ISO 4364-1997 Measurement of liquid flow in open channels - Bed material sampling《明渠水流测量 河床质取样》.pdf

1、 11851903 O81107110 201 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD IS0 4364:1997 TECHNICAL CORRIGENDUM 1 Published 2000-08-01 INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION MEXllYHAPOW OPTAHMWWI Il0 CTWTMWHH ORGANISATION INTERNATIONALE M NORMALISATION Measurement of liquid flow in open channels - Bed material Sam pl in

2、 g TECHNICAL CORRIGENDUM 1 Mesure de debit des liquides dans les canaux dcouverts - chantillonnage des matriaux du lit RECTIFICATIF TECHNIQUE 1 Technical Corrigendum 1 to International Standard IS0 4364:1997 was prepared by Technical Committee ISOTTC 1 13, Hydrometric determinations, Subcommittee SC

3、 6, Sediment transport. Page iii, Introduction In the third line of the third paragraph, replace “particle size finer than 30 pm is cohesive.” with: “particle size finer than 0,062 5 mm is cohesive, e.g. silt and clays.” Page 2, Clause 5 Replace the third paragraph by the following text: “For invest

4、igations of bed material transport rates, it is recommended that one sample be taken at each vertical of the cross-section where suspended sediment sample is to be taken.” This material is reproduced from IS0 documents under International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Copyright License Numb

5、er IHS/CC/1996. Not for resale. No part of these IS0 documents may be reproduced in any form, electronic retrieval System or otherwise, except written consent of IS0 (Case postal 56,121 1 Geneva 20, Switzerland, FAX +4122 734 10 79), IHS or the IS0 Licensors members ICs 17.1 20.20 Ref. No. IS0 4364:

6、1997/Cor.l:2000(E) O IS0 2000 - All rights reserved Printed in Switzerland STD-IS0 43b4-ENGL 1997 4851703 0724753 b35 W INTERNATIONAL STANDARD IS0 4364 Second edition 1997-1 0-1 5 Measurement of liquid flow in open channels - Bed material sampling Mesure de dbit des liquides dans les canaux dcouvert

7、s - chantillonnage des matriaux du lit This material is reproduced from IS0 documents under International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Copyright License num ber IHSIICCI1996. Not for resale. No part of these IS0 documents may be reproduced in any form, electronic retrieval system or otherw

8、ise, except as allowed in the copyright law of the country of use, or with the prior written consent of IS0 (Case postale 56,121 I Geneva 20, Switzerland, Fax +41 22 734 10 79), IHS or the IS0 Licensors members. Reference number IS0 4364:1997(E) STD-IS0 43h4-ENGL 1917 q851703 U72495Y 571 IS0 4364: 1

9、 997( E) Foreword IS0 (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (IS0 member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through IS0 technical commitees. Each member body interested in a subject for w

10、hich a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. IS0 collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all

11、 matters of electrotechnical standardization. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 96 of the member bodies casting a vote. Intemational Standard IS0

12、4364 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 1 13, Hydromerric determinations, Subcommittee SC 6, Sediment transport. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (IS0 4364:1977), which has been technically revised. Annex A of this International Standard is for information only. O I

13、S0 1997 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or Uulized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from the publisher. Intemational Organization for Standardizati

14、on Case postale 50 CH-1211 Genve 20 Switzerland Internet central so. a4net; p=iso; o-ism; stcentral Printed in Switzerland STD-ISO 43b4-ENGL 2997 II 4853703 0724755 408 m 0 IS0 IS0 4364: 1997( E) Introduction Bed material samplers are used to obtain samples of sediment from the bed of a watercourse.

15、 They are not to be confused with bed-load discharge samplers which are used to determine the discharge of sediment as bed load. Particle size data derived from bed samples, together with hydraulic data, are necessary for the computation of bed-material load and for flow estimation. This Internation

16、al Standard covers methods for sampling both non- cohesive and cohesive bed material. Sediment composed of material with a particle size finer than 30 pm is cohesive. However, coarser material can also be cohesive if it contains a small proportion of this finer fraction. iii STD-IS0 43b4-ENGL 1997 H

17、 4851703 072475b 3LiLi _ INTERNATIONAL STANDARD Q IS0 IS0 4364: 1997( E) Measurement of liquid flow in open channels - Bed material sampling 1 Scope This International Standard gives guidance on methods for sampling of both non-cohesive sand bed material and cohesive bed material (both of which may

18、contain some fine gravel), principally for the purpose of determining the grain size frequency distribution of the bed material in open channels. NOTE - Other publications of relevance to samplers and sampling techniques are listed in the bibliography in annex A. 2 Normative references The following

19、 standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this International Standard. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All standards are subject to revision, and parties to agreements based on this International Standard are encourag

20、ed to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the standards indicated below. Members of IEC and IS0 maintain registers of currently valid International Standards. IS0 772: 1996, Hydrometric determinations - Vocabulary and symbols. IS0 4363: 1993, Measurement of liquid flo

21、w in open channels - Methods for measurement of suspended sediment. IS0 4365: 1985, Liquid flow in open channels - Sediment in streams and canals - Determination of concentration, particle size distribution and relative density. IS0 9195: 1992, Liquid flow measurement in open channels - Sampling and

22、 analysis of gravel bed material. 1 IS0 4364: 1 997( E) STD.IS0 Li3bLi-ENGL 1997 m 4853903 0724957 280 IS0 3 Definitions For the purposes of this International standard, the definitions given in IS0 772 apply, together with the following. 3.1 sand Sediment having a particle diameter between 0,0625 m

23、m and 2 m. 4 Sampling procedure Ideally, the size composition of the bed material should be determined for various stages of flow, as composition CU change due to scour and fill activities. In cases where information is required on the composition of layers located more than, approximately 0,05 m be

24、low the surface of the bed, the use of core-type samplers is recommended. Precautions should be taken to prevent fine particles escaping from the sample 5 Selection of site The site for sampling bed material for the purpose of computing bed material load or for flow estimation should be located as n

25、ear as possible to the site where hydraulic measurements are made or need to be estimated. Equations for estimating bed load transport and flow resistance usually need measurements from a straight uniform section of channel. Site conditions should be selected that are suitable for the estimating equ

26、ations which are to be used. When estimates of total load are to be made, it is also essential that the site conforms to the conditions specified for the measurements of suspended sediment loads in IS0 4343. For investigations of bed material transport rates it is recommended that as a minimum a sam

27、ple should be taken at each vertical in the cross-section where sediment transport is to be measured. 6 Selcction of samplcr In order to sample successfully, the sampler and the sampling method need to be chosen for their suitability for the particular circumstances. Results obtained using different

28、 methods may not necessarily be comparable. When bed material is sampled, the sample inevitably suffers some form of disturbance. This can result in loss of fines, in which case the sample is referred to as disturbed, or in loss of fabric, which is referred to as structurai disturbance. Structural d

29、isturbance of the sample does not affect the assessment of the erodability of non-cohesive sediments, whereas it does affect the results of tests on the erodability of cohesive sediments. The construction and use of different types of samplers are described in clauses 7,8 and 9. 2 Q IS0 STD-IS0 43bi

30、ENGL 1777 I 4853703 0724758 317 = IS0 4364:1997(E) 7 Hand-held samplers 7.1 General Hand-held samplers are lightweight devices which can be operated by an individual while wading or, in deeper water, by a Scuba diver. Hand-held samplers include bed surface samplers and core samplers. 7.2 Bed surfac

31、e samplers 7.2.1 Sampling cylinders 7.2.1.1 Construction A sampling cylinder comprises a metal cylinder which encloses the area of bed to be sampled, and which is heavy enough to resist the flow. If practicable, the cylinder should break the water surface. 7.2.1.2 Deployment Digging tools are used t

32、o remove samples from within the enclosed volume. The cylinder helps to minimize the washout of fines. 7.2.1.3 Sample type This method yields disturbed samples. The top 0,l m approximately of the bed is sampled. 7.2.2 Pipe scoops 7.2.2.1 Consiruciion A pipe scoop comprises a pipe, one end of which i

33、s closed and the other end of which is bevelled to form a cutting edge, attached to a wading rod. A hinged cover plate, held closed by a spring, is mounted over the open end. The plate is opened by a rope (see figure i). 7.2.2.2 Deployment The pipe is pushed along the bed into the current. The plate

34、 is opened to sample then immediately closed, thus minimizing washout. 7.2.2.3 Sample iype This method yields disturbed samples. Samples of mass up to 3 kg can be obtained. The top 0,05 m approximately of the bed is sampled. 3 IS0 4364: 1997() Q IS0 7.2.3 Bag scoops 7.2.3.1 Construction A bag scoop

35、comprises a metal ring with an attached flexible bag, mounted on a wading rod (see figure 2). 7.2.3.2 Deployment The ring is forced into the bed and dragged upstream until the bag is full (see figure 2a). As the sampler is raised the bag seals automatically (see figure 2b). 7.2.3.3 Sample type This

36、method yields disturbed samples. Samples of mass up to 3 kg can be obtained. The top 0,OS m approximately of the bed is sampled. 7.3 Core samplers 7.3.1 Push or hammer corers and boxes 7.3.1.1 Consfrucfiun These include metal or plastics corers up to 150 mm in diameter and boxes of up to 0,25 m side

37、 7.3.1.2 Deployment The cylinder or box of the corer is pushed or hammered into the bed and dug or pulled out. Sample retention can be ensured by use of one or more of the following methods. A plate is slid beneath the corer and the cylinder or box is dug out. A partial vacuum can be created above

38、the sample. After the insertion of the cylinder or box, the water-filled space above the sample can be sealed off by means of a screw cap, thus forming a partial vacuum when the sampler is withdrawn (see figure 3). Alternatively, in the case of cylinder samplers the cylinder can be fitted with a pis

39、ton which rises on the surface of the sample and is locked when the sampler has been pushed or hammered to the desired depth. A partial vacuum develops below the piston and helps to hold the sample in the cylinder as it is withdrawn from the bed (see figure 4). In the case of cylinder samplers a cor

40、e catcher (sphincter) of flexible stainless steel petals can be located at the bottom opening of the cylinder (see figure 5). 4 Q IS0 STD.IS0 43b4-ENGL 1997 IpI 4853703 072LibO 875 a IS0 4364: 1997( E) 7.3.1.3 Sample type This method disturbs the texture and structure of the sample, although the gro

41、ss particle population may be preserved. Maximum penetration is approximately 0,5 m. 7.3.2 Freeze-core samplers 7.3.2.1 Construction A freeze-core sampler comprises a thin walled copper or mild steel tube with a hardened steel tip. A probe, through which liquid carbon dioxide, liquid nitrogen or sol

42、id carbon dioxide mixed with acetone can be injected, is inserted into the tube. In the case of liquid carbon dioxide, delivery is from a pressurized cylinder via fine nozzles in the probe (see figure 6). 7.3.2.2 Deployment The outer tube is hammered into the bed and the probe, connected to the cool

43、ant, inserted into it. After a suitable period, which depends on the sediment properties and the ambient temperature, the tube is pulled out of the bed with the adjacent sediment frozen to it. 7.3.2.3 Sample type This method yields a spindle-shaped frozen core up to 0,s m in length and with a maximu

44、m diameter of approximately 0,3 m. Sedimentary structures are disturbed but recognizable. 7.3.2.4 Limitations The method is not suitable for Scuba use or for water depths in excess of 35 m. 8 Lightweight remotely-operated samplers 8.1 General These samplers can be hand-operated and can be deployed f

45、rom small boats. They include bed surface samplers and core samplers. 8.2 Bed surface samplers 8.2.1 Pipe scoops and bag scoops 8.2.1.1 Construcfion Pipe scoops and bag scoops are constructed as described in 7.2.2.1 and 7.2.3.1, respectively. The scoop is attached to pole up to 4 m in length. 5 IS0

46、4364: 1 997( E) 8.2.1.2 Deployment The scoops are deployed as described in 7.2.2.2 and 7.2.3.2, respectively. Normally it is necessary for the boat to be anchored. 8.2.1.3 Sample pe This method yields disturbed samples. Samples of mass up to 3 kg can be obtained. The top 0,05 m approximately of the

47、bed is sampled. 8.2.1.4 Limitations Use of this method is limited to water depths of less than 4 m and velocities of less than i ,O mas-. 8.2.2 Drag buckets NOTE. These are also known as dredges. 8.2.2.1 Construction The sampler comprises a weighted bucket or cylinder with a flared cutting edge at o

48、ne end and a sample collecting receptacle at the other. A drag rope is attached to a pivoting bridle towards the cutting end of the cylinder (see figure 7). 8.2.2.2 Deploymenr The device is lowered to the bed and dragged along it from a boat moving slowly into the current. To ensure contact of the c

49、utting edge with the bed a streamlined weight can be attached to the rope. 8.2.2.3 Sample type This method yields disturbed samples. Samples of mass up to I kg can be obtained. The top 0,05 m approximately of the bed is sampled. 8.2.2.4 Limitations Samples are liable to be affected by washing-out of material. 8.23 Grab samplers w!h 90“ closure 8.23.1 Construcfion Two quarter-cylinder shaped buckets are hinged to each other, forming a half-cylinder when closed. Arms are attached to each bucket to which a rope and pulley system is fastened. A latching