1、 ISO 2016 Stationary source emissions Determination of the biogenic fraction in CO 2in stack gas using the balance method mission des sources fixes Dtermination de la fraction biognique de CO 2dans les gaz de chemines en utilisant la mthode des bilans INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 18466 First edition 2
2、016-12-15 Reference number ISO 18466:2016(E) ISO 18466:2016(E)ii ISO 2016 All rights reserved COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2016, Published in Switzerland All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any mea
3、ns, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Ch. de Blandonnet 8 CP 401 CH-
4、1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland Tel. +41 22 749 01 11 Fax +41 22 749 09 47 copyrightiso.org www.iso.org ISO 18466:2016(E)Foreword iv Introduction v 1 Scope . 1 2 Normative references 1 3 T erms and definitions . 1 4 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 2 5 Requirements 4 5.1 Input stream parameters . 4
5、 5.2 Output stream parameters . 4 6 Sampling 5 6.1 Sampling of input streams 5 6.2 Sampling of output streams . 5 7 Test methods . 5 7.1 General . 5 7.2 Process input 5 7.2.1 Amount of fuel that is combusted . 5 7.2.2 Amount of combustion air . 6 7.2.3 Auxiliary fuel or oxygen enrichment 6 7.3 Proce
6、ss output . 6 7.3.1 Stack emissions . 6 7.3.2 Energy production 6 7.3.3 Solid outputs 6 8 Balance calculation 6 8.1 General . 6 8.2 Mass balance . 7 8.3 Ash balance 7 8.4 Carbon balance . 7 8.5 Energy balance 7 8.6 O 2consumption balance . 8 8.7 Difference between O 2consumption and CO 2production .
7、 9 8.8 Water balance .10 8.9 Composition of the organic matter .10 8.10 Operating data of the Waste for Energy (WfE) plant and plausibility checks .11 8.11 Mathematical solution with data reconciliation .12 8.12 Calculation model 13 9 Operating the model 20 9.1 Installation routines 20 9.2 Ongoing o
8、peration calculation routines .21 10 Uncertainty budget methodology and interpretation 21 Annex A (informative) Reference chemical compositions of moisture and ash free biogenic and fossil organic matter 22 Annex B (informative) Reference chemical compositions for the auxiliary fuels 23 Bibliography
9、 .24 ISO 2016 All rights reserved iii Contents Page ISO 18466:2016(E) Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO techni
10、cal committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely w
11、ith the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria neede
12、d for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives). Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent r
13、ights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents). Any trade name used in
14、this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement. For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformit y assessment, as well as information about ISOs adherence to the World Trade Organization (WTO) princip
15、les in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html. The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 146, Air quality, Subcommittee SC 1, Stationary source emissions.iv ISO 2016 All rights reserved ISO 18466:2016(E) Introduction During the combusti
16、on of solid fuels, O 2is consumed and CO 2is simultaneously produced. Biogenic and fossil organic matter do not only show strong differences regarding O 2consumption and CO 2production, but also differences in their respective calorific value and carbon content are observable. The balance method can
17、 be used when the elementary composition of moisture and ash free biomass and fossil matter present in the fuel used is known and online stack gas composition measurements (O 2and CO 2 ) are available at high accuracy. It will enable online modelling of biomass fossil ratios in stack gas giving the
18、user the opportunity to control or report that ratio. The generated model data can be verified using the radiocarbon ( 14 C) determined biomass fuel ratio. The results obtained using this document will be complementary to the results obtained with ISO 13833. In ISO 13833, the biogenic fraction in st
19、ack gas from plants with unknown fuel composition is determined using the 14 C method. If the chemical composition of pure biogenic and fossil matter (contents of C, H, N, S, O referred of moisture and ash free biomass and fossil organic matter, respectively) present in the fuel used is known, the b
20、iogenic CO 2fraction can be calculated utilizing different operating data of the Waste for Energy (WfE) plant. When the chlorine content is sufficiently high, it can be additionally used to optimize the mass balances. ISO 2016 All rights reserved v Stationary source emissions Determination of the bi
21、ogenic fraction in CO 2in stack gas using the balance method 1 Scope This document enables the determination of the biogenic fraction in CO 2in stack gas using the balance method. The balance method uses a mathematical model that is based on different operating data of the Waste for Energy (WfE) pla
22、nt (including stack gas composition) and information about the elementary composition of biogenic and fossil matter present in the fuel used. NOTE Use only mixed fuels when using the calculation method. 2 Normative references The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that som
23、e or all of their content constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 12039, Stationary source emissions Determination of carbon monoxide
24、, carbon dioxide and oxygen Performance characteristics and calibration of automated measuring systems EN 14181, Quality assurance of automated measuring systems EN 15259, Air quality Measurement of stationary source emissions Requirements for measurement sections and sites and for the measurement o
25、bjective, plan and report EN 15267-3, Air quality Certification of automated measuring systems Part 3: Performance criteria and test procedures for automated measuring systems for monitoring emissions from stationary sources 3 T erms a nd definiti ons For the purposes of this document, the following
26、 terms and definitions apply. ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses: IEC Electropedia: available at http:/ /www.electropedia.org/ ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:/ /www.iso.org/obp/ 3.1 biogenic produced in natural proces
27、ses by living organisms but not fossilized or derived from fossil resources 3.2 biomass material of biological origin excluding material embedded in geological formation or transformed to fossil 3.3 radiocarbon radioactive isotope of the element carbon, 14 C, having 8 neutrons, 6 protons, and 6 elec
28、trons 3.4 sample quantity of material, representative of a larger quantity for which the property is to be determined INTERNATIONAL ST ANDARD ISO 18466:2016(E) ISO 2016 All rights reserved 1 ISO 18466:2016(E) 3.5 sample preparation all the actions taken to obtain representative analyses, samples (3.
29、4) or test portions (3.6) from the original sample 3.6 test portion quantity of material drawn from the test sample (or from the laboratory sample if both are the same) and on which the test or observation is actually carried out 3.7 balance method numerical procedure to calculate the fraction of bi
30、ogenic (3.1) matter in waste continuously by solving a set of equations 4 Symbols and abbreviated terms C (f) organic carbon content of the waste fuel derived from operating data (kg C/kg waste fuel) H net enthalpy of steam cycle of the Waste for Energy (WfE) plant (MJ/kg) J x Jacobian matrix of ran
31、ge 6xN, with N representing the number of the measured variables J y Jacobian matrix of range 6xK, with K representing the number of the unknown variables L vap evaporation heat (MJ/kg) w B , w F , w , w I mass fractions of moisture and ash free biogenic and fossil matter, water and inert matter (kg
32、/kg waste fuel) M C relative molecular mass of carbon (12,010 7 g/mol) M H relative molecular mass of hydrogen (1,007 94 g/mol) M O relative molecular mass of oxygen (15,999 4 g/mol) M N relative molecular mass of nitrogen (14,006 7 g/mol) M S relative molecular mass of sulfur (32,065 g/mol) M gas m
33、olecular weight of auxiliary gas fuel (g/mol) M molecular weight of water (g/mol) O (f) oxygen consumption of the waste fuel derived from operating data (mol O 2 /kg waste fuel); p v vapour pressure of the inlet combustion air (Pa); q average lower heating value of the waste feed within a defined pe
34、riod t (MJ/kg) elemental lower heating value of the combustible fractions (k is carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur) (MJ/kg) q average lower heating value of the auxiliary gas fuel (MJ/m 3 273,15 K, 1,013 25 bar )2 ISO 2016 All rights reserved ISO 18466:2016(E) q average lower heating valu
35、e of the auxiliary oil fuel (MJ/kg) R as * specific gas constant for the dry air 287,0558 14 J/(kg K) S vap steam production of the Waste for Energy (WfE) plant within a defined period (kg/t) t defined time period (arbitrary time unit, e.g. days) T air temperature of the inlet combustion air (C); V
36、air volume of the inlet combustion air (m 3 273.15 K, 1.01325 bar ); V fg dry flue gas volume of the Waste for Energy (WfE) plant within a defined period (m 3 273,15 K, 1,013 25 bar /t) V gas auxiliary gas fuel volume into the Waste for Energy (WfE) plant within a defined period (m 3 273,15 K, 1,013
37、 25 bar /t) V m molar volume of ideal gas under standard temperature and pressure (22,414 dm 3 273,15 K, 1,013 25 bar /mol) m oil mass of auxiliary oil fuel into the Waste for Energy (WfE) plant within a defined period (kg/t) m tot mass of waste feed into the Waste for Energy (WfE) plant within a de
38、fined period (kg/t) W v vapour mass in the combustion air W s sum of solid residues (dry substance) of the Waste for Energy (WfE) plant within a defined period (kg/t) B elemental concentration of the combustible fractions of the biogenic matter (ash and moisture free; k is carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
39、nitrogen and sulfur) (kg/kg) F elemental concentration of the combustible fractions of the fossil organic matter (ash and moisture free; k is carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur) (kg/kg) elemental concentration of the auxiliary gas fuel (k is carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur)
40、(kg/kg) elemental concentration of the auxiliary oil fuel (k is carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur) (kg/kg) x , x average O 2and CO 2content in the dry flue gas of the Waste for Energy (WfE) plant within a defined period t (vol %) x , x average O 2and CO 2content of dry combustion air of
41、the Waste for Energy (WfE) plant within a defined period t (vol %) x average water content in the flue gas of the Waste for Energy (WfE) plant within a defined period t (vol %) x s vector of N estimated values of the measured variables y s vector of the K unknown variables energy efficiency of the s
42、team boiler of the Waste for Energy (WfE) plant ISO 2016 All rights reserved 3 ISO 18466:2016(E) vapour molecular weight/dry air molecular weight (0,621 98) B k weighted standard deviation for the k-th content of the moisture and ash free biogenic matter present in the waste feed (k = C, O, N, H, S)
43、 F k weighted standard deviation for the k-th content of the moisture and ash free fossil matter present in the waste feed (k = C, O, N, H, S) wk standard deviation associated to the mass flow of the k-th type of waste SRF solid recovered fuel WfE waste for energy plant 5 Requirements 5.1 Input stre
44、am parameters For the application of the balance method, the following input parameters are required: mass of waste feed (within a defined period, t); mass/volume of auxiliary fuels such as fuel oil or gas (within a defined period, t); elemental composition of the auxiliary fuels (fuel oil or gas) u
45、sed (for carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur); total mass and elementary composition of fuels that are either composed of biogenic matter or fossil matter only (e.g. sewage sludge, wood waste); elemental composition (probable range) of moisture and ash free biogenic and fossil organic matt
46、er (with respect to the content of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur) present in the waste feed; ratio of different waste types present in the waste feed such as municipal solid waste (MSW) or hospital waste (in case that the waste types are characterized by different elemental compositi
47、on of biogenic and fossil organic matter); energy efficiency of the boiler; average temperature of feed water for the boiler (within defined period, t); amount of air used for the combustion (within defined period, t), not compulsory. 5.2 Output stream parameters For the application of the balance m
48、ethod, the following output stream parameters are required: CO 2concentration in dry flue gas (within defined period, t); O 2concentration in dry flue gas (within defined period, t); flue gas flow volume within defined period, t (standardized to 273 K and 101,325 kPa); moisture content within define
49、d period, t; temperature in stack at measurement point of flue gas flow, within defined period, t (in order to convert flue gas flow to standard temperature of 273 K), not compulsory; pressure in stack at measurement point of flue gas flow, within defined period, t (in order to convert flue gas flow to standard pressure of 101,325 kPa), not compulsory;4 ISO 2016
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