIM) 3 T erms an d definiti ons For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in IS
29、O/IEC Guide 99 and the following apply. 3.1 General metrological terms 3.1.1 (measurable) quantity property of a phenomenon, body or substance, where the property has a magnitude that can be expressed as a number and a reference EXAMPLE 1 Quantities in a general sense: length, time, temperature. EXA
30、MPLE 2 Quantities in a particular sense: length of a rod. 3.1.2 value value of a quantity quantity value number and reference together expressing the magnitude of a quantity EXAMPLE Length of a rod: 3,24 m. INTERNATIONAL ST ANDARD ISO 17123-1:2014(E) ISO 2014 All rights reserved 1 ISO 17123-1:2014(E
31、) 3.1.3 true value true value of a quantity true quantity value value consistent with the definition of a given quantity Note 1 to entry: This is a value that would be obtained by perfect measurement. However, this value is in principle and in practice unknowable. 3.1.4 reference value reference qua
32、ntity value quantity value used as a basis for comparison with values of quantities of the same kind Note 1 to entry: A reference quantity value can be a true quantity value of the measurand, in which case it is normally unknown. A reference quantity value with associated measurement uncertainty is
33、usually provided by a reference measurement procedure. 3.1.5 measurement process of experimentally obtaining one or more quantity values that can reasonably be attributed to a quantity Note 1 to entry: Measurement implies comparison of quantities and includes counting of entities. 3.1.6 measurement
34、principle phenomenon serving as the basis of a measurement (scientific basis of measurement) Note 1 to entry: The measurement principle can be a physical phenomenon like the Doppler effect applied for length measurements. 3.1.7 measurement method generic description of a logical organization of oper
35、ations used in a measurement Note 1 to entry: Methods of measurement can be qualified in various ways, such as “differential method” and “direct measurement method”. 3.1.8 measurand quantity intended to be measured EXAMPLE Coordinate x determined by an electronic tacheometer. 3.1.9 indication quanti
36、ty value provided by a measuring instrument or measuring system Note 1 to entry: An indication and a corresponding value of the quantity being measured are not necessarily values of quantities of the same kind. 3.1.10 measurement result result of measurement set of quantity values attributed to a me
37、asurand together with any other available relevant information Note 1 to entry: A measuring result can refer to the indication, the uncorrected result, or2 ISO 2014 All rights reserved ISO 17123-1:2014(E) the corrected result. A measurement result is generally expressed as a single measured quantity
38、 value and a measurement uncertainty. 3.1.11 measured quantity value quantity value representing a measurement result 3.1.12 error error of measurement measurement error measured quantity value minus a reference quantity value 3.1.13 random measurement error random error component of measurement err
39、or that in replicate measurements varies in an unpredictable manner Note 1 to entry: Random measurement errors of a set of replicate measurements form a distribution that can be summarized by its expectation, which is generally assumed to be zero, and its variance. 3.1.14 systematic error systematic
40、 error of measurement component of measurement error that in replicate measurements remains constant or varies in a predictable manner Note 1 to entry: Systematic error, and its causes, can be known or unknown. A correction can be applied to compensate for a known systematic measurement error. 3.2 T
41、 erms specific to t his part of ISO 17123 3.2.1 accuracy of measurement closeness of agreement between a measured quantity value and the true value of the measurand Note 1 to entry: “Accuracy” is a qualitative concept and cannot be expressed in a numerical value. Note 2 to entry: “Accuracy” is inver
42、sely related to both systematic error and random error. 3.2.2 experimental standard deviation estimate of the standard deviation of the relevant distribution of the measurements Note 1 to entry: The experimental standard deviation is a measure of the uncertainty due to random effects. Note 2 to entr
43、y: The exact value arising in these effects cannot be known. The value of the experimental standard deviation is normally estimated by statistical methods. 3.2.3 precision measurement precision closeness of agreement between measured quantity values obtained by replicate measurements on the same or
44、similar objects under specified conditions Note 1 to entry: Measurement precision is usually expressed by measures of imprecision, such as experimental standard deviation under specified conditions of measurement. ISO 2014 All rights reserved 3 ISO 17123-1:2014(E) 3.2.4 repeatability condition repea
45、tability condition of measurement condition of measurement, out of a set of conditions Note 1 to entry: Conditions of measurement include the same measurement procedure, the same observer(s), the same measuring system, the same meteorological conditions, the same location, and replicate measurements
46、 on the same or similar objects over a short period of time. 3.2.5 repeatability measurement repeatability measurement precision under a set of repeatability conditions of measurement 3.2.6 reproducibility conditions of measurement condition of measurement, out of a set of conditions Note 1 to entry
47、: Conditions of measurement include different locations, different observers, different measuring systems, and replicate measurements on the same or similar objects. 3.2.7 reproducibility measurement reproducibility measurement precision under reproducibility conditions of measurement 3.2.8 i n f l
48、uenc e qu a nt i t y quantity, which in a direct measurement does not affect the quantity that is actually measured, but affects the relation between the indication of a measuring system and the measurement result EXAMPLE Temperature during the length measurement by an electronic tacheometer.4 ISO 2
49、014 All rights reserved ISO 17123-1:2014(E) 3.3 The term “uncertainty” 3.3.1 uncertainty uncertainty of measurement measurement uncertainty non-negative parameter characterizing the dispersion of quantity values attributed to a measurand, based on the information used Note 1 to entry: Measurement uncertainty comprises, in general, many components. Some of these components can be evaluated by a Type A evaluation of measurement uncertainty from the statistical distribution of the quantity values
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