1、INTERNATIONAL STANDARD IS0 5948 Second edition 1994-06-I 5 Railway rolling stock material - Ultrasonic acceptance testing Matbiel roulant de chemin de fer - Essai de rkeption aux ultrasons Reference number IS0 5948:1994(E) IS0 5948:1994(E) Contents Page 1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 Normative references . 1 3 Ordering . 3 4 Location of testing and qualifications of the personnel 3 5 Heat-treatment condition 3 6 Surface conditi
3、on of the products . *.,.,.,.* 3 7 Equipment characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 8 Couplants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 9 Setting of the sensitivity of the instrument 4 10 Scanning 4 11 Evaluation of indications 4 12 Acceptance standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5、5 0 IS0 1994 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from the publisher. International Organization for Standa
6、rdization Case Postale 56 l CH-1211 Geneve 20 l Switzerland Printed in Switzerland ii 0 IS0 IS0 5948:1994(E) Foreword IS0 (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (IS0 member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is
7、normally carried out through IS0 technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee, International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part
8、in the work. IS0 collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standar
9、d requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. International Standard IS0 5948 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 17, Steel, Subcommittee SC 13, Railway rolling stock material. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (IS0 5948:1981), of which it
10、constitutes a technical revision. . . . III INTERNATIONAL STANDARD 0 IS0 IS0 5948:1994(E) Railway rolling stock material acceptance testing 1 Scope This International Standard specifies the testing con- ditions and the acceptance standard for ultrasonic ac- ceptance tests for the components and type
11、s of tests covered in table 1, columns 1 to 6. Unless otherwise agreed, this International Standard shall be applied when the product standards require mandatory ultrasonic tests or when the ordered op- tional tests are made mandatory (see IS0 1005-1, IS0 1005-3 and IS0 1005-6). NOTE 1 Following the
12、 revision of IS0 1005-6, ultrasonic acceptance tests are mandatory for all wheels of testing category B, but optional for all wheels of testing category A. According to IS0 1005-I and IS0 1005-3, ultrasonic ac- ceptance tests on tyres and axles are optional in every case. 2 Normative references The
13、following standards contain provisions which, - Ultrasonic through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this International Standard. At the time of publi- cation, the editions indicated were valid. All standards are subject to revision, and parties to agreements based on this Internation
14、al Standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most re- cent editions of the standards indicated below. Members of IEC and IS0 maintain registers of cur- rently valid International Standards. IS0 1005-l : 1994, Railway rolling stock material - Part 1: Rough-rolled tyres fo
15、r tractive and trailing stock - Technical delivery conditions. IS0 1005-3:1982, Railway rolling stock material - Part 3: Ax/es for tractive and trailing stock - Quality requirements. IS0 1005-6:1994, Railway rolling stock material - Part 6: Solid wheels for tractive and trailing stock - Technical de
16、livery conditions. 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Main characteristics of the ultrasonic tests Probes*) Calibration Area to be Acceptance Symbol 1 Components scanned31 standard Purpose of Beam Evaluation method Type Frequency See 9.1 and the tests direction MHz See Distance-gain-size Axial (see (DGS) met
17、hod 9.2.1 On the face of the rim situated on the inside Dl m figures 1 and 2) or 9.i.2 a) of the flange) (see 12.1 Comparison method figures 1 and 2) Tyres and solid Discontinuity Longi- wheels detection tudinal 2 to 5 tests wave DGS method 9.2.1 D2 Radial (see On the tread (see fig- 0 figure 3) or
18、ure 3) 12.1 Comparison method 9.2.2 b) DGS method (loss in backwall echo height) 9.3.1 Discontinuity Radial, un- less other- or Longi- On the whole length, Da m detection wise tudinal 2 to 5 unless otherwise 12.1 tests agreed Comparison method wave 9.3.2 agreed upon Axles (loss in backwall echo heig
19、ht) Permeability To be Comparison method Longi- (transparency) agreed (loss in backwall echo tudinal To be T 0 tests upons) height) wave agreed upon 9.4 To be agreed upon 12.2 1) See 3.3. 2) The probes shall be of a design and dimensions appropriate for the tests. Probes and equipment shall be selec
20、ted so that the “dead zone” (as defined below) is limited to 30 mm. However, if defects near the surface are to be detected (e.g. when testing wheel treads in a radial direction), probe design and equipment should be adequate to limit the “dead zone” to 10 mm. In this International Standard, “dead z
21、one” means the zone situated under the scanned surface in which the correlation between signal size and reflector size is affected. The depth of this zone is principally a function of transducer design and frequency. When scanning curved areas, for example the tread of wheels or tyres or the bearing
22、, wheel or gear seats of axles, the use of shaped probes to suit the diameter may be ap propriate to ensure adequate contact area. 3) Where discontinuities are indicated or where abnormal losses in backwall echo height occur, scanning should also be carried out on other areas of the surface, if this
23、 seems appropriate for the estimation of size of discontinuities. 4 Unless otherwise specified, testing from the opposite side of the flange is also permitted for immersion testing. 5) The axial beam direction is normally preferred in cases where the shape of the axle is not too complicated. is v -L
24、 I 2 -* a 3 a 2 (P =. 2t c: 5 a 8 6 gi 2 0 4 P 3 ii rc rc d $ 0 8 2 0 IS0 IS0 5948:1994(E) 3 Ordering 3.1 If, according to the indications in note 1 to clause 1, ultrasonic acceptance tests are optional, but the purchaser requests that such tests shall be carried out, this shall be specified in the
25、order. 3.2 For all products covered by this International Standard (see clause 11, where appropriate, the fol- lowing details may be agreed upon at the time of en- quiry and order: a) b) cl d) el the type(s) of ultrasonic acceptance test(s) to be carried out (see table 1, columns 1 to 6); NOTE 2 If,
26、 for axles, the transparency test (symbol T) is ordered, certain details of the test should also be agreed upon (see table 1, last line). details of the surface condition (see 6.1); the requirements for the probe (see 7.2); the area to be scanned (see 10.1); the acceptance standard (see clause 12).
27、When these possibilities are used for agreements, care shall be taken that the testing conditions and the acceptance standard remain compatible. 3.3 If the order does not specify the details given in 3.2, the manufacturer may assume that the type of test indicated with an “m” in table 1, column 2, s
28、hall be carried out, and that the normal testing conditions and acceptance standards specified in this Inter- national Standard shall apply. 4 Location of testing and qualifications of the personnel When ultrasonic tests are specified for the accept- ance of the products, these shall be carried out
29、at the manufacturers works by competent staff and, if so requested, in the presence of the purchasers rep- resentative. 5 Heat-treatment condition The products shall be in the heat-treatment condition in which they are to be delivered (see also 10.2). 6 Surface condition of the products 6.1 Unless o
30、therwise agreed, independent of the surface condition in which the product is to be deliv- ered, ultrasonic testing may be carried out either in the unmachined or machined condition, provided the requirements of 6.2 to 6.4 are observed. 6.2 The surface condition of both the testing reflecting surfac
31、es of the products shall be such there is no interference with the test. that and that 6.3 When ultrasonic acceptance tests are carried out on products in the unmachined condition, any scale shall tightly adhere to the metallic surface and shall be sufficiently smooth to meet the conditions of 6.2.
32、6.4 When products to be ultrasonically tested are machined before testing, the operation shall ensure that a surface finish suitable for ultrasonic testing is achieved. 7 Equipment characteristics 7.1 Type of equipment A suitable ultrasonic pulse echo instrument with a gain control calibrated in dec
33、ibels shall be used. 7.2 Probes Unless otherwise agreed, the requirements in table 1, columns 7 and 8, shall apply. 7.3 Other facilities Adequate facilities shall be available, to ensure that products not complying with the requirements are identified accordingly. 8 Couplants 8.1 In order to ensure
34、that adequate transmission of ultrasonic energy is obtained between the probe and the material, a suitable couplant shall be applied between the probe and the product. This can also be achieved by the immersion of the component and the probe in the couplant. 8.2 The same couplant shall be used for t
35、he cali- bration of the ultrasonic pulse echo instrument and for carrying out the tests. 3 IS0 5948:1994(E) 0 IS0 9 Setting of the sensitivity of the instrument 9.1 General The setting of the sensitivity of the instrument shall be carried out under the same conditions (see 7.2 and clause 8) as the t
36、ests themselves. In the case of discontinuity-detection tests, in each case the sensitivity shall be set so that, within the area to be scanned outside the “dead zone” (see note 2 to table 11, a reference reflector with a diameter specified as acceptance standard in clause 12 can, irrespective of it
37、s distance from the surface to be scanned, be detected positively. NOTE 3 Calibration blocks applied for establishing the DGS diagrams or for setting the sensitivity according to 9.2, 9.3 or 9.4 shall have an acoustic attenuation similar to that of the wheels or tyres to be tested. 9.2 Sensitivity s
38、etting for wheels or tyres 9.2.1 For wheels or tyres to be tested with the beam in an axial or radial direction and to be evaluated by the distance-gain-size (DGS) method, the sensi- tivity is set with the help of the DGS diagram and the backwall echo occurring when axially testing the tyre or the w
39、heel rim. 9.2.2 For wheels and tyres to be evaluated by the comparison method, the sensitivity shall be set: a) b) when being tested with the beam in an axial di- rection, with the help of a calibration block of the type shown in figure 1 and an internal reference standard of the type shown in figur
40、e2 (see note 4) (both may be combined in the same block); or when being tested with the beam in a radial di- rection, with the help of a calibration block of the type shown in figure3. NOTE 4 In this International Standard, “internal reference standard” means a calibration block with a bore on the b
41、ackwall with the position, form, depth and diameter indi- cated in figure 2. 9.3 Sensitivity setting for axles 9.3.1 For axles to be tested with the beam in a radial direction and to be evaluated by the DGS method, the sensitivity is set with the help of the DGS diagram and the occurring backwall ec
42、ho. 9.3.2 For axles to be evaluated by the comparison method, the sensitivity shall be set, when being tested with the beam in a radial direction, with the help of a calibration block of the type shown in figure 4. 9.4 Sensitivity setting for testing the permeability of axles For testing the permeab
43、ility (ultrasonic transparency) of axles, the amplification shall be adjusted such that the height of the first backwall echo obtained on a standard axle admitted by the purchaser is 90 % of the screen height. 10 Scanning 10.1 Each individual component shall be scanned. Unless otherwise agreed in th
44、e order or its appended documents, the scanning shall be carried out on the areas indicated in table 1, column 10. 10.2 When choosing the time of scanning, it shall be taken into consideration that, depending on the heat-treatment conditions, discontinuities may occur during a certain period after t
45、he steel has reached ambient temperature. 10.3 Adequate coupling between the probe and the product shall be maintained and the probe shall be moved over the surface to be tested (see 10.1) to ensure that the maximum possible volume of the component is scanned by the ultrasonic beam. The rate of scan
46、ning shall be selected in order to en- sure that it is possible to detect all defects which are considered to be inadmissible. 11 Evaluation of indications 11 .l Estimation of the size of discontinuities When any significant discontinuity is indicated during scanning, the operator shall use one of t
47、he following two methods to estimate its size. a) Distance-gain-size method (DGS). In this method, use is made of the DGS diagram. b) Comparison method. In this case, the height of the discontinuity echo is compared with the height of the echo of a flat- bottomed hole, with its bottom situated at th
48、e same distance from the probe as the discontinuity 4 CJ IS0 IS0 5948:1994(E) and exhibiting the diameter specified as the ac- ceptance standard. The height of this reference echo is determined from the curve which can be drawn through the peaks of the ethos from the various holes in the calibration
49、 block. Unless otherwise agreed and except in cases of dispute, the comparison method may be used in a version designated as the “one hole comparison method”. In this case, the sensitivity is set so that the echo of the flat bottom situated most distant from the probe is equal to 50 % of the screen height. Each signal greater than this 50 % limit is, independent of the distance of the relevant discontinuity from the probe, regarded as a reason for rejection. When applying this one hole comparison method, discontinuities situated more distant from the probe than the flat bottom used for th
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